Research Article Chemical and Physical Quality Criteria of

Research ArticleChemical and Physical Quality Criteria of BulakbaGJ Stream inTurkey and Usage of Drinking Fisheries and Irrigation

FazJl Fen and Abdullah Aksoy

Faculty of Fisheries Department of Basic Sciences Yuzuncu Yıl University Tusba 65080 Van Turkey

Correspondence should be addressed to Fazıl Sen fazilsen1gmailcom

Received 3 March 2015 Accepted 4 June 2015

Academic Editor Ana Moldes

Copyright copy 2015 F Sen and A AksoyThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Water quality parameters were analyzed in Bulakbası stream The in situ measurements and laboratory analyses were made onwater samples taken from 4 sampling points on the Bulakbası stream monthly During the study the average water temperatureas 163∘C dissolved oxygen (DO) 1291mgL oxygen saturation (OS) 1528 pH 825 electrical conductivity (EC) 7796120583Scmsalinity 0435permil chloride 8397mgL calcium 565mgL magnesium 571mgL total hardness 3911mgL CaCO

3

carbonate0mgL bicarbonate 36595mgL total alkalinity 29985mgL nitrate 474mgL nitrite 2083 120583gL ammonium508 120583gL ammonia483 120583gL phosphorus 775 120583gL sulfate 576mgL potassium 452mgL copper and aluminum 00120583gL total iron 101 120583gL zinc1682 120583gL chromium 24 120583gL manganese 4017120583gL and cyanide 679 120583gL were found According to EU WHO and Turkishstandards Bulakbası stream is not polluted and it has suitable quality with respect to drinking aquaculture and irrigation

1 Introduction

Water is an indispensible substance to be utilized for thesurvival of all biological organisms Moreover water is anessential requirement of human life and activities associatedwith industry agriculture fisheries and others and it isconsidered one of the most delicate parts of the environment[1] For centuries people have chosen to settle in areas whichhave been rich in water and eked out their living nearbywater resources where they can use from plenty of wateror in which aquatic resources can easily and abundantly beobtained However the perturbations in the hydrodynamicsin the earthrsquos ecosystems and the population increases haveimposed strains and stresses on water resources over time inthese areas and necessitated water bodies to be constructedin order to have an adequate utilization and managementof water resources Furthermore the amount of water inthe world is limited and it is a known fact that water cannever be replaced with any other element in nature Therequired quantity and quality of water resources in any givenregion are limited Various factors are believed to contributeto a degradation and slump in water resources For aquaticecosystems pollution is on of the most important problems

nowadays therefore aquatic resources must be protectedvery well [2]

In meeting the energy needs and of all natural resourcesstreams are considered to provide cheap clean and contin-uous supplies for biological species It is therefore imper-ative to establish an appropriate regulatory system for themanagement and utilization of water resourcesThe potentialof herbal production flora and fauna in any given area isproportionate to the potential of water resources to be utilizedthere Facilities established for transportation tourism andrecreation activities in any region also depend upon a healthyand effective management of water resources It would there-fore be of paramount significance for human beings ekingout their livings in the local and natural environment to havean effective management of the water resources and protectthe ecosystems of biological species in any given region onearth In the biological richness of valuable fish stocks therecan be found numerous favors and utilities for humanity Inorder to take due advantages and benefits from the rivers inthemost effective way their natural potential physical wealthshould be protected to ensure continuity and sustainabilityof their ecosystems due examinations and analyses to beconducted about their chemical and biological properties are

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of ChemistryVolume 2015 Article ID 725082 8 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015725082

2 Journal of Chemistry

1

23

Karasu stream

The channel

4

Bulakbaşı village

Aktaş

Yazlık

1km

N

Figure 1 Bulakbası stream and four sampling points

also of great value in order to have adequate utilization andmanagement of these resources [3] However in recent yearsdecreases in the amount of potable water have promptedauthorities to have much more effective management andcontrol it has become indispensable for them to take duemeasures [4]

No study has been conducted on the limnological fea-tures water quality and pollution of Bulakbası water sofar In this study the current situation of Bulakbası waterquality criteria and basic pollution parameters were dis-cussed within the context of the aforementioned points andpremises Bulakbası stream was also investigated and ana-lyzed for its properties of drinking fisheries and irrigationand recommendations weremade for prospective researchersand authorities to conduct further studies on this stream

2 Materials and Methods

Bulakbası stream is in eastern Turkey within the domainsof Igdır province intersecting with the borders of Armeniaand Iran in the foothills of Mount Ararat and within 39∘561015840N and 44∘ 151015840 E coordinates The altitude is between 820and 850m average annual temperature is 12∘C and rainfallis about 2552mm around the area where the stream isscattered into mountainous terrain The resources of thisstream are within boundaries of Bulakbası Aktas and Yazlıkvillages which are foothills of Mount Ararat A regulatorand irrigation channels have been constructed alongside thestream Remaining water is poured into the Aras River usingin this channel which is about 65 km far away (Figure 1)Around the terrain are large pastures [5]

Four sampling points which were considered to belikely changed in water quality have been determined to

collect water samples and to make in situ measurementsfrom Bulakbası stream (Figure 1) Research was carried outbetween October 2011 and September 2012 Examples weretaken 15ndash20th days of eachmonth at 1200ndash1500 hoursWatertemperature pH EC DO OS () and salinity (permil) weredetermined through themeasurements conducted in the fieldof investigation with HACH-LANGE HQ40D multimeterAfter the in situ measurements the samples were taken in avolume of 15 L bottle andwe brought them to our laboratoryand then analyses were performed in replicates of two orthree

Calcium magnesium and total hardness were analyzedwith EDTA method chloride with Argentinometry (Mohr-Knudsen) method and alkalinity and carbonate-bicarbonateHCl titration methods [6] Aluminum with aluminon meth-od (Hach method 8012) ammonia with Nessler method(Hach method 8038) copper with porphyrin method (Hachmethod 8143) zincwith zinconmethod (Hachmethod 8009)phosphorus with PhosVer 3-ascorbic acid method (Hachmethod 8048) chromium-hexavalent with 15-diphenylcar-bohydrazide method (Hach method 8023) manganese withperiodate oxidation method (Hach method 8034) nitratewith cadmium reduction method (Hach method 8039) ni-trite with diazotization method (Hach method 8507) potas-sium with tetraphenylborate method (Hach method 8049)cyanide with pyridine-pyrazolone method (Hach method8027) sulfate with SulfaVer 4 method (Hach method 8051)and total iron with TPTZ method (Hach method 8112) wereanalyzed with Hach-Lange DR 5000 spectrophotometer [67] Evaluation of the results and analysis was made withTurkish Standards (TS 266) [8] Water Intended for HumanConsumptionRegulation (WHCR) [9]Water PollutionCon-trol Regulation (WPCR) [10] World Health Organization(WHO) the European Union (EU) drinking (76464EEC)

Journal of Chemistry 3

Table 1 Bulakbası water results obtained based on in situ measurements

Sampling months Temperature (∘C) DO (mgL) OS () pH EC (120583Scm) Salinity (permil)October 2011 168 1619 1861 797 5990 040November 2011 166 1571 1804 799 5760 040December 2011 152 1372 1643 831 6533 037January 2012 145 1212 1423 827 6613 038February 2012 137 965 1050 847 6870 044March 2012 127 1146 1181 883 6648 043April 2012 161 1052 1178 847 7145 043May 2012 175 1393 1622 835 10443 053June 2012 197 1121 1635 823 9415 048July 2012 176 932 1190 811 9460 048August 2012 178 1442 1813 785 9300 043September 2012 173 1667 1939 811 9373 045Mean 163 plusmn 197 1291 plusmn 255 1528 plusmn 3115 825 plusmn 027 7796 plusmn 16555 0435 plusmn 0045

and fisheries (78659EEC) water directives [11] and otherrelevant legal and technical regulations have been madewithin a scientific framework [12] Evaluation of the resultingdata was made according to general statistical basis

3 Results and Discussion

Due to the channel and regulator on the Bulakbası streamsource the original bottom and coastal structures degradedThroughout the study in the stream freezing has not beenobserved Slope along the river is low the bottom is sandyand muddy In the downside a slight turbidity of the watercan be observed

Water temperature DO OS pH EC and salinity valueshave been recorded through in situmeasurements in the fieldwhich are given in Table 1 according to the average of themonths

Temperature is important in the nutrition reproductiongrowth and migration of fish and other aquatic organismsTemperature changes will affect parameters such as pHEC and DO [12] Water temperature also directly affectsthe metabolism and physiology of aquatic organisms Alsotemperature has an impact on the speed of the chemicalreaction the solubility of the gases the taste smell and otherproperties of the water [11] Temperature of drinking waterhas a direct association with the taste Optimum drinkingtemperature is considered to be 10ndash12∘C [13] In this studythe average annual water temperature was defined as 163∘Cand the samples may be included in the first class accordingto [8ndash10] and WHO and EU drinking and fisheries directive[11] The average values throughout the year never exceed20∘C Upper regions are suitable for trout aquaculture andsubregions for carp aquaculture [14] Temperature valueshave been reported to be in Nazik Lake 2ndash245∘C [15] inAkkopru stream minus10ndash245∘C [16] and in Karasu Stream 08ndash245∘C [17] These values are similar to those found in ourstudy

The DO is one of the most important criteria for waterquality control Oxygen-saturated water has a good taste andthe absence of water gives an insipid taste Therefore if there

is a DO problem in drinking water it should be ventilated[11] The amount of DO in water is an indicator of the levelof the water supply which is generally healthy [12] DO valueof this study was 1291mgL and OS was 15280 DO andOS values in Akkopru stream 82mgL and 988 [16] inKarasu stream 1003mgL and 1194 [17] inNazik Lake from10 to 132mgL [15] in Sakegaon River 65ndash82mgL [18]in Yuvarlakcay stream 55ndash144mgL [19] in Kelkit stream768ndash990mgL [20] in Bhavani River 656ndash120mgL [21]in Sarada River 70ndash78mgL [22] in El-Kabir River 71mgL[23] in Cauvery River 134ndash55mgL [24] in Kosi River 62ndash68mgL [25] in SemenyihRiver 418ndash744 [1] and inNainitalLake 577ndash82mgL [26] were reported Bulakbası stream isin the first-class water with regard to WPRC [10] In troutfarming the DO should also be higher than 7mgL [14] Infirst-class drinking water OS in the EU directives must be70 and above [11]

The pH of water plays an important role in the reproduc-tion growth and nutrition The higher the pH increases thetoxic the effect of ammonia is [12] Inwaters various chemicalreactions are controlled by pH A vast majority of biologicalactivities are restricted within a narrow range between pHs 5and 8 Highly acidic or alkaline water is undesirable becauseof corrosion problems [11] Optimum limit of pH for aquaticlife is between 65 and 90 [4] In [8 9] the optimum pHrange for first-class drinking water is between 65 and 95and in [10] and EU directive it is between 65 and 85 [11]For aquaculture the pH values between 65 and 85 [14] andin EU fisheries directive between 6 and 9 [11] were adoptedThe average pH was determined as 825 in Bulakbası The pHobtained from the study is suitable for general aquaculturepH values are between 806 and 887 in [15] 719 and 732 in[18] 534 and 896 in [19] 776 and 845 in [20] 766 and 858in [21] 785 and 80 in [22] 72 and 814 in [27] 73 and 79in [25] 523 and 841 in [1] and 755 and 775 in [26] and anaverage of 798 in [23] 83 in [16] and 82 in [17] have beenreported

The EC of water source is connected with chemicalstructure of the stream bed and joins the speed and level ofhydrocycle [12] EC increase in drinking water is an indicator


Table 2 Data obtained from titrimetric analysis conducted on Bulakbası water

Sampling months Cl (mgL) Ca (mgL) Mg (mgL) Hardness (mgL) HCO3 (mgL) Alkalinity (mgL)October 2011 809 592 672 497 3590 29425November 2011 849 542 770 452 3736 30500December 2011 957 652 838 533 3589 29413January 2012 859 675 623 479 3498 28675February 2012 744 475 555 377 3697 30300March 2012 799 475 460 308 4041 33125April 2012 778 505 560 357 4037 33088May 2012 917 48 6 484 320 3581 29350June 2012 805 456 548 339 3479 28513July 2012 805 478 444 302 3549 29088August 2012 882 733 479 380 3564 29213September 2012 877 706 419 349 3553 29125Mean 8397 plusmn 612 565 plusmn 102 571 plusmn 132 3911 plusmn 790 36595 plusmn 1913 29985 plusmn 1564

of pollution or mixing of the sea water [13] The mean ECin Bulakbası was defined as 7796 120583Scm EC values werebetween 470 and 790 120583mhoscm in [18] 200 and 570 120583Scmin [19] 480 and 590 120583Scm in [20] 450 and 1064 120583mhoscmin [16] 414 and 808 120583Scm in [17] 421 and 514 120583Scm in [25]and 525 and 536120583Scm in [26] According to Turkish and EUdrinking water standards [8 9 11] it is first class Accordingto Turkish irrigation water standards [10] Bulakbası streamwater is second class Bulakbası stream is in the middle classsalty water for irrigation and any measures taken to preventthe accumulation of salts in the soil can be in quality that canbe given to any kind of soil and plant [28]

The values of analysis with titrimetric method were givenin Table 2

There is no gaseous chlorine in natural waters in theform of chloride or salt Chlorine will damage the gills ofaquatic animals and lead to death A healthy drinking wateris one of the important indicators [12] It may be an indicatorof sewage mixture and taste threshold value is between 250and 500mgL However up to 1500mgL of concentrationhas been found to be harmless to health 250mgL of highconcentrations of salts generates a bitter taste [11] It is thehighest toxic effect wherein the anion and its content areabove a certain value of irrigation water which causes leafblight in plants The 100ndash200mgL of sodium chloride candamage some vegetables [28] The average chloride in theBulakbası stream was determined as 840mgL Chloridevalues in [18] as 42ndash52mgL in [20] as 743ndash2058mgLin [22] as 1921mgL in [2] as 15ndash45mgL in [16] as2729ndash7029mgL in [24] as 176ndash254mgL in [17] as 2366ndash9466mgL in [25] as 181ndash253mgL and in [26] as 145ndash1675mgL have been reported In terms of chloride valuesBulakbası is first-class water according to [8 9 11]

In total hardness Ca and Mg are the most important twoelements They are important for skeleton structure of bothaquatic and terrestrial organisms Also Mg has an importantfunction in the blood of the human and animals Waterhardness is very important quality criteria for fisheries anddrinking [12] Generally the total hardness is a functionof the geology of the area with which the surface water is

associated Hardness has no known adverse influences onhealth nevertheless some evidence has been given to pointout its impact on heart diseases [1] A high amount of Caposes no hazards to human health but in some casesMgmaycause damage to the eyes Diarrhea is another complicationwhich might occur in these cases when they are exposedto improper amounts of Mg Similarly higher amounts ofCa and hardness may cause a problem in terms of flavorinside the water Also due to the nature of the stone hotwater facility will not be prompted If the hardness is low itleads to abrasive action [13] Although there may be healthbenefits in terms of hardness this may cause disadvantagessuch as more energy to be spent on increasing the soapconsumption and heating systems are also available [11]Further Ca in the irrigationwater enough to settle thematterin extreme cases soil and plants leads to chlorosis andrestricts the acquisition of certain nutrients Small amountof Mg is sufficient for plant Irrigation water at 24mgLconcentration is allowed [28] High temperature evaporationof water weathering of rocks and addition of calcium andmagnesium salts by means of plants and living organism arecontributing factors for the hardness of the water [26] Thevalues of Ca Mg and total hardness were determined as5729mgL 5957mgL and 391mgL as CaCO3 respectivelyin this study In fisheries 400mgL calcium and hardnessvalues are accepted as suitable [14] Bulakbası stream may beincluded in the class of very hard waters Total hardness wasreported between 155 and 220mgL in [18] 188 and 310mgLin [15] 154 and 240mgL in [20] 184 and 211 mgL in [25]and 2415 and 2500mgL in [26] and averages as 4749mgLin [16] and as 536mgL in [17]

Bicarbonate was determined as 36594mgL but carbon-ate has not been observed in this study Total alkalinity wasdetermined as 29984mgL Alkalinity is important in termsof impact on the buffering capacity of the water Bulakbasımay be included in the highly alkaline class water In terms ofvalue for rainbow trout farming are in the upper limit [11 1214] Very small amount of carbonate is sufficient for plantsHigh concentrations of carbonate have toxic effects It alsonegatively affects the physical properties of the soil It reduces


soil permeability If the soil dries it hardens and binds the dufflayer Soil large cracks are formed [28] The total alkalinityvalue in [18] as 201ndash230mgL in [21] as 475ndash2500mgL in[16] as 200ndash4400mgL in [17] as 2625ndash750mgL in [25]as 91ndash197mgL and in [26] as 1420ndash2535mgL CaCO3 wasreported

The values of analysis with spectrophotometric methodwere given in Table 3

As is known high levels of sulfates in water can be stemfrom volcanic contaminations [12] Bulakbası is within thegeographical domains of Mount Ararat Sulfates are majorpollutants due to taste smell toxicity and corrosions thatthey form as a result of various reactions Sodium sulfate andmagnesium sulfate which show laxative effects in humansat 250mgL are limited to the upper limit For animals thelimit is of 1000mgL Sulfate converts into H2S which is toxicand malodorous and formation of anaerobic conditions andbacteria activities The value of corrosive effect of sulfatebegins from 100ndash250mgL [13] According to Turkish andEU standards [8ndash11] it is first class The value of sulfate inBulakbası was determined as 5712mgL It was reported in[18] as 292ndash4032mgL in [20] as 633ndash943mgL in [21] as6096ndash7409mgL in [22] as 615mgL and in [1] as 167ndash610mgL

Potassium creates much bitter taste problems in drink-ing water Sources of potassium create industrial pollutionagricultural fertilizers and soil structure It is one of the basicnutrients desirably present in irrigation water [28] The valueof Bulakbası was found as 452mgL It was declared in [24]as 62ndash162mgL and in [26] as 1027ndash1457mgL Accordingto Turkish WHO and EU standards [8ndash11] it is first class

Nitrate is the final product resulting from oxidationprocess by nitrogenous compounds Through nitrificationprocess higher nitrate levels affect water quality in a negativeway Nitrate may cause blood poisoning called the bluebaby disease in the stomach of the infants younger than sixmonths andmay lead to death Nitrate in natural waters soilsurface and groundwater or discharged into water by meansof domestic agricultural and industrial waste passes throughthe water an excessive amount of nitrate in water allowsthe proliferation of algae and aquatic plants The amount ofnitrate nitrogen in water less than 40mgL is desirable [12]In Bulakbası stream value was found as 47mgL In otherstudies it was declared to be 915ndash158mgL in [20] 541mgLin [22] maximum 339mgL in [29] maximum 005mgLin [24] and 423ndash853mgL in [1] In Turkish EU WHOGermany and USA drinking and fisheries standards thewater is first class [8ndash11 14] It is necessarily due to take placebetween irrigation waters among the essential ingredients ofplant nutrients [28]

Nitrite is converted to nitrate oxidized intermediates insuitable conditions Therefore they are not long lasting inthe natural waters Presence in drinking water is definitelynot required They are toxic to aquatic organisms There aretoxic effects more than 100 120583gL in soft water and 200120583gLin hard water for rainbow trout Nitrite arises in water whichhas low oxygen and more organic matter problems [12 14]The nitrite value in our sample was determined as 25 120583gLThe maximum values were reported by Duran et al [20]

as 680 120583gL and Begum and Harikrishnarai [24] as 10 120583gLSince there is no oxygen deficit in Bulakbası stream nitrite-based pollution is not considered to be a hazard Accordingto [8 9] WHO and EU drinking water standards Bulakbasıstream is first-class water [11]

Ammonia in water is a result of physical and chemicalevents or microorganism activities and because of organic-based it is dangerous Ammonia in water appears in twoforms ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4) NH3 is toxicto all living organisms It leads to impairments in taste andcauses smelling problemsThe presence of ammonia in waterindicates that there is an infiltration of domestic waste waterIf the ammonia is more than 50120583gL in water it has beenshown to be a sign of pollution [12 13] In Bulakbası streaman average of 40 120583gL ammonia and 50120583gL ammonium wasdetermined In the salmonids farming ammonia 125 120583gLand ammonium 1000120583gL cannot be required to be more[14] Above 31120583gL of ammonia is not recommended forsalmonids by EU fisheries directive According to [8 9 11]Bulakbası stream is first-class water

Phosphorus has a role in the energy transfer and thepresence of nucleic acid is required for biological activityFood is one of the elements that are needed for aquatic algaeas well as for macrophytes growth and proliferation Watershould be available in certain concentrations of phosphorusIf there is an excessive amount it is based on pollution Infertilizers foods and detergents present in excess It is carriedto water sources via runoff irrigation drainage and domesticwaste water leaked into the groundwater [12] In Bulakbasıstream the values were determined to be 80 120583gL as total P230 120583gL as PO4 and 170 120583gL as P2O5 It was declared in[20] as 190ndash3860 120583gL PO4 in [29] as 20ndash340 120583gL TP in[1] as 80ndash1900120583gL PO4 and in [26] as 123ndash143 120583gL PO4Total phosphorus level in drinking water is recommended asmaximum 400 120583gL [4] and according to [9] this may be intothe first quality class EU directive designates first-class waterat 400120583gL of P2O5 in salmonids farming it is permitted in65 120583gL [11]

The presence of excessive iron in water gives a metallictaste to the water Water makes variegation Iron do not poseany problem in terms of health but may pose some risksto laundry textile industry soap and toothpaste and paperindustry used in the manufacture of products such wateris not desirable due to the presence of iron stain [13] Totaliron in Bulakbası stream was determined as 10 120583gL Ironvalue was declared in [20] as 376ndash9916 120583gL in [21] as 221ndash1326 120583gL in [24] as 560ndash5200120583gL and in [26] as 680ndash700 120583gL For drinking water according to [4 8ndash10] EU USand WHO it can be incorporated into the first quality class[11] In salmonids it is permitted up to 500 120583gL [14]

The presence of zinc is required in waters because it isof vital importance for skin and hair cells [13] The averagevalue of zinc in Bulakbası was found to be 169 120583gL Thevalue was reported in [20] as 036ndash072 120583gL in [29] as 70ndash440 120583gL and in [26] as 40ndash60 120583gL First-class value for zincin drinking water is 100 120583gL the allowable upper limit is of5000 120583gL [4] EU drinking water directive in first-class water500120583gL theWHOdirective 3000 120583gL and the EUdirectivefor salmonids 10ndash125120583gL have been reported [11]


Table3Datao

btainedthroug

hanalysiswith

spectro

photom

eter

onBu

lakbasıw

ater

Sampling

mon

ths

SO4

(mgL)

K+(m

gL)

NO3

(mgL)

NO2

(120583gL)

NH

4(120583gL)

NH

3(120583gL)

TotalP

(120583gL)

PO4minus

3

(120583gL)

P 2O5

(120583gL)

Fe++

(120583gL)

Zn (120583gL)

Cr+6

(120583gL)

Mn+

+

(120583gL)

CNminus

(120583gL)

Oct2011

5700

405

43

4280

8080

260

190

10168

30330

65

Nov2011

5550

433

64

22130

130

60190

140

8160

29380

68

Dec2011

5500

450

7525

130

120

40120

9013

160

29480

73Jan

2012

5750

473

9416

110

100

90260

200

0137

26430

70Feb2012

6125

465

9614

100

140

110

310

210

10167

20650

65

Mar2012

5725

450

36

1010

080

250

190

10148

19380

68

Apr2012

5825

458

34

80

0100

290

220

13165

19380

75May

2012

6175

488

47

1010

1090

270

170

10185

22350

60

June

2012

5675

447

20

2010

090

280

210

13183

19450

73July2012

5775

458

30

1610

060

180

130

13185

26280

70Au

g2012

5550

460

1634

100

60190

140

13180

23360

65

Sept2012

5725

440

1433

100

70220

160

8180

26350

63

Mean

576plusmn209

452plusmn021

474plusmn287

2083plusmn1079

508plusmn5384

483plusmn598

775plusmn2006

235plusmn555

1708plusmn396

101plusmn37

1682plusmn153

24plusmn42

4017plusmn9504

679plusmn045


In waters chromium is available as +3 and +6 valencechromium Cr+6 salts are carcinogenic properties There-fore drinking water should be protected from chromiumcontamination [30] Chromium is allergic to the skin ofhuman [13] Cr+6 in Bulakbası stream was determined as24120583gL and reported in [21] as 120 120583gL and in [24] as 100ndash120120583gL According to TS 266 [8] WHCR [9] andWHO [11]chromium can be maximum 50120583gL In drinking waters andin salmonids fisheries it can be maximum 5ndash50120583gL [11]Considering the values obtained in the study results averagevalue is within the limit for chromiumand it is the first qualityclass

More than 500 120583gL of manganese gives a metallic tasteto the water It is a basic element in the lives of humans andanimals A certain amount of it is recommended for humanbeings in the drinking water to improve cardiac health andreduce cardiovascular disease mortality [30] In this studythe average value was determined as 400 120583gL Accordingto [8 9] WHO and the EU drinking water standards [11]Bulakbası stream is second class

In the nervous system and thyroid gland cyanide causessignificant problems It is one of themostwell-knownpoisonswhich is extremely dangerous to all organisms Some fruitskernels (such as apricot and peach kernel) contain cyanide[13 31] Cyanide value in the study was determined as68 120583gL According to [8ndash10] EU and WHO it is first-class[11]

Aluminum in water is present dissolved salt colloidal orinsoluble compounds It constitutes strong complex ions withorganic materials sulfate and fluoride [30] When there is anexcess of it water has a discoloring property and gives turbidbluish image [13] Aluminum could not be found in Bulakbasıstream

Copper causes the water taste problems and can leadto liver and kidney damage and accelerates the corrosionof other metals Copper is originated from plating industrywaste copper sulfate is scattered the reservoirs in case offight programwith algae and pesticidesHowever 1 remainsin biologically available ions and passes to the remainderprecipitates and sediments [13 30] Copper was not detectedthroughout the study in our sample

4 Conclusion

When Bulakbası stream is classified in terms of drinkingin respect to water temperature DO OS EC pH chlo-ride calcium hardness nitrate nitrite ammonia sulfatephosphorus potassium copper aluminum total iron zincchromium and cyanide it can be first-class and with regardto magnesium it may be first and second class and themanganese can be second quality class In terms of fisheriesP2O5 and alkalinity are only slightly above the first qualityclass Bulakbası stream has the first quality in terms of otherparameters With respect to analysis and measurement of allparameters it is suitable quality of water for both salmonidsand other species In point of irrigation it is consideredas second quality class with respect to EC magnesiumand alkalinity and first-class in terms of other parametersIrrigation water is a quality that can be used easily

In terms of quality and clean drinking water in our worldin an age in which there is an increasing impoverishmentit is of paramount importance to protect natural resourceswhich must be well managed and kept clean We should alsoimplement duemeasures for the protection and rehabilitationof the available resources

When taking into consideration research findings relatedwith water quality classes described above it would bemuch more tempting to say that Bulakbası in Igdır as adrinking water supply for the surrounding settlements canbe considered to possess features that are suitable for potablewater and favorable for trout and carp farming However inorder to determine the carrying capacity of water to be usedand taking into account the results obtained from this studywe should provide a good resource formanagement planning

Disclosure

This study was produced from the data of Master Thesisconducted by Abdullah AKSOY in the management ofAssociate Professor Dr Fazıl SEN

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] F Al-Badaii M Shuhaimi-Othman and M B Gasim ldquoWaterquality assessment of the Semenyih river Selangor MalaysiardquoJournal of Chemistry vol 2013 Article ID 871056 10 pages 2013

[2] S Dirican andM Barlas ldquoPhysico-chemical characteristics andfish of Dipsiz and Cine (Mugla-Aydın) streamrdquo Ekoloji vol 14no 54 pp 25ndash30 2005

[3] O Cetinkaya M Sarı F Sen M Arabacı and H A DuyarldquoLimnological characteristics of Karasu river inflowing lakevanrdquoYuzuncuYil University Agricultural Sciences vol 4 pp 151ndash168 1994

[4] A Turkman S Tokgoz and H Sarptas ldquoDrinking waterstandards and reliable drinking waterrdquo in Proceedings of the 3rdNational Congress on Environmental Engineering pp 1ndash9 IzmirTurkey November 1999

[5] Anonymous ldquoGeneral Geography of Igdirrdquo 2014 httpwwwigdirgovtrdefault B0aspxcontent=219

[6] A E Greenberg L S Clesceri and A D Eaton StandardMethods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater APHAAWWA WEF Washington DC USA 1992

[7] Hach DR 5000 Spectrophotometer Working Procedures Hach-Lange-DOC0225200667 Hach Lange Dusseldorf Germany2005

[8] TS 266 ldquoWater intended for human consumptionrdquo ICS1306020 Turkish Standards Institute Ankara Turkey 2005

[9] WHCR Water Intended for Human Consumption RegulationTurkish Official Gazette 2005

[10] WPCR ldquoTurkish water pollution control regulationrdquo OfficialGazette No 25687 Turkish Official Gazette 2004

[11] T H Y Tebbutt Principles of Water Quality Control chapter2 Butterworth-Heinemann Elsevier Oxford UK 5th edition1998


[12] O Cetinkaya Water Quality Yuzuncu Yıl University Agricul-tural Faculty Van Turkey 2003

[13] ldquoThe Measurements of The Parameters in Drinking Waterrdquo2014 httpwwwaqualinegentricme-suyunda-olcumu-yapi-lan-parametrelerhtml

[14] Y Emre andVKurumTrout Breeding in Ponds andCages PostaPublishing Istanbul Turkey 2nd edition 2007

[15] F SenA study on population of carp (Cyprinus carpio L 1758) inNazik Lake [PhD thesis] Ataturk University Erzurum Turkey2001

[16] N CanturkThe investigation of the water quality of the Akkoprustream inflowing to Lake Van Turkey [MS thesis] Yuzuncu YılUniversity Van Turkey 2007

[17] I Sekerci The investigation of the water quality of Karasu(Mermit) stream inflowing to Lake Van Turkey [MS thesis]Yuzuncu Yıl University Van Turkey 2011

[18] S V Agarkar ldquoAssessment of water quality of Sakegaon reser-voir Maharashtrardquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 10 no 4pp 997ndash998 1998

[19] N Kazanci and M Dugel ldquoAn evaluation of the water qualityof Yuvarlakcay stream in the Koycegiz-Dalyan protected areaSWTurkeyrdquo Turkish Journal of Zoology vol 24 no 1 pp 69ndash802000

[20] M Duran M Tuzen andM Kayim ldquoExploration of biologicalrichness and water quality of stream Kelkit Tokat-TurkeyrdquoFresenius Environmental Bulletin vol 12 no 4 pp 368ndash3752003

[21] P M Gopalswami P E Kumar and A R Kulandaivelu ldquoStudyon the quality of water in the Bhavani riverrdquo Asian Journal ofChemistry vol 15 no 1 pp 306ndash310 2003

[22] Y A Maruthi and S R Rao ldquoPhysico-chemical biologicaland bacteriological study of Sarada riverrdquo Asian Journal ofChemistry vol 16 no 1 pp 122ndash130 2004

[23] R LThomas J C Cadham S Hassan et al ldquoA physicochemicalcharacterization of the waters of the El-Kabir River and majortributaries in Syria and Lebanonrdquo Lakes amp Reservoirs Researchand Management vol 10 no 2 pp 103ndash108 2005

[24] A Begum and Harikrishnarai ldquoStudy on the quality of water insome streams of cauvery riverrdquo E-Journal of Chemistry vol 5no 2 pp 377ndash384 2008

[25] A Kumar and Y Bahadur ldquoWater quality of river kosi andrajera system at Rampur (India) impact assessmentrdquo Journal ofChemistry vol 2013 Article ID 618612 4 pages 2013

[26] M Sharma ldquoWater quality assessment of the Central Himala-yan Lake Nainitalrdquo Advances in Environmental Chemistry vol2014 Article ID 473074 5 pages 2014

[27] B Odemis M K Sangun and D Buyuktas ldquoTemporal varia-tions in water quantity and quality of Orontes River TurkeyrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry vol 19 no 1 pp 711ndash723 2007

[28] AGunayGeneral and Special Vegetables IrrigationWaterQual-ity 2014 httpwwwbahceselnetforumselgenel-ve-ozel-seb-zecilik-profdratila-gunay16995-sulama-suyunun-ozellikleri-sulama-sebzecilik

[29] F Tanir Z Sutoluk M Z L Goksu and M Akbaba ldquoAninvestigation on chemical and bacteriological quality of Seyhanriver water in the Province of Adana Turkeyrdquo Asian Journal ofChemistry vol 17 no 4 pp 2720ndash2726 2005

[30] C Guler and Z Cobanoglu Water Quality Ministry of Healthof Turkey General Directorate of Primary Health Care Publica-tions Ankara Turkey 1997

[31] M Ozdemir and B Sırıken ldquoDetermination of cyanide levels inwell water in the Afyonkarahisar regionrdquo Veterinary Journal ofAnkara University vol 53 no 1 pp 37ndash40 2006

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy


Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of


Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


Chromatography Research International


Applied ChemistryJournal of



Theoretical ChemistryJournal of


Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of


Journal of


Quantum Chemistry


Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of



CatalystsJournal of


1

23

Karasu stream

The channel

4

Bulakbaşı village

Aktaş

Yazlık

1km

N

Figure 1 Bulakbası stream and four sampling points

also of great value in order to have adequate utilization andmanagement of these resources [3] However in recent yearsdecreases in the amount of potable water have promptedauthorities to have much more effective management andcontrol it has become indispensable for them to take duemeasures [4]

No study has been conducted on the limnological fea-tures water quality and pollution of Bulakbası water sofar In this study the current situation of Bulakbası waterquality criteria and basic pollution parameters were dis-cussed within the context of the aforementioned points andpremises Bulakbası stream was also investigated and ana-lyzed for its properties of drinking fisheries and irrigationand recommendations weremade for prospective researchersand authorities to conduct further studies on this stream

2 Materials and Methods

Bulakbası stream is in eastern Turkey within the domainsof Igdır province intersecting with the borders of Armeniaand Iran in the foothills of Mount Ararat and within 39∘561015840N and 44∘ 151015840 E coordinates The altitude is between 820and 850m average annual temperature is 12∘C and rainfallis about 2552mm around the area where the stream isscattered into mountainous terrain The resources of thisstream are within boundaries of Bulakbası Aktas and Yazlıkvillages which are foothills of Mount Ararat A regulatorand irrigation channels have been constructed alongside thestream Remaining water is poured into the Aras River usingin this channel which is about 65 km far away (Figure 1)Around the terrain are large pastures [5]

Four sampling points which were considered to belikely changed in water quality have been determined to

collect water samples and to make in situ measurementsfrom Bulakbası stream (Figure 1) Research was carried outbetween October 2011 and September 2012 Examples weretaken 15ndash20th days of eachmonth at 1200ndash1500 hoursWatertemperature pH EC DO OS () and salinity (permil) weredetermined through themeasurements conducted in the fieldof investigation with HACH-LANGE HQ40D multimeterAfter the in situ measurements the samples were taken in avolume of 15 L bottle andwe brought them to our laboratoryand then analyses were performed in replicates of two orthree

Calcium magnesium and total hardness were analyzedwith EDTA method chloride with Argentinometry (Mohr-Knudsen) method and alkalinity and carbonate-bicarbonateHCl titration methods [6] Aluminum with aluminon meth-od (Hach method 8012) ammonia with Nessler method(Hach method 8038) copper with porphyrin method (Hachmethod 8143) zincwith zinconmethod (Hachmethod 8009)phosphorus with PhosVer 3-ascorbic acid method (Hachmethod 8048) chromium-hexavalent with 15-diphenylcar-bohydrazide method (Hach method 8023) manganese withperiodate oxidation method (Hach method 8034) nitratewith cadmium reduction method (Hach method 8039) ni-trite with diazotization method (Hach method 8507) potas-sium with tetraphenylborate method (Hach method 8049)cyanide with pyridine-pyrazolone method (Hach method8027) sulfate with SulfaVer 4 method (Hach method 8051)and total iron with TPTZ method (Hach method 8112) wereanalyzed with Hach-Lange DR 5000 spectrophotometer [67] Evaluation of the results and analysis was made withTurkish Standards (TS 266) [8] Water Intended for HumanConsumptionRegulation (WHCR) [9]Water PollutionCon-trol Regulation (WPCR) [10] World Health Organization(WHO) the European Union (EU) drinking (76464EEC)



































Table3Datao

btainedthroug

hanalysiswith

spectro

photom

eter

onBu

lakbasıw

ater

Sampling

mon

ths

SO4

(mgL)

K+(m

gL)

NO3

(mgL)

NO2

(120583gL)

NH

4(120583gL)

NH

3(120583gL)

TotalP

(120583gL)

PO4minus

3

(120583gL)

P 2O5

(120583gL)

Fe++

(120583gL)

Zn (120583gL)

Cr+6

(120583gL)

Mn+

+

(120583gL)

CNminus

(120583gL)

Oct2011

5700

405

43

4280

8080

260

190

10168

30330

65

Nov2011

5550

433

64

22130

130

60190

140

8160

29380

68

Dec2011

5500

450

7525

130

120

40120

9013

160

29480

73Jan

2012

5750

473

9416

110

100

90260

200

0137

26430

70Feb2012

6125

465

9614

100

140

110

310

210

10167

20650

65

Mar2012

5725

450

36

1010

080

250

190

10148

19380

68

Apr2012

5825

458

34

80

0100

290

220

13165

19380

75May

2012

6175

488

47

1010

1090

270

170

10185

22350

60

June

2012

5675

447

20

2010

090

280

210

13183

19450

73July2012

5775

458

30

1610

060

180

130

13185

26280

70Au

g2012

5550

460

1634

100

60190

140

13180

23360

65

Sept2012

5725

440

1433

100

70220

160

8180

26350

63

Mean

576plusmn209

452plusmn021

474plusmn287

2083plusmn1079

508plusmn5384

483plusmn598

775plusmn2006

235plusmn555

1708plusmn396

101plusmn37

1682plusmn153

24plusmn42

4017plusmn9504

679plusmn045







4 Conclusion




Disclosure




References










































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of



































Table3Datao

btainedthroug

hanalysiswith

spectro

photom

eter

onBu

lakbasıw

ater

Sampling

mon

ths

SO4

(mgL)

K+(m

gL)

NO3

(mgL)

NO2

(120583gL)

NH

4(120583gL)

NH

3(120583gL)

TotalP

(120583gL)

PO4minus

3

(120583gL)

P 2O5

(120583gL)

Fe++

(120583gL)

Zn (120583gL)

Cr+6

(120583gL)

Mn+

+

(120583gL)

CNminus

(120583gL)

Oct2011

5700

405

43

4280

8080

260

190

10168

30330

65

Nov2011

5550

433

64

22130

130

60190

140

8160

29380

68

Dec2011

5500

450

7525

130

120

40120

9013

160

29480

73Jan

2012

5750

473

9416

110

100

90260

200

0137

26430

70Feb2012

6125

465

9614

100

140

110

310

210

10167

20650

65

Mar2012

5725

450

36

1010

080

250

190

10148

19380

68

Apr2012

5825

458

34

80

0100

290

220

13165

19380

75May

2012

6175

488

47

1010

1090

270

170

10185

22350

60

June

2012

5675

447

20

2010

090

280

210

13183

19450

73July2012

5775

458

30

1610

060

180

130

13185

26280

70Au

g2012

5550

460

1634

100

60190

140

13180

23360

65

Sept2012

5725

440

1433

100

70220

160

8180

26350

63

Mean

576plusmn209

452plusmn021

474plusmn287

2083plusmn1079

508plusmn5384

483plusmn598

775plusmn2006

235plusmn555

1708plusmn396

101plusmn37

1682plusmn153

24plusmn42

4017plusmn9504

679plusmn045







4 Conclusion




Disclosure




References










































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of























Table3Datao

btainedthroug

hanalysiswith

spectro

photom

eter

onBu

lakbasıw

ater

Sampling

mon

ths

SO4

(mgL)

K+(m

gL)

NO3

(mgL)

NO2

(120583gL)

NH

4(120583gL)

NH

3(120583gL)

TotalP

(120583gL)

PO4minus

3

(120583gL)

P 2O5

(120583gL)

Fe++

(120583gL)

Zn (120583gL)

Cr+6

(120583gL)

Mn+

+

(120583gL)

CNminus

(120583gL)

Oct2011

5700

405

43

4280

8080

260

190

10168

30330

65

Nov2011

5550

433

64

22130

130

60190

140

8160

29380

68

Dec2011

5500

450

7525

130

120

40120

9013

160

29480

73Jan

2012

5750

473

9416

110

100

90260

200

0137

26430

70Feb2012

6125

465

9614

100

140

110

310

210

10167

20650

65

Mar2012

5725

450

36

1010

080

250

190

10148

19380

68

Apr2012

5825

458

34

80

0100

290

220

13165

19380

75May

2012

6175

488

47

1010

1090

270

170

10185

22350

60

June

2012

5675

447

20

2010

090

280

210

13183

19450

73July2012

5775

458

30

1610

060

180

130

13185

26280

70Au

g2012

5550

460

1634

100

60190

140

13180

23360

65

Sept2012

5725

440

1433

100

70220

160

8180

26350

63

Mean

576plusmn209

452plusmn021

474plusmn287

2083plusmn1079

508plusmn5384

483plusmn598

775plusmn2006

235plusmn555

1708plusmn396

101plusmn37

1682plusmn153

24plusmn42

4017plusmn9504

679plusmn045







4 Conclusion




Disclosure




References










































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of














Table3Datao

btainedthroug

hanalysiswith

spectro

photom

eter

onBu

lakbasıw

ater

Sampling

mon

ths

SO4

(mgL)

K+(m

gL)

NO3

(mgL)

NO2

(120583gL)

NH

4(120583gL)

NH

3(120583gL)

TotalP

(120583gL)

PO4minus

3

(120583gL)

P 2O5

(120583gL)

Fe++

(120583gL)

Zn (120583gL)

Cr+6

(120583gL)

Mn+

+

(120583gL)

CNminus

(120583gL)

Oct2011

5700

405

43

4280

8080

260

190

10168

30330

65

Nov2011

5550

433

64

22130

130

60190

140

8160

29380

68

Dec2011

5500

450

7525

130

120

40120

9013

160

29480

73Jan

2012

5750

473

9416

110

100

90260

200

0137

26430

70Feb2012

6125

465

9614

100

140

110

310

210

10167

20650

65

Mar2012

5725

450

36

1010

080

250

190

10148

19380

68

Apr2012

5825

458

34

80

0100

290

220

13165

19380

75May

2012

6175

488

47

1010

1090

270

170

10185

22350

60

June

2012

5675

447

20

2010

090

280

210

13183

19450

73July2012

5775

458

30

1610

060

180

130

13185

26280

70Au

g2012

5550

460

1634

100

60190

140

13180

23360

65

Sept2012

5725

440

1433

100

70220

160

8180

26350

63

Mean

576plusmn209

452plusmn021

474plusmn287

2083plusmn1079

508plusmn5384

483plusmn598

775plusmn2006

235plusmn555

1708plusmn396

101plusmn37

1682plusmn153

24plusmn42

4017plusmn9504

679plusmn045







4 Conclusion




Disclosure




References










































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


Table3Datao

btainedthroug

hanalysiswith

spectro

photom

eter

onBu

lakbasıw

ater

Sampling

mon

ths

SO4

(mgL)

K+(m

gL)

NO3

(mgL)

NO2

(120583gL)

NH

4(120583gL)

NH

3(120583gL)

TotalP

(120583gL)

PO4minus

3

(120583gL)

P 2O5

(120583gL)

Fe++

(120583gL)

Zn (120583gL)

Cr+6

(120583gL)

Mn+

+

(120583gL)

CNminus

(120583gL)

Oct2011

5700

405

43

4280

8080

260

190

10168

30330

65

Nov2011

5550

433

64

22130

130

60190

140

8160

29380

68

Dec2011

5500

450

7525

130

120

40120

9013

160

29480

73Jan

2012

5750

473

9416

110

100

90260

200

0137

26430

70Feb2012

6125

465

9614

100

140

110

310

210

10167

20650

65

Mar2012

5725

450

36

1010

080

250

190

10148

19380

68

Apr2012

5825

458

34

80

0100

290

220

13165

19380

75May

2012

6175

488

47

1010

1090

270

170

10185

22350

60

June

2012

5675

447

20

2010

090

280

210

13183

19450

73July2012

5775

458

30

1610

060

180

130

13185

26280

70Au

g2012

5550

460

1634

100

60190

140

13180

23360

65

Sept2012

5725

440

1433

100

70220

160

8180

26350

63

Mean

576plusmn209

452plusmn021

474plusmn287

2083plusmn1079

508plusmn5384

483plusmn598

775plusmn2006

235plusmn555

1708plusmn396

101plusmn37

1682plusmn153

24plusmn42

4017plusmn9504

679plusmn045







4 Conclusion




Disclosure




References










































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of







4 Conclusion




Disclosure




References










































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of










Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of

Documents

Research Article Chemical and Physical Quality Criteria of