Research Article A Rectangular Planar Spiral Antenna for GIS …downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijap/2014/985697.pdf · 2019-07-31 · antenna.Itssizeisonly/ ofthemicrostrippatchantenna

Research ArticleA Rectangular Planar Spiral Antennafor GIS Partial Discharge Detection

Xiaoxing Zhang1 Yefei Han1 Wei Li2 and Xuetao Duan2

1 State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment amp System Security and New TechnologyChongqing University Chongqing 400044 China

2 Xinjiang Electric Power Research Institute High-Tech Industrial Development Zone Urumqi 830000 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Xiaoxing Zhang xiaoxingzhangoutlookcom

Received 5 March 2014 Revised 3 May 2014 Accepted 11 May 2014 Published 5 June 2014

Academic Editor Wenxing Li

Copyright copy 2014 Xiaoxing Zhang et alThis is an open access article distributed under theCreative CommonsAttribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

A rectangular planar spiral antenna sensor was designed for detecting the partial discharge in gas insulation substations (GIS)It can expediently receive electromagnetic waves leaked from basin-type insulators and can effectively suppress low frequencyelectromagnetic interference from the surrounding environment Certain effective techniques such as rectangular spiral structurebow-tie loading and back cavity structure optimization during the antenna design process can miniaturize antenna size andoptimize voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) characteristics Model calculation and experimental data measured in the laboratoryshow that the antenna possesses a good radiating performance and a multiband property when working in the ultrahigh frequency(UHF) band A comparative study between characteristics of the designed antenna and the existing quasi-TEM horn antenna wasmade Based on the GIS defect simulation equipment in the laboratory partial discharge signals were detected by the designedantenna the available quasi-TEM horn antenna and the microstrip patch antenna and the measurement results were compared

1 Introduction

Partial discharge signal has been widely studied as animportant indicator for characterizing the merits of GISinsulation performance [1] Electrical monitoring methodsinclude the pulse current method and the UHF methodThe UHF method detects high frequency electromagneticsignals (300MHzndash3GHz) excited by partial discharge inthe airspace Numerous interfering signals can be effec-tively avoided The UHF method is suitable for onlinemonitoring for its high frequency wide bandwidth andhigh sensitivity Through UHF signals not only can thepresence of defects in GIS be detected but the occurrenceand severity of the insulation fault can also be determined[2]

Currently the antenna sensor of GIS partial dischargemonitoring is mainly divided into two types namely thebuilt-in sensor and the external sensor [3]The built-in sensoris placed internally in the GIS and it must be consideredduring the design of GIS equipment to reduce its additional

effect on the internal electric field Its advantages are highsensitivity very good detection results and strong anti-interference ability [4 5] The external sensor is mainly usedin GIS equipment that has been put into operation and hasno built-in sensors It is installed on the basin insulator and isable to test the insulation condition of GIS through collectingleakage electromagnetic waves from partial discharge Theadvantage is easy installation and maintenance and theelectric field inside the device remains unaffected [6ndash8] Tocarry out the UHF detection method smoothly the designedantenna should meet the development trend of miniaturiza-tion and broadband taking into account the bandwidth andgain of the sensorThus the antenna will receive more partialdischarge signals A new type of planar helical antenna sensorfor detecting the UHF of GIS partial discharge was developedin our labThe designed antenna has a small volume andwidefrequency band Through simulation and experimental anal-ysis for its parameter the designed antenna can effectivelydetect UHF signal and satisfy the requirement of GIS onlinemonitoring

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of Antennas and PropagationVolume 2014 Article ID 985697 7 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014985697

2 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

r0

r

(a)

r1

r2

r3

r4

R

120575

(b)

Figure 1 Planar spiral antenna

2 The Basic Form of the Helical Antenna

The helical antenna is made of metal with good electricalconductivity and has a spiral shape [9] It has the advantageof circular polarization and broad beam width thus it iswidely used in satellite communications and personal mobilecommunications [10 11] Helical antennas can be dividedinto three-dimensional helical antennas and plane helicalantennas according to their structure The basic form ofthe planar helical antenna consists of an Archimedes helicalantenna and an equiangular helical antennaThe radius of theArchimedean helical antenna increases as the angle increasesIts curve equation is

119903 = 1199030+ 119886120601 (1)

where 1199030is the initial radius 119886 is the spiral growth and 120593 is

the angle in radiansA double-arm Archimedean helical antenna [12 13] is

shown in Figure 1(a) The antenna generally uses the balancefeed at the center of the spiral surface and the main radiationarea is focused on the average circumference of a wavelengthband also known as the effective radiative zone When thefrequency changes the effective radiative zone changes aswell but the radiation pattern basically remains unchangedMoreover when the effective radiative zone for the antennais at the outermost region its frequency is at the lowestoperating frequency of the antenna For the circular spiralsurface the perimeter is 119862 = 120587 times 119863 = 120582max such that theouter diameter of the antennas is the following

119863 =

120582max120587

(2)

Since the planar Archimedean helical antenna was pro-posed in the 1950s due to its features such as broadbandcircular polarization and low profile it has received anincreasing amount of attention and application

The equation of the planar equiangular helical antenna isas follows

119903 = 1199030119890119886(120601minus1206010) (3)

where 1205930is the initial radius 119886 is the spiral growth and 119903

0is

the radius vector corresponding to 1205930 A planar equiangular

helical antenna [14] is shown in Figure 1(b)

3 Characteristics of the Rectangular PlanSpiral Antenna

31 Antenna Structure

(a) Design of Rectangular Spiral The rectangular spiralstructure is a variation of the Archimedes spiral structure Ithas the same advantages as the Archimedes spiral structureFurthermore it has a more simple structure and higher spaceutilization Therefore the designed helical antenna in thispaper uses a planar rectangular spiral structure A rectangularspiral structure effectively reduces antenna size and weight Italso facilitates manufacturing

(b) Reflecting Cavity and Shielding Planar spiral antennashave the characteristics of wide bandwidth small volumewide main lobe circular polarization and normal two-wayradiation However antennas require unidirectional radia-tion Therefore the overall structure of the antenna designedin this paper is the semienclosed planar spiral antennaThe antenna surface except for the receiving surface isshielded by a metal shield cavity A reflecting cavity is alsoadded Furthermore the antenna should be filled with waveabsorption material to ensure wide bandwidth

(c) Bow-Tie Vibrator Loading To increase the bandwidth theterminal of the spiral selects the bow-tie vibrator loading(Figure 2) to reduce the transmission loss of the spiralperiphery The bow-tie antenna is a low-profile structureplanar antenna It has the advantages of being lightweightand easy to install [15] The performance of the antennais determined by two main factors opening angle 120579

0and

arm length 119897 (Figure 3) The larger the opening angle isthe wider the frequency band of operation is However thelateral dimension of the antenna will increase if the opening

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 3

Rectangular spiralParallel double-wire feed

Butterfly vibrator loading in terminal

Figure 2 The structure of the planar spiral antenna

2h

l

1205790 1205790

infin

Figure 3 The structure of the bow-tie antenna

angle is too large Miniaturization of the antenna cannot beguaranteed The arm length of the antenna metal vibratoris an important parameter for determining the low-end fre-quencies of the input impedance bandwidth of the antennaThe longer the arm 119897 the better the low-frequency coveringperformance of the antennaThework of the antenna signal isa Gaussian pulse radiation for their fidelity waveform Thusthe radiation waveform fidelity will be higher for antennaswhose working signal is a Gaussian pulse According tothe empirical formula bow-tie antenna arm length and thecorresponding wavelength under low frequency satisfy thefollowing relationship

119897 =

120582

4

(1 minus

9782

119885119888

) (4)

where 120582 is the corresponding wavelength under the low-endfrequency of the antenna input impedance bandwidth and119885

119888

is the characteristic impedance of the antenna which is givenas follows

119885119888= 120 ln(ctg(

1205790

4

)) (5)

Figure 4 Physical map of the designed antenna

03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

VSW

R

Frequency (GHz)

Figure 5 VSWR with a frequency between 300MHz and 3GHz

The bow-tie antenna and the equiangular spiral antennaare both wideband antennas Wideband antenna can achievebroadband impedance matching and reduce transmissionloss after taking loading mode thereby improving the radi-ation characteristics of the antenna

Figure 4 shows a physical map of the rectangular spiralantenna designed in this paperThe size of the antenna is 132times85 times 50mm and its weight is 278 g

32 Antenna VSWR VSWR is the reciprocal of the trav-eling wave coefficients Its value is from 1 to infinityVSWR is widely used in engineering to indicate the degreeof impedance mismatch between antenna impedance andtransmission line impedance The VSWR ratio simulationresults of the designed antenna are shown in Figure 5The figure shows that VSWR is less than 2 within 16GHzndash21 GHz and 23GHzndash30GHz with a wide frequencyrange

In many cases the antenna impedance is unknown butthe VSWR can be measured Thus the mold of the reflectioncoefficient can be calculated using VSWR The measuredVSWR is shown in Figure 6 Figure 6 shows that the VSWRis better within 115 GHzndash155GHz 19 GHzndash27GHz and285GHzndash3GHz whereas the VSWR is poor below 1GHzThe simulation results of VSWR are basically consistent withthe measurements


03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 301

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

VSW

R

Frequency (GHz)

Figure 6 Measured VSWR of the designed antenna

Table 1 Measured gain of the designed antenna

Frequency (MHz) 300 500 800 1000 1500 2000 3000Gain (dB) minus36 minus23 minus9 25 45 55 117

Table 2 The value of the designed antenna pattern

Frequency(MHz)

Main lobewidth (dB)

Beamwidth3 dB (deg)

Side-lobelevel (dB)

500 minus2451000 29 1058 minus451500 46 1017 minus902000 67 899 minus822500 77 781 minus1463000 85 741 minus179

33 Gain of the Antenna Themeasured results of the antennagain are shown in Table 1 As the frequency increases theantenna gain increases The antenna gain achieves 117 dBwhen the frequency is 3000MHz

34 Antenna Patterns The helical antenna has characteris-tics of axial rotational symmetry Thus only the circularlypolarized antenna pattern on the horizontal direction from500MHz to 3GHz was testedThe designed antenna patternsunder several specific frequencies are shown in Figure 7The corresponding parameters are shown in Table 2 Themain lobe width is the angle between two radius vectorsin the main lobe when the antenna radiation power is halfof maximum value It is used to indicate the concentrationdegree of antenna power radiation The smaller the mainlobe width and the sharper the antenna pattern the moreconcentrated the antenna radiation Figure 9 and Table 2show that the gain of the antenna exhibits a rising trend asthe frequency increases Furthermore the antenna achieves agood directional radiation characteristic in the full-band

Table 3 Measured gain of the quasi-TEM horn antenna

Frequency (MHz) 500 800 1000 1500 2000 3000Gain (dB) minus126 minus14 13 32 51 38

4 Comparative Study of RectangularPlane Spiral Antenna

41 Comparative Study of Antenna Characteristics Externalsensors which have been used to detect GIS partial dischargein our laboratory have two types the quasi-TEM hornantenna [16] and the microstrip patch antenna [17]Structureof the quasihorn antenna is shown in Figure 8 its size is129mm times 90mm times 60mm and its weight is 920 g The sizeof the rectangular spiral antenna is about 45 of the quasi-TEM horn antenna and 13 of its weight The physical map ofthe microstrip patch antenna is shown in Figure 9 its size is261 times 142 times 112mm and its weight is 1040 g The rectangularspiral antenna size is much smaller than the microstrip patchantenna Its size is only 17 of the microstrip patch antennaand its weight is only 14 of that In brief the rectangularspiral antenna is much smaller and lighter thus facilitatingthe installation

The rectangular spiral antenna has almost the samesize as the quasi-TEM horn antenna so the paper mainlymakes a comparative analysis for some characteristics ofthese two antennas The measured VSWR of a quasi-horn antenna is shown in Figure 10 Figure 10 showsthat the quasihorn antenna has an ideal VSWR within820MHzndash930MHz 125GHzndash165GHz 215 GHzndash23GHzand 285GHzndash3GHz It is obvious that the rectangular spiralantenna has a wider frequency band compared to the quasi-TEM horn antenna Table 3 shows the measured gain of thequasi-TEM horn antenna Compared to Table 3 and Table 1gain of the rectangular spiral antenna is overall better thanthe quasi-TEM horn antenna above 1 GHz whereas the gainis worse below 800MHzThe microstrip patch antenna bandis 340MHzndash440MHz and the measured maximum gain is538 dB Its frequency band range and maximum gain valuesare all inferior to the rectangular spiral antenna

42 Comparative Study of Partial Discharge MeasurementsTo verify the measurement results of the designed antenna aneedle-plate electrode was used to simulate metal protrusiondefects of GIS and partial discharge tests were carried outFigures 8 and 11 show the experimental circuit of partialdischarge in the lab The designed antenna was used tocollect partial discharge signals Then the measured resultsare compared with the signals collected using a quasi-TEMhorn antenna and a microstrip patch antenna A high-speeddigital oscilloscope (Tektronix Oscilloscope 7104 bandwidthis 1 GHz themaximum sampling rate is 20GSs andmemorydepth is 48M) was used to record waveforms

When the needle-plate electrode is added to 9 kV the par-tial discharge signals are received from the rectangular spiralantenna and the quasi-TEM horn antenna simultaneouslyas Figure 12 shows The red waveform was measured usingthe rectangular spiral antenna with a maximum amplitude of


030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus30

minus20

(dB)

minus40

(a) f = 500MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus10

0

(dB)

10

(b) f = 1000MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus10

0

(dB)

10

(c) f = 1500MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus10

0 (dB)

10

(d) f = 2000MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

33010

(dB)0

minus10

(e) f = 2500MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

33010

(dB)0

minus10

(f) f = 3000MHz

Figure 7 The designed antenna pattern


Semi-TEM horn

Back cavity Probe feed

120576998400

r

120576r

Figure 8 Structure of the quasi-TEM horn antenna

Figure 9 Physical map of the microstrip patch antenna

03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 301

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

VSW

R

Frequency (GHz)

Figure 10 Measured VSWR of the quasi-TEM horn antenna

102mV The green waveform was measured using a quasi-TEM horn antenna with a maximum amplitude of 106mVFigure 13 shows the partial discharge signals received fromthe rectangular spiral antenna and the microstrip patchantenna simultaneously The yellow waveform was measuredusing the rectangular spiral antenna with a maximum ampli-tude of 10mV The red waveform was measured using amicrostrip patch antenna with a maximum amplitude of19mV

The rectangular spiral antenna is capable of receivingmore UHF band energy for its wider band Thus it hasless catadioptric electromagnetic energy In this case themeasured signal decreases rapidly and the signal amplitudeshould also be larger However the gain of the designedantenna below 1GHz is worse than the quasi-TEM hornantenna and the microstrip antenna due to its smallervolume As a result the received UHF signal amplitude isrelatively low But it can satisfy the UHF signal detection

380V Antenna

Figure 11 Experimental circuit of partial discharge

Volta

ge (8

mV

div

)

Time (200nsdiv)

3

4

Figure 12 UHF signals measured by the rectangular spiral antennaand a quasi-TEM horn antenna

Time (200nsdiv)

Volta

ge (2

0m

Vd

iv)

3

1

Figure 13 UHF signals measured by the rectangular spiral antennaand a microstrip patch antenna

requirements completely Moreover the designed antennahas a wider range frequency band and a bigger gain above1 GHz If the oscilloscope does not have a bandwidthlimit of 1 GHz and can collect signals above 1 GHz thedesigned antenna will collect a higher signal amplitudecompared to the quasi-TEM horn and the microstrip patchantenna

5 Conclusions

The radiation characteristics of the rectangular spiral antennathrough simulation and experimental analysis were testedFurthermore it was compared with the quasi-TEM horn


antenna and the microstrip patch antenna in the laboratoryThe following conclusions were obtained

(a) The rectangular spiral antenna is smaller and lighterwhich facilities installation and fulfills the miniatur-ization trends of antennas

(b) The gain of the designed antenna exhibits a risingtrend as the frequency increases in theUHFbandThedesigned antenna can receive a wider band range ofpartial discharge signals above 1 GHz The measuredbandwidth is 115 GHzndash155GHz 19 GHzndash27GHzand 285GHzndash3GHz Furthermore the designedantenna achieves a good oriented reception perfor-mance

(c) The data show that the gain of the designed antenna isslightly inferior to the quasi-TEM horn antenna andthe microstrip patch antenna under 1 GHz Howeverthe designed antenna has better broadband It has awider frequency band range and a bigger gain above1 GHz and is capable of detecting the UHF signalgenerated by partial discharge better

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supportfromChina National Natural Science Foundation (51277188)Program for China New Century Excellent Talents (NCET-12-0590) and Project no 0213005202042 supported by theFundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities inChina

References

[1] G Bazannery ldquoRecent developments in insulation monitoringsystems of GISsrdquo International Electric Power for China vol 6no 4 pp 41ndash43 2002

[2] J Tang W Zhu and C-X Sun ldquoAnalysis of UHF method usedin partial discharge detection in GISrdquoHigh Voltage Engineeringvol 29 no 12 pp 22ndash23 2003

[3] C-X Sun G-F Xu and J Tang ldquoModel and performanceof inner sensors used for partial discharge detection in GISrdquoProceedings of the Csee vol 24 no 8 pp 89ndash94 2004

[4] D-S Kim C-M Hwang Y-N Kim et al ldquoDevelopment ofan intelligent spacer built into the internal-type UHF partialdischarge sensorrdquo in Proceedings of the IEEE InternationalSymposium on Electrical Insulation (ISEI 08) pp 396ndash399Vancouver Canada June 2008

[5] J Tang H-J Shi and C-X Sun ldquoStudy of UHF frequencyresponse characteristics of the inner sensor for partial dischargedetection inGISrdquoTransactions of China Electrotechnical Societyvol 19 no 5 pp 71ndash75 2004

[6] RKurrer andK Feser ldquoTheapplication of ultra-high-frequencypartial discharge measurements to gas-insulated substationsrdquoIEEE Transactions on Power Delivery vol 13 no 3 pp 777ndash7821998

[7] X-X Zhang W-T Liu and X-H Yang ldquoA Hilbert fractalantenna and portable monitoring system for partial dischargedetection in gas insulated substationsrdquo Journal of ChongqingUniversity vol 32 no 3 pp 263ndash268 2009

[8] C-P Kao J Li R Liu and Y Cai ldquoDesign and analysis of UWBTEM horn antenna for ground penetrating radar applicationsrdquoin Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and RemoteSensing Symposium (IGARSS 08) vol 4 pp IV569ndashIV572Boston Mass USA July 2008

[9] Q-L Li and G-B Xu ldquoMiniature design of ultra-widebandspiral antennardquo Journal of Telemetry Tracking and Commandvol 32 no 2 pp 14ndash19 2011

[10] X-Q Yan and L-F Qi ldquoStudy on deforming of planar spiralantennardquo Tactical Missile Technology no 4 pp 29ndash31 2005

[11] N-K Jing H-L Zhao and L Huang ldquoMiniaturization ofbroadband spiral antennardquo Modern Electronics Technique vol34 no 17 pp 82ndash84 89 2011

[12] J Kaiser ldquoThe Archimedean two-wire spiral antennardquo IRETransactions on Antennas and Propagation vol 8 no 3 pp 312ndash323 1960

[13] B A KramerM Lee C-C Chen and J L Volakis ldquoDesign andperformance of an ultrawide-band ceramic-loaded slot spiralrdquoIEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation vol 53 no 7pp 2193ndash2199 2005

[14] H Nakano K Kikkawa and J Yamauchi ldquoA low-profileequiangular spiral antenna backed by a cavity with an absorbingstriprdquo in Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Antennasand Propagation (EuCAP 06) pp 1ndash5 Nice France November2006

[15] J-B Wu M Tain and T-Q Li ldquoImprovement of bow-tieantenna for ground penetrating radarrdquo Chinese Journal ofScientific Instrument vol 30 no 5 pp 1059ndash1062 2009

[16] X-X Zhang Y Chen J-Z Tang and X-S Wen ldquoMinitypequasi-TEMhorn antenna for partial discharge detection inGISrdquoHigh Voltage Engineering vol 37 no 8 pp 1975ndash1981 2011

[17] X-X Zhang J Tang andW-X Peng ldquoStudy on the outer UHFmicrostrip patch antenna for partial discharge detection inGISrdquoChinese Journal of Scientific Instrument vol 27 no 12 pp 1595ndash1599 2006

International Journal of

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Active and Passive Electronic Components

Control Scienceand Engineering

Journal of



RotatingMachinery


Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2014

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration


Civil EngineeringAdvances in

Acoustics and VibrationAdvances in



Electrical and Computer Engineering

Journal of

Advances inOptoElectronics


Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SensorsJournal of


Modelling amp Simulation in EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation




Navigation and Observation



DistributedSensor Networks



r0

r

(a)

r1

r2

r3

r4

R

120575

(b)

Figure 1 Planar spiral antenna

2 The Basic Form of the Helical Antenna

The helical antenna is made of metal with good electricalconductivity and has a spiral shape [9] It has the advantageof circular polarization and broad beam width thus it iswidely used in satellite communications and personal mobilecommunications [10 11] Helical antennas can be dividedinto three-dimensional helical antennas and plane helicalantennas according to their structure The basic form ofthe planar helical antenna consists of an Archimedes helicalantenna and an equiangular helical antennaThe radius of theArchimedean helical antenna increases as the angle increasesIts curve equation is

119903 = 1199030+ 119886120601 (1)

where 1199030is the initial radius 119886 is the spiral growth and 120593 is

the angle in radiansA double-arm Archimedean helical antenna [12 13] is

shown in Figure 1(a) The antenna generally uses the balancefeed at the center of the spiral surface and the main radiationarea is focused on the average circumference of a wavelengthband also known as the effective radiative zone When thefrequency changes the effective radiative zone changes aswell but the radiation pattern basically remains unchangedMoreover when the effective radiative zone for the antennais at the outermost region its frequency is at the lowestoperating frequency of the antenna For the circular spiralsurface the perimeter is 119862 = 120587 times 119863 = 120582max such that theouter diameter of the antennas is the following

119863 =

120582max120587

(2)

Since the planar Archimedean helical antenna was pro-posed in the 1950s due to its features such as broadbandcircular polarization and low profile it has received anincreasing amount of attention and application

The equation of the planar equiangular helical antenna isas follows

119903 = 1199030119890119886(120601minus1206010) (3)

where 1205930is the initial radius 119886 is the spiral growth and 119903

0is

the radius vector corresponding to 1205930 A planar equiangular

helical antenna [14] is shown in Figure 1(b)

3 Characteristics of the Rectangular PlanSpiral Antenna

31 Antenna Structure

(a) Design of Rectangular Spiral The rectangular spiralstructure is a variation of the Archimedes spiral structure Ithas the same advantages as the Archimedes spiral structureFurthermore it has a more simple structure and higher spaceutilization Therefore the designed helical antenna in thispaper uses a planar rectangular spiral structure A rectangularspiral structure effectively reduces antenna size and weight Italso facilitates manufacturing

(b) Reflecting Cavity and Shielding Planar spiral antennashave the characteristics of wide bandwidth small volumewide main lobe circular polarization and normal two-wayradiation However antennas require unidirectional radia-tion Therefore the overall structure of the antenna designedin this paper is the semienclosed planar spiral antennaThe antenna surface except for the receiving surface isshielded by a metal shield cavity A reflecting cavity is alsoadded Furthermore the antenna should be filled with waveabsorption material to ensure wide bandwidth

(c) Bow-Tie Vibrator Loading To increase the bandwidth theterminal of the spiral selects the bow-tie vibrator loading(Figure 2) to reduce the transmission loss of the spiralperiphery The bow-tie antenna is a low-profile structureplanar antenna It has the advantages of being lightweightand easy to install [15] The performance of the antennais determined by two main factors opening angle 120579

0and

arm length 119897 (Figure 3) The larger the opening angle isthe wider the frequency band of operation is However thelateral dimension of the antenna will increase if the opening





2h

l

1205790 1205790

infin



119897 =

120582

4

(1 minus

9782

119885119888

) (4)


119888


119885119888= 120 ln(ctg(

1205790

4

)) (5)


03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

VSW

R

Frequency (GHz)







03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 301

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

VSW

R

Frequency (GHz)





Frequency(MHz)

Main lobewidth (dB)

Beamwidth3 dB (deg)

Side-lobelevel (dB)












030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus30

minus20

(dB)

minus40

(a) f = 500MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus10

0

(dB)

10

(b) f = 1000MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus10

0

(dB)

10

(c) f = 1500MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus10

0 (dB)

10

(d) f = 2000MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

33010

(dB)0

minus10

(e) f = 2500MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

33010

(dB)0

minus10

(f) f = 3000MHz



Semi-TEM horn


120576998400

r

120576r



03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 301

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

VSW

R

Frequency (GHz)




380V Antenna


Volta

ge (8

mV

div

)

Time (200nsdiv)

3

4


Time (200nsdiv)

Volta

ge (2

0m

Vd

iv)

3

1



5 Conclusions









Acknowledgments


References




















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation













2h

l

1205790 1205790

infin



119897 =

120582

4

(1 minus

9782

119885119888

) (4)


119888


119885119888= 120 ln(ctg(

1205790

4

)) (5)


03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

VSW

R

Frequency (GHz)







03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 301

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

VSW

R

Frequency (GHz)





Frequency(MHz)

Main lobewidth (dB)

Beamwidth3 dB (deg)

Side-lobelevel (dB)












030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus30

minus20

(dB)

minus40

(a) f = 500MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus10

0

(dB)

10

(b) f = 1000MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus10

0

(dB)

10

(c) f = 1500MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus10

0 (dB)

10

(d) f = 2000MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

33010

(dB)0

minus10

(e) f = 2500MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

33010

(dB)0

minus10

(f) f = 3000MHz



Semi-TEM horn


120576998400

r

120576r



03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 301

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

VSW

R

Frequency (GHz)




380V Antenna


Volta

ge (8

mV

div

)

Time (200nsdiv)

3

4


Time (200nsdiv)

Volta

ge (2

0m

Vd

iv)

3

1



5 Conclusions









Acknowledgments


References




















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 301

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

VSW

R

Frequency (GHz)





Frequency(MHz)

Main lobewidth (dB)

Beamwidth3 dB (deg)

Side-lobelevel (dB)












030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus30

minus20

(dB)

minus40

(a) f = 500MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus10

0

(dB)

10

(b) f = 1000MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus10

0

(dB)

10

(c) f = 1500MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus10

0 (dB)

10

(d) f = 2000MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

33010

(dB)0

minus10

(e) f = 2500MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

33010

(dB)0

minus10

(f) f = 3000MHz



Semi-TEM horn


120576998400

r

120576r



03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 301

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

VSW

R

Frequency (GHz)




380V Antenna


Volta

ge (8

mV

div

)

Time (200nsdiv)

3

4


Time (200nsdiv)

Volta

ge (2

0m

Vd

iv)

3

1



5 Conclusions









Acknowledgments


References




















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus30

minus20

(dB)

minus40

(a) f = 500MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus10

0

(dB)

10

(b) f = 1000MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus10

0

(dB)

10

(c) f = 1500MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

330

minus10

0 (dB)

10

(d) f = 2000MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

33010

(dB)0

minus10

(e) f = 2500MHz

030

60

90

120

150180

210

240

270

300

33010

(dB)0

minus10

(f) f = 3000MHz



Semi-TEM horn


120576998400

r

120576r



03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 301

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

VSW

R

Frequency (GHz)




380V Antenna


Volta

ge (8

mV

div

)

Time (200nsdiv)

3

4


Time (200nsdiv)

Volta

ge (2

0m

Vd

iv)

3

1



5 Conclusions









Acknowledgments


References




















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










Semi-TEM horn


120576998400

r

120576r



03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 301

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

VSW

R

Frequency (GHz)




380V Antenna


Volta

ge (8

mV

div

)

Time (200nsdiv)

3

4


Time (200nsdiv)

Volta

ge (2

0m

Vd

iv)

3

1



5 Conclusions









Acknowledgments


References




















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation
















Acknowledgments


References




















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation











RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation









Documents

Research Article A Rectangular Planar Spiral Antenna for GIS …downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijap/2014/985697.pdf · 2019-07-31 · antenna.Itssizeisonly/ ofthemicrostrippatchantenna