Research ArticleA Power Case Study for Monocrystalline and PolycrystallineSolar Panels in Bursa City Turkey

AyGeguumll TaGccedilJoLlu Onur TaGkJn and Ali Vardar

Department of Biosystems Engineering Faculty of Agriculture Uludag University 16059 Bursa Turkey

Correspondence should be addressed to Ali Vardar dravardaruludagedutr

Received 23 January 2016 Revised 8 February 2016 Accepted 18 February 2016

Academic Editor Vishal Mehta

Copyright copy 2016 Aysegul Tascıoglu et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

It was intended to reveal the time dependent power generation under different loads for two different solar panels under theconditions of Bursa province in between August 19 and 25 2014 The testing sets include solar panels inverter multimeteraccumulator regulator pyranometer pyrheliometer temperature sensor and datalogger The efficiency of monocrystalline andpolycrystalline solar panels was calculated depending on the climatic datarsquos measurements As the result of the study the averageperformances of monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels are 4206 and 3980Wh respectively It was seen that 8714Winstantaneous power could be obtained frommonocrystalline solar panel and that 8017W instantaneous power could be obtainedfrom polycrystalline solar panel under maximum total radiation (100113Wm2) Within this frame it was determined thatmonocrystalline solar panel is able to operate more efficiently under the conditions of Bursa compared to polycrystalline solarpanel When the multivariate correlations coefficients were examined statistically a significant relationship in positive directionwas detected between total and direct radiation and ambient temperature on energy generation from monocrystalline andpolycrystalline panel

1 Introduction

Today one of the most significant requirements of developedand developing countries is energy Even if there are variousmethods of energy production and consumption all thecountries require cheap large and clean energy sources[1] As the fossil fuels will be consumed after a specificperiod and as their production is very expensive it becomesobligatory to determine alternative energy sources and tobenefit from these sources with high efficiency Moreoverthe use of energy sources which cannot be renewed at alarge extent had significantly increased the environmentalproblems Thus tendency towards renewable energy sourceswith low environmental effects is advantageous in all aspects[2] Renewable energy sources are defined as energy flowswhich are replaced at the same speed as they are used Allrenewable energy sources on Earth arise from the effect ofsolar radiation which can be directly or indirectly convertedto energy by using different technologies

Even if it is the most expensive renewable energytechnology ldquophotovoltaicrdquo technology is the easiest energy

technology in respect of design and installation But its mainsuperiority arises from the fact that it is an environmentfriendly technology with low maintenance cost [3] Besidesthese photovoltaic systems are also modular In other wordsthey can be assembled anywhere required In case of increaseof requirement new photovoltaic models can be easily addedto the system in a short while This is not in subject for otherenergy production systems In particular the photovoltaicsystems that are installed close to end users decrease therequirement for transmission and distribution devices andincrease the reliability of local electric service

Crystalline silicon offers an improved efficiency whencompared to amorphous silicon while still using only a smallamount ofmaterial [4] Silicon has several advantages such asabundance on Earth low contamination rate high durabilityand the wide experience of the microelectronics industryThe most widely used silicon cells in manufacturing aremonocrystalline and polycrystalline although many othertechnologies have been developed [5] In the first commercialsolar panels monocrystalline structured silicon had been

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of PhotoenergyVolume 2016 Article ID 7324138 7 pageshttpdxdoiorg10115520167324138

2 International Journal of Photoenergy

used which was being enlarged by the crystal pullingmethodIn this technique which is still the commonly used methodin photovoltaic industry first pure silicon is obtained throughvarious chemical and thermal reactions of silicon oxide inarc furnaces And then a monocrystalline structured siliconpiece is dipped in the silicon melt When the core is removedfrom the melt the cooling silicon melt becomes piled allaround the coreThis silicon is divided into slices after gettingchunk This happens in two phases First the pile is cut in theform of rectangle blocks And then these blocks are separatedto slices and processed in the form of panelThe high amountofmaterial loss during production is the disadvantage of thesecells They are produced with a thickness of about 05mmTheir color is dark blue and their approximate weight is lessthan 10 gr Polycrystalline silicon production technologiesare easier The commonly used method in production isthe casting method In polycrystalline silicon the startingmaterial is prepared as in the monocrystalline silicon Therequired purity degree is also similarThemelted silicon witha semiconductor quality is casted into the moulds and left forcooling And then the obtained blocks are cut in square formThe cost of solar panels obtained frommaterials produced bythis technology is low compared to their efficiency [6]

Solar panels are nonlinear energy sources and the oper-ation points of the system also change along with the changein weather conditions [7] Thus the currentvoltage valuespower outputs and efficiency of photovoltaic devices dependon climatic parameters [8 9] Within the scope of thisstudy it was intended to determine time dependent powerperformances and power values that can be generated underdifferent loads of monocrystalline and polycrystalline solarpanels having a rated power of 100W by determining totaland direct radiation and ambient temperature values forBursa Turkey

2 Materials and Methods

In this study the power performance of monocrystallineand polycrystalline panels experiments was performed underoutdoor meteorological conditions of field laboratory ofDepartment of Biosystems Engineering Faculty of Agricul-ture Bursa Turkey (40∘151015840N 28∘531015840E) A schematic view andphotographs of this apparatus are shown in Figures 1 and 2respectively The experiments were conducted from August19 to August 25 2014 from 0700 to 2000 h The apparatuswas placed far from the shade of trees or buildings during thewhole duration of the experiment

In the testing system there are monocrystalline (80 times98 cm) and polycrystalline (67 times 100 cm) solar panels witha power of 100W Switch number 1 activates the monocrys-talline solar panel (YLE100 Turkwatt Turkey) and switchnumber 2 activates the polycrystalline solar panel (TW45PTurkwatt Turkey) Due to the design of the system it is notpossible to activate both panels at the same time There are10 load levels on the system showing resistance feature Eachgenerates a resistance of 10WThe generated load (resistance)amount is able to be adjusted by an 11-graded switch Thusthe system is able to be fed with a load in between 10Wand 100W The 11th grade of the switches was designed

Mono Poly

PV selection

Inverter+

+

minus

minus

Load

Load

1

1

2

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Short circuit

W

Grid

Chargingrectifier

PV regulator

60 times 60

60 times 60

55

45

Battery

V

A

switch

=

AC

=

S

Figure 1 Schematic view

Figure 2 Photograph of apparatus

as short circuit Within the scope of the study electricalmeasurement system consisting of voltmeter (UT60E UNI-T China) and amperemeter (UT60EUNI-T China)was usedin the determination of the current voltage and power valuesgenerated by the solar panels

The measured climatic data used in this study were re-corded by the datalogger (Cr1000 Campell Scientific USA)The dataset consists of 1min averaged measurements of totalradiation (CM11 pyranometer KippampZonen Netherlands)direct radiation (CHP1 pyrheliometer KippampZonen Nether-lands) and ambient temperature (41342 Young USA) Allinstruments as shown in Figure 3 were used with theiroriginal calibration factors

The latitude of the solar panels and their inclination anglewith the surface affects the generated energy amounts Inorder to obtain electric energy from the solar panel systemsin the most efficient manner the panels should be positionedto be perpendicular to sunlight and to face south [10 11]

International Journal of Photoenergy 3

Figure 3 Climatic station

In respect of angular relations in between solar radiationand Earth the most significant angle is the declination angleIt is also defined as the angle in between the solar radiationand equatorial plane at 1200 orsquoclock It arises due to the angleof 23∘45 in between the axis of the world and its orbital planeIf the world sun direction is at north of the equatorial planethe declination angle is deemed as positive The approximatevalue of declination angle (120575) can be calculated by the Cooperequation [12] In the equation 119899 is the number of days of theyear

120575 = 2334 sdot sin (360 sdot 119899 + 284365) (1)

Using tracking systems is the best way to collect maximumdaily energy This mechanical device follows the direction ofthe sun all day The trackers are expensive need energy foroperation and are not always applicableTherefore it is oftenpracticable to orient the solar panel at an optimum tilt angle120573 [13] where Φ is the latitude

120573 = Φ minus 120575 (2)

And efficiency is the expression of how much the solar panelis able to convert the solar radiation to useful energy Inthe study considering the solar radiation data measured bypyranometer the radiation values reaching the solar panel aredeterminedThese values are addressed as radiation reachingthe unit surface area at unit time and they are presentedas power Considering the power values generated by solarpanels and measured by the data measurement systems theefficiency of solar panels may be determined by the equationIn here 120578 symbolizes the efficiency () 119875 symbolizes theaverage power output (W) 119867 symbolizes the total solarradiation (Wm2) and PV symbolizes the surface area (m2)[14]

120578 =119875

PV sdot 119867times 100 (3)

And statistically a multivariate correlations analysis wasperformed to evaluate any significant differences on the

energy production between total radiation direct radiationand ambient temperature All calculations were carried outusing the software JMP (version 70 NC USA)

3 Results and Discussion

Within the scope of this study time dependent powerperformances and power values ofmonocrystalline and poly-crystalline solar panels under different loads were intendedby determining total and direct radiation and temperaturevalues for Bursa TurkeyThe optimal tilt angle of solar panelsused within this scope was adjusted to be 27∘ and theywere positioned to face south Similar analyses were madeto choose optimal tilt angle for the solar panel in orderto collect the maximum solar radiation in Madinah SaudiArabia It was found that the loss in the amount of collectedenergy when using the yearly average fixed angle is around8 compared with the monthly optimum tilt angle [13]

Figures 4(a)ndash4(h) show the daily and average climaticresults obtained from the study of the hourly values inthe area of Bursa Turkey Based on the average resultsin Figure 4(h) one can conclude that the average ratio oftotal radiation during the experimental week is around49534Wm2 that the average ratio of direct radiation duringthe experimental week is around 54161Wm2 that theambient temperature during the experimental week is around2775∘C At 1300 it reached the highest average total radianceby 88609Wm2 andhighest average direct normal irradianceby 76434Wm2

In the tests performed in between 0700 and 2000 thehighest total radiation had been realized by 100113Wm2 on19082014 at 1300 and direct radiation had been 8256Wm2at that time and instantaneous power generation of 8714Whad been realized by the monocrystalline panel and of8017W had been realized by the polycrystalline panelWithin this frame it was determined that monocrystallinesolar panel generates 693Wmore instantaneous power thanthe polycrystalline solar panel (Figure 5(a))

And the highest power values that the monocrystallineand polycrystalline solar panels are able to generate underdifferent loads are as follows During the testing period ofmonocrystalline solar panel 1356W power was obtainedunder 10W load 2697W power was obtained under 20Wload 3956W power was obtained under 30W load 5339Wpower was obtained under 40W load 6217W power wasobtained under 50W load 746W power was obtainedunder 60W load 857W power was obtained under 70Wload 8714W power was obtained under 80W load 7914Wpower was obtained under 90W load 767W power wasobtained under 100W load and 709W power was obtainedas highest under short circuit During the testing periodof polycrystalline solar panel 1339W power was obtainedunder 10W load 2793W power was obtained under 20Wload 3855W power was obtained under 30W load 4793Wpower was obtained under 40W load 6031W power wasobtained under 50W load 7538W power was obtainedunder 60W load 7955W power was obtained under 70Wload 8017W power was obtained under 80W load 7202Wpower was obtained under 90W load 574W power was

4 International Journal of Photoenergy

0100200300400500600700800900

10001100

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

080

009

00

100

011

00

120

013

00

140

015

00

160

017

00

180

019

00

200

0

070

0

Local time of day (19082014)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

(a)

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

080

009

00

100

011

00

120

013

00

140

015

00

160

017

00

180

019

00

200

0

070

0

Local time of day (20082014)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

(b)

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

080

009

00

070

0

110

012

00

130

014

00

150

016

00

170

018

00

190

020

00

100

0

Local time of day (21082014)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

(c)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

180

0

090

0

160

0

110

012

00

130

014

00

200

0

070

0

170

0

100

0

190

0

080

0

150

0

Local time of day (22082014)

(d)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

080

009

00

100

011

00

120

013

00

140

015

00

160

017

00

180

0

200

0

070

0

190

0

Local time of day (23082014)

(e)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

160

0

130

0

100

0

190

0

070

0

110

0

140

015

00

090

0

170

018

00

080

0

200

0

120

0

Local time of day (24082014)

(f)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

150

0

090

010

00

110

012

00

130

014

00

080

0

160

017

00

180

019

00

200

0

070

0

Local time of day (25082014)

(g)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

140

0

090

0

110

0

170

0

200

0

130

0

100

0

150

016

00

080

0

180

019

00

120

0

070

0

Local time of day

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

(h)

Figure 4 Daily and average results of climatic conditions

International Journal of Photoenergy 5

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

080

007

00

090

0

140

0

120

0

150

0

180

0

110

0

160

017

00

130

0

190

0

100

0

200

0

Local time of day (19082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(a)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

080

009

00

070

0

120

011

00

130

0

190

0

150

016

00

170

0

200

0

100

0

140

0

180

0

Local time of day (20082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(b)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

070

008

00

090

0

190

020

00

130

014

00

150

016

00

170

0

110

012

00

100

0

180

0

Local time of day (21082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(c)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

080

007

00

090

0

120

0

150

0

180

0

140

0

110

0

160

017

00

130

0

190

020

00

100

0

Local time of day (22082014)

(d)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

160

0

100

009

00

150

014

00

130

0

200

0

070

0

110

0

170

018

00

190

0

120

0

080

0

Local time of day (23082014)

(e)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

090

0

070

008

00

110

0

160

0

100

0

140

015

00

120

0

170

018

00

190

020

00

130

0

Local time of day (24082014)

(f)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

190

0

170

016

00

140

0

120

013

00

200

0

070

0

090

010

00

180

0

080

0

150

0

110

0

Local time of day (25082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(g)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

070

0

090

0 08

00

110

012

00

130

014

00

150

016

00

170

0

190

020

00

100

0

180

0

Local time of day (average)

(h)

Figure 5 Hourly power output performance

6 International Journal of Photoenergy

Table 1 Multivariate correlations coefficients

Direct radiation Ambient temperature Monocrystalline solar panel Polycrystalline solar panelTotal radiation 08810lowastlowast 05255lowastlowast 09876lowastlowast 09832lowastlowast

Direct radiation 04986lowastlowast 08442lowastlowast 08439lowastlowast

Ambient temperature 05940lowastlowast 05881lowastlowast

Monocrystalline solar panel 09938lowastlowast

lowastlowast shows the high level of importance statistically

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

Aver

age

2108

2014

2208

2014

2308

2014

2408

2014

2508

2014

2008

2014

1908

2014

Experiment days

450

475

525

500

550

575

600

Ener

gy (W

h)

Figure 6 Energy output performance

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Effici

ency

()

Aver

age

2108

2014

2208

2014

2308

2014

2408

2014

2508

2014

2008

2014

1908

2014

Experiment days

Figure 7 Panels efficiencies ratio

obtained under 100W load and 63W power was obtainedunder short circuit

Figure 6 presents the daily energy production perfor-mance of panels Depending on the radiation intensity tothe panel surface differences are observed between energyproductions Average energy performances of monocrys-talline and polycrystalline are 54682Wh and 51752Whrespectively Maximum and mininum energy productionfrom panels were actualized on 19082014 and 24082014respectively The results obtained from the measurementshow that monocrystalline solar panel performed bettercompared to polycrystalline at every experiment day

Figure 7 shows the bar graph for daily module effi-ciency for each type of solar panel in this experiment

The average conversion efficiencies of monocrystalline andpolycrystalline arrays are 665 and 538 respectively Itcan be seen that highest monocrystalline module efficiencyin day 7 (682) and lowest in day 1 (639) show a signifi-cantly higher efficiency compared to polycrystalline whichis 121 and 152 respectively A similar panel efficiencywas found to be 1102 and 432 for the Solarex photo-voltaic monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels respec-tively [15] Power performances of solar panels in Singaporeare presented by Jiang and Wong who found a maximumefficiency of 812 for the monocrystalline panel and 745for polycrystalline panel [16] Also average efficiencies of themonocrystalline and polycrystalline photovoltaic panels inBrasil were found to be 940 and 657 respectively [5]However some works show the polycrystalline panels witha better performance such as Ghazali and Abdul Rahmanwho show that polycrystalline panel is higher power outputcompared to monocrystalline panel in 4-day period withefficiency of 797 (day 1) 349 (day 2) 241 (day 3) and752 (day 4) [14] Considering the previous studies moreresearches must be done in order to determine which specificconditions cause each kind of panel to perform better Fromthis experiment it can be concluded that monocrystallinesolar panels are themost suitable type of photovoltaicmoduleto be used under Bursa Turkey climate condition

The correlation coefficients relevant to the examinedfeatures are given in Table 1 According to the obtainedfindings very high significant relation in positive directionwas found in between total radiation and energy generationfrom monocrystalline and polycrystalline panel High sig-nificant relation in positive direction was found in betweendirect radiation and energy generation frommonocrystallineand polycrystalline panel Also there was a statisticallymidsignificant relation in positive direction between ambienttemperature and energy generation from monocrystallineand polycrystalline panel

4 Conclusion

Developing a clean and renewable energy helps energyindependence in Turkey Solar energy with the types ofpolycrystalline and monocrystalline panels is most com-monly usedwith different characteristic and efficiency In thisstudy it has been shown that the efficiency of photovoltaicpanels is influenced by climate conditions type of used solarcells and so forth The daily average photovoltaic panelefficiency was 665 and 538 for the monocrystalline andpolycrystalline respectivelyMore researchesmust be done inorder to determine which specific conditions cause each kind

International Journal of Photoenergy 7

of panel to perform betterThis paper would be useful for thephotovoltaic panelmanufactures researchers and generatingmembers to decide for Bursa Turkey

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there are no competing interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This study was done with the financial support of the Projectno Z-201331 approved by the Scientific Research ProjectUnit of Uludag University

References

[1] V Arı Energy sources energy planning and energy strategies ofTurkey [MS thesis] Department of Mining Engineering Insti-tute of Natural and Applied Sciences University of CukurovaAdana Turkey 2007

[2] Usage Areas of Energy 2014 httpenerjisistemleriblogspotcomtr201012resim-galerisihtml

[3] H H Ozturk and D Kaya Electricity Generation from SolarEnergy Photovoltaic Technology Umuttepe Publications Koca-eli Turkey 2013

[4] B Parida S Iniyan and R Goic ldquoA review of solar photovoltaictechnologiesrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol15 no 3 pp 1625ndash1636 2011

[5] C E C Nogueira J Bedin R K Niedzialkoski S N M deSouza and J CM das Neves ldquoPerformance ofmonocrystallineand polycrystalline solar panels in a water pumping system inBrazilrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 51 pp1610ndash1616 2015

[6] A I Ismael Electrical energy analyses in monocristal of solar cellsystems [MS thesis] Gazi University Instıtute of Science andTechnology Ankara Turkey 2012

[7] Q Kou A method for estimation the long-term performance ofphotovoltaic pumping system [MS thesis] The University ofWisconsin-Madison Solar Energy Laboratory Madison WisUSA 1996

[8] J Carstensen G Popkirov J Bahr and H Foll ldquoCELLO anadvanced LBIC measurement technique for solar cell localcharacterizationrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials and Solar Cells vol 76no 4 pp 599ndash611 2003

[9] D H W Li G H W Cheung and J C Lam ldquoAnalysis ofthe operational performance and efficiency characteristic forphotovoltaic system in Hong Kongrdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 46 no 7-8 pp 1107ndash1118 2005

[10] S Turhan and I Cetiner ldquoPerformance evaluation of photo-voltaic systemsrdquo in Proceedings of the National Roof amp WallSymposium vol 6 Bursa Turkey 2012

[11] A Ozgocmen Electricity generation using solar cells [MSthesis] Gazi University Institute of Science and TechnologyAnkara Turkey 2007

[12] D S Strebkov A E Irodionov V P Tarasov and E G BazarovaldquoOptimum orientation of a nontracking solar concentratorrdquoThermal Engineering vol 55 no 12 pp 997ndash1000 2008

[13] M Benghanem ldquoOptimization of tilt angle for solar panel casestudy forMadinah Saudi ArabiardquoApplied Energy vol 88 no 4pp 1427ndash1433 2011

[14] M A Ghazali and A M Abdul Rahman ldquoThe performance ofthree different solar panels for solar electricity applying solartracking device under the Malaysian climate conditionrdquo Energyand Environment Research vol 2 no 1 pp 235ndash243 2012

[15] U Stutenbaeumer and B Mesfin ldquoEquivalent model of mono-crystalline polycrystalline and amorphous silicon solar cellsrdquoRenewable Energy vol 18 no 4 pp 501ndash512 1999

[16] F Jiang and A Wong ldquoStudy on the performance of differenttypes of PV modules in Singaporerdquo in Proceedings of the 7thInternational Power Engineering Conference (IPEC rsquo05) pp 1ndash109 Singapore December 2005

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2 International Journal of Photoenergy

used which was being enlarged by the crystal pullingmethodIn this technique which is still the commonly used methodin photovoltaic industry first pure silicon is obtained throughvarious chemical and thermal reactions of silicon oxide inarc furnaces And then a monocrystalline structured siliconpiece is dipped in the silicon melt When the core is removedfrom the melt the cooling silicon melt becomes piled allaround the coreThis silicon is divided into slices after gettingchunk This happens in two phases First the pile is cut in theform of rectangle blocks And then these blocks are separatedto slices and processed in the form of panelThe high amountofmaterial loss during production is the disadvantage of thesecells They are produced with a thickness of about 05mmTheir color is dark blue and their approximate weight is lessthan 10 gr Polycrystalline silicon production technologiesare easier The commonly used method in production isthe casting method In polycrystalline silicon the startingmaterial is prepared as in the monocrystalline silicon Therequired purity degree is also similarThemelted silicon witha semiconductor quality is casted into the moulds and left forcooling And then the obtained blocks are cut in square formThe cost of solar panels obtained frommaterials produced bythis technology is low compared to their efficiency [6]

Solar panels are nonlinear energy sources and the oper-ation points of the system also change along with the changein weather conditions [7] Thus the currentvoltage valuespower outputs and efficiency of photovoltaic devices dependon climatic parameters [8 9] Within the scope of thisstudy it was intended to determine time dependent powerperformances and power values that can be generated underdifferent loads of monocrystalline and polycrystalline solarpanels having a rated power of 100W by determining totaland direct radiation and ambient temperature values forBursa Turkey

2 Materials and Methods

In this study the power performance of monocrystallineand polycrystalline panels experiments was performed underoutdoor meteorological conditions of field laboratory ofDepartment of Biosystems Engineering Faculty of Agricul-ture Bursa Turkey (40∘151015840N 28∘531015840E) A schematic view andphotographs of this apparatus are shown in Figures 1 and 2respectively The experiments were conducted from August19 to August 25 2014 from 0700 to 2000 h The apparatuswas placed far from the shade of trees or buildings during thewhole duration of the experiment

In the testing system there are monocrystalline (80 times98 cm) and polycrystalline (67 times 100 cm) solar panels witha power of 100W Switch number 1 activates the monocrys-talline solar panel (YLE100 Turkwatt Turkey) and switchnumber 2 activates the polycrystalline solar panel (TW45PTurkwatt Turkey) Due to the design of the system it is notpossible to activate both panels at the same time There are10 load levels on the system showing resistance feature Eachgenerates a resistance of 10WThe generated load (resistance)amount is able to be adjusted by an 11-graded switch Thusthe system is able to be fed with a load in between 10Wand 100W The 11th grade of the switches was designed

Mono Poly

PV selection

Inverter+

+

minus

minus

Load

Load

1

1

2

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Short circuit

W

Grid

Chargingrectifier

PV regulator

60 times 60

60 times 60

55

45

Battery

V

A

switch

=

AC

=

S

Figure 1 Schematic view

Figure 2 Photograph of apparatus

as short circuit Within the scope of the study electricalmeasurement system consisting of voltmeter (UT60E UNI-T China) and amperemeter (UT60EUNI-T China)was usedin the determination of the current voltage and power valuesgenerated by the solar panels

The measured climatic data used in this study were re-corded by the datalogger (Cr1000 Campell Scientific USA)The dataset consists of 1min averaged measurements of totalradiation (CM11 pyranometer KippampZonen Netherlands)direct radiation (CHP1 pyrheliometer KippampZonen Nether-lands) and ambient temperature (41342 Young USA) Allinstruments as shown in Figure 3 were used with theiroriginal calibration factors

The latitude of the solar panels and their inclination anglewith the surface affects the generated energy amounts Inorder to obtain electric energy from the solar panel systemsin the most efficient manner the panels should be positionedto be perpendicular to sunlight and to face south [10 11]

International Journal of Photoenergy 3

Figure 3 Climatic station

In respect of angular relations in between solar radiationand Earth the most significant angle is the declination angleIt is also defined as the angle in between the solar radiationand equatorial plane at 1200 orsquoclock It arises due to the angleof 23∘45 in between the axis of the world and its orbital planeIf the world sun direction is at north of the equatorial planethe declination angle is deemed as positive The approximatevalue of declination angle (120575) can be calculated by the Cooperequation [12] In the equation 119899 is the number of days of theyear

120575 = 2334 sdot sin (360 sdot 119899 + 284365) (1)

Using tracking systems is the best way to collect maximumdaily energy This mechanical device follows the direction ofthe sun all day The trackers are expensive need energy foroperation and are not always applicableTherefore it is oftenpracticable to orient the solar panel at an optimum tilt angle120573 [13] where Φ is the latitude

120573 = Φ minus 120575 (2)

And efficiency is the expression of how much the solar panelis able to convert the solar radiation to useful energy Inthe study considering the solar radiation data measured bypyranometer the radiation values reaching the solar panel aredeterminedThese values are addressed as radiation reachingthe unit surface area at unit time and they are presentedas power Considering the power values generated by solarpanels and measured by the data measurement systems theefficiency of solar panels may be determined by the equationIn here 120578 symbolizes the efficiency () 119875 symbolizes theaverage power output (W) 119867 symbolizes the total solarradiation (Wm2) and PV symbolizes the surface area (m2)[14]

120578 =119875

PV sdot 119867times 100 (3)

And statistically a multivariate correlations analysis wasperformed to evaluate any significant differences on the

energy production between total radiation direct radiationand ambient temperature All calculations were carried outusing the software JMP (version 70 NC USA)

3 Results and Discussion

Within the scope of this study time dependent powerperformances and power values ofmonocrystalline and poly-crystalline solar panels under different loads were intendedby determining total and direct radiation and temperaturevalues for Bursa TurkeyThe optimal tilt angle of solar panelsused within this scope was adjusted to be 27∘ and theywere positioned to face south Similar analyses were madeto choose optimal tilt angle for the solar panel in orderto collect the maximum solar radiation in Madinah SaudiArabia It was found that the loss in the amount of collectedenergy when using the yearly average fixed angle is around8 compared with the monthly optimum tilt angle [13]

Figures 4(a)ndash4(h) show the daily and average climaticresults obtained from the study of the hourly values inthe area of Bursa Turkey Based on the average resultsin Figure 4(h) one can conclude that the average ratio oftotal radiation during the experimental week is around49534Wm2 that the average ratio of direct radiation duringthe experimental week is around 54161Wm2 that theambient temperature during the experimental week is around2775∘C At 1300 it reached the highest average total radianceby 88609Wm2 andhighest average direct normal irradianceby 76434Wm2

In the tests performed in between 0700 and 2000 thehighest total radiation had been realized by 100113Wm2 on19082014 at 1300 and direct radiation had been 8256Wm2at that time and instantaneous power generation of 8714Whad been realized by the monocrystalline panel and of8017W had been realized by the polycrystalline panelWithin this frame it was determined that monocrystallinesolar panel generates 693Wmore instantaneous power thanthe polycrystalline solar panel (Figure 5(a))

And the highest power values that the monocrystallineand polycrystalline solar panels are able to generate underdifferent loads are as follows During the testing period ofmonocrystalline solar panel 1356W power was obtainedunder 10W load 2697W power was obtained under 20Wload 3956W power was obtained under 30W load 5339Wpower was obtained under 40W load 6217W power wasobtained under 50W load 746W power was obtainedunder 60W load 857W power was obtained under 70Wload 8714W power was obtained under 80W load 7914Wpower was obtained under 90W load 767W power wasobtained under 100W load and 709W power was obtainedas highest under short circuit During the testing periodof polycrystalline solar panel 1339W power was obtainedunder 10W load 2793W power was obtained under 20Wload 3855W power was obtained under 30W load 4793Wpower was obtained under 40W load 6031W power wasobtained under 50W load 7538W power was obtainedunder 60W load 7955W power was obtained under 70Wload 8017W power was obtained under 80W load 7202Wpower was obtained under 90W load 574W power was

4 International Journal of Photoenergy

0100200300400500600700800900

10001100

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

080

009

00

100

011

00

120

013

00

140

015

00

160

017

00

180

019

00

200

0

070

0

Local time of day (19082014)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

(a)

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

080

009

00

100

011

00

120

013

00

140

015

00

160

017

00

180

019

00

200

0

070

0

Local time of day (20082014)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

(b)

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

080

009

00

070

0

110

012

00

130

014

00

150

016

00

170

018

00

190

020

00

100

0

Local time of day (21082014)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

(c)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

180

0

090

0

160

0

110

012

00

130

014

00

200

0

070

0

170

0

100

0

190

0

080

0

150

0

Local time of day (22082014)

(d)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

080

009

00

100

011

00

120

013

00

140

015

00

160

017

00

180

0

200

0

070

0

190

0

Local time of day (23082014)

(e)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

160

0

130

0

100

0

190

0

070

0

110

0

140

015

00

090

0

170

018

00

080

0

200

0

120

0

Local time of day (24082014)

(f)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

150

0

090

010

00

110

012

00

130

014

00

080

0

160

017

00

180

019

00

200

0

070

0

Local time of day (25082014)

(g)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

140

0

090

0

110

0

170

0

200

0

130

0

100

0

150

016

00

080

0

180

019

00

120

0

070

0

Local time of day

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

(h)

Figure 4 Daily and average results of climatic conditions

International Journal of Photoenergy 5

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

080

007

00

090

0

140

0

120

0

150

0

180

0

110

0

160

017

00

130

0

190

0

100

0

200

0

Local time of day (19082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(a)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

080

009

00

070

0

120

011

00

130

0

190

0

150

016

00

170

0

200

0

100

0

140

0

180

0

Local time of day (20082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(b)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

070

008

00

090

0

190

020

00

130

014

00

150

016

00

170

0

110

012

00

100

0

180

0

Local time of day (21082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(c)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

080

007

00

090

0

120

0

150

0

180

0

140

0

110

0

160

017

00

130

0

190

020

00

100

0

Local time of day (22082014)

(d)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

160

0

100

009

00

150

014

00

130

0

200

0

070

0

110

0

170

018

00

190

0

120

0

080

0

Local time of day (23082014)

(e)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

090

0

070

008

00

110

0

160

0

100

0

140

015

00

120

0

170

018

00

190

020

00

130

0

Local time of day (24082014)

(f)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

190

0

170

016

00

140

0

120

013

00

200

0

070

0

090

010

00

180

0

080

0

150

0

110

0

Local time of day (25082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(g)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

070

0

090

0 08

00

110

012

00

130

014

00

150

016

00

170

0

190

020

00

100

0

180

0

Local time of day (average)

(h)

Figure 5 Hourly power output performance

6 International Journal of Photoenergy

Table 1 Multivariate correlations coefficients

Direct radiation Ambient temperature Monocrystalline solar panel Polycrystalline solar panelTotal radiation 08810lowastlowast 05255lowastlowast 09876lowastlowast 09832lowastlowast

Direct radiation 04986lowastlowast 08442lowastlowast 08439lowastlowast

Ambient temperature 05940lowastlowast 05881lowastlowast

Monocrystalline solar panel 09938lowastlowast

lowastlowast shows the high level of importance statistically

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

Aver

age

2108

2014

2208

2014

2308

2014

2408

2014

2508

2014

2008

2014

1908

2014

Experiment days

450

475

525

500

550

575

600

Ener

gy (W

h)

Figure 6 Energy output performance

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Effici

ency

()

Aver

age

2108

2014

2208

2014

2308

2014

2408

2014

2508

2014

2008

2014

1908

2014

Experiment days

Figure 7 Panels efficiencies ratio

obtained under 100W load and 63W power was obtainedunder short circuit

Figure 6 presents the daily energy production perfor-mance of panels Depending on the radiation intensity tothe panel surface differences are observed between energyproductions Average energy performances of monocrys-talline and polycrystalline are 54682Wh and 51752Whrespectively Maximum and mininum energy productionfrom panels were actualized on 19082014 and 24082014respectively The results obtained from the measurementshow that monocrystalline solar panel performed bettercompared to polycrystalline at every experiment day

Figure 7 shows the bar graph for daily module effi-ciency for each type of solar panel in this experiment

The average conversion efficiencies of monocrystalline andpolycrystalline arrays are 665 and 538 respectively Itcan be seen that highest monocrystalline module efficiencyin day 7 (682) and lowest in day 1 (639) show a signifi-cantly higher efficiency compared to polycrystalline whichis 121 and 152 respectively A similar panel efficiencywas found to be 1102 and 432 for the Solarex photo-voltaic monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels respec-tively [15] Power performances of solar panels in Singaporeare presented by Jiang and Wong who found a maximumefficiency of 812 for the monocrystalline panel and 745for polycrystalline panel [16] Also average efficiencies of themonocrystalline and polycrystalline photovoltaic panels inBrasil were found to be 940 and 657 respectively [5]However some works show the polycrystalline panels witha better performance such as Ghazali and Abdul Rahmanwho show that polycrystalline panel is higher power outputcompared to monocrystalline panel in 4-day period withefficiency of 797 (day 1) 349 (day 2) 241 (day 3) and752 (day 4) [14] Considering the previous studies moreresearches must be done in order to determine which specificconditions cause each kind of panel to perform better Fromthis experiment it can be concluded that monocrystallinesolar panels are themost suitable type of photovoltaicmoduleto be used under Bursa Turkey climate condition

The correlation coefficients relevant to the examinedfeatures are given in Table 1 According to the obtainedfindings very high significant relation in positive directionwas found in between total radiation and energy generationfrom monocrystalline and polycrystalline panel High sig-nificant relation in positive direction was found in betweendirect radiation and energy generation frommonocrystallineand polycrystalline panel Also there was a statisticallymidsignificant relation in positive direction between ambienttemperature and energy generation from monocrystallineand polycrystalline panel

4 Conclusion

Developing a clean and renewable energy helps energyindependence in Turkey Solar energy with the types ofpolycrystalline and monocrystalline panels is most com-monly usedwith different characteristic and efficiency In thisstudy it has been shown that the efficiency of photovoltaicpanels is influenced by climate conditions type of used solarcells and so forth The daily average photovoltaic panelefficiency was 665 and 538 for the monocrystalline andpolycrystalline respectivelyMore researchesmust be done inorder to determine which specific conditions cause each kind

International Journal of Photoenergy 7

of panel to perform betterThis paper would be useful for thephotovoltaic panelmanufactures researchers and generatingmembers to decide for Bursa Turkey

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there are no competing interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This study was done with the financial support of the Projectno Z-201331 approved by the Scientific Research ProjectUnit of Uludag University

References

[1] V Arı Energy sources energy planning and energy strategies ofTurkey [MS thesis] Department of Mining Engineering Insti-tute of Natural and Applied Sciences University of CukurovaAdana Turkey 2007

[2] Usage Areas of Energy 2014 httpenerjisistemleriblogspotcomtr201012resim-galerisihtml

[3] H H Ozturk and D Kaya Electricity Generation from SolarEnergy Photovoltaic Technology Umuttepe Publications Koca-eli Turkey 2013

[4] B Parida S Iniyan and R Goic ldquoA review of solar photovoltaictechnologiesrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol15 no 3 pp 1625ndash1636 2011

[5] C E C Nogueira J Bedin R K Niedzialkoski S N M deSouza and J CM das Neves ldquoPerformance ofmonocrystallineand polycrystalline solar panels in a water pumping system inBrazilrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 51 pp1610ndash1616 2015

[6] A I Ismael Electrical energy analyses in monocristal of solar cellsystems [MS thesis] Gazi University Instıtute of Science andTechnology Ankara Turkey 2012

[7] Q Kou A method for estimation the long-term performance ofphotovoltaic pumping system [MS thesis] The University ofWisconsin-Madison Solar Energy Laboratory Madison WisUSA 1996

[8] J Carstensen G Popkirov J Bahr and H Foll ldquoCELLO anadvanced LBIC measurement technique for solar cell localcharacterizationrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials and Solar Cells vol 76no 4 pp 599ndash611 2003

[9] D H W Li G H W Cheung and J C Lam ldquoAnalysis ofthe operational performance and efficiency characteristic forphotovoltaic system in Hong Kongrdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 46 no 7-8 pp 1107ndash1118 2005

[10] S Turhan and I Cetiner ldquoPerformance evaluation of photo-voltaic systemsrdquo in Proceedings of the National Roof amp WallSymposium vol 6 Bursa Turkey 2012

[11] A Ozgocmen Electricity generation using solar cells [MSthesis] Gazi University Institute of Science and TechnologyAnkara Turkey 2007

[12] D S Strebkov A E Irodionov V P Tarasov and E G BazarovaldquoOptimum orientation of a nontracking solar concentratorrdquoThermal Engineering vol 55 no 12 pp 997ndash1000 2008

[13] M Benghanem ldquoOptimization of tilt angle for solar panel casestudy forMadinah Saudi ArabiardquoApplied Energy vol 88 no 4pp 1427ndash1433 2011

[14] M A Ghazali and A M Abdul Rahman ldquoThe performance ofthree different solar panels for solar electricity applying solartracking device under the Malaysian climate conditionrdquo Energyand Environment Research vol 2 no 1 pp 235ndash243 2012

[15] U Stutenbaeumer and B Mesfin ldquoEquivalent model of mono-crystalline polycrystalline and amorphous silicon solar cellsrdquoRenewable Energy vol 18 no 4 pp 501ndash512 1999

[16] F Jiang and A Wong ldquoStudy on the performance of differenttypes of PV modules in Singaporerdquo in Proceedings of the 7thInternational Power Engineering Conference (IPEC rsquo05) pp 1ndash109 Singapore December 2005

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

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Analytical Methods in Chemistry

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Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

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The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

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Chromatography Research International

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Applied ChemistryJournal of

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Theoretical ChemistryJournal of

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Journal of

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Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

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CatalystsJournal of

International Journal of Photoenergy 3

Figure 3 Climatic station

In respect of angular relations in between solar radiationand Earth the most significant angle is the declination angleIt is also defined as the angle in between the solar radiationand equatorial plane at 1200 orsquoclock It arises due to the angleof 23∘45 in between the axis of the world and its orbital planeIf the world sun direction is at north of the equatorial planethe declination angle is deemed as positive The approximatevalue of declination angle (120575) can be calculated by the Cooperequation [12] In the equation 119899 is the number of days of theyear

120575 = 2334 sdot sin (360 sdot 119899 + 284365) (1)

Using tracking systems is the best way to collect maximumdaily energy This mechanical device follows the direction ofthe sun all day The trackers are expensive need energy foroperation and are not always applicableTherefore it is oftenpracticable to orient the solar panel at an optimum tilt angle120573 [13] where Φ is the latitude

120573 = Φ minus 120575 (2)

And efficiency is the expression of how much the solar panelis able to convert the solar radiation to useful energy Inthe study considering the solar radiation data measured bypyranometer the radiation values reaching the solar panel aredeterminedThese values are addressed as radiation reachingthe unit surface area at unit time and they are presentedas power Considering the power values generated by solarpanels and measured by the data measurement systems theefficiency of solar panels may be determined by the equationIn here 120578 symbolizes the efficiency () 119875 symbolizes theaverage power output (W) 119867 symbolizes the total solarradiation (Wm2) and PV symbolizes the surface area (m2)[14]

120578 =119875

PV sdot 119867times 100 (3)

And statistically a multivariate correlations analysis wasperformed to evaluate any significant differences on the

energy production between total radiation direct radiationand ambient temperature All calculations were carried outusing the software JMP (version 70 NC USA)

3 Results and Discussion

Within the scope of this study time dependent powerperformances and power values ofmonocrystalline and poly-crystalline solar panels under different loads were intendedby determining total and direct radiation and temperaturevalues for Bursa TurkeyThe optimal tilt angle of solar panelsused within this scope was adjusted to be 27∘ and theywere positioned to face south Similar analyses were madeto choose optimal tilt angle for the solar panel in orderto collect the maximum solar radiation in Madinah SaudiArabia It was found that the loss in the amount of collectedenergy when using the yearly average fixed angle is around8 compared with the monthly optimum tilt angle [13]

Figures 4(a)ndash4(h) show the daily and average climaticresults obtained from the study of the hourly values inthe area of Bursa Turkey Based on the average resultsin Figure 4(h) one can conclude that the average ratio oftotal radiation during the experimental week is around49534Wm2 that the average ratio of direct radiation duringthe experimental week is around 54161Wm2 that theambient temperature during the experimental week is around2775∘C At 1300 it reached the highest average total radianceby 88609Wm2 andhighest average direct normal irradianceby 76434Wm2

In the tests performed in between 0700 and 2000 thehighest total radiation had been realized by 100113Wm2 on19082014 at 1300 and direct radiation had been 8256Wm2at that time and instantaneous power generation of 8714Whad been realized by the monocrystalline panel and of8017W had been realized by the polycrystalline panelWithin this frame it was determined that monocrystallinesolar panel generates 693Wmore instantaneous power thanthe polycrystalline solar panel (Figure 5(a))

And the highest power values that the monocrystallineand polycrystalline solar panels are able to generate underdifferent loads are as follows During the testing period ofmonocrystalline solar panel 1356W power was obtainedunder 10W load 2697W power was obtained under 20Wload 3956W power was obtained under 30W load 5339Wpower was obtained under 40W load 6217W power wasobtained under 50W load 746W power was obtainedunder 60W load 857W power was obtained under 70Wload 8714W power was obtained under 80W load 7914Wpower was obtained under 90W load 767W power wasobtained under 100W load and 709W power was obtainedas highest under short circuit During the testing periodof polycrystalline solar panel 1339W power was obtainedunder 10W load 2793W power was obtained under 20Wload 3855W power was obtained under 30W load 4793Wpower was obtained under 40W load 6031W power wasobtained under 50W load 7538W power was obtainedunder 60W load 7955W power was obtained under 70Wload 8017W power was obtained under 80W load 7202Wpower was obtained under 90W load 574W power was

4 International Journal of Photoenergy

0100200300400500600700800900

10001100

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

080

009

00

100

011

00

120

013

00

140

015

00

160

017

00

180

019

00

200

0

070

0

Local time of day (19082014)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

(a)

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

080

009

00

100

011

00

120

013

00

140

015

00

160

017

00

180

019

00

200

0

070

0

Local time of day (20082014)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

(b)

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

080

009

00

070

0

110

012

00

130

014

00

150

016

00

170

018

00

190

020

00

100

0

Local time of day (21082014)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

(c)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

180

0

090

0

160

0

110

012

00

130

014

00

200

0

070

0

170

0

100

0

190

0

080

0

150

0

Local time of day (22082014)

(d)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

080

009

00

100

011

00

120

013

00

140

015

00

160

017

00

180

0

200

0

070

0

190

0

Local time of day (23082014)

(e)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

160

0

130

0

100

0

190

0

070

0

110

0

140

015

00

090

0

170

018

00

080

0

200

0

120

0

Local time of day (24082014)

(f)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

150

0

090

010

00

110

012

00

130

014

00

080

0

160

017

00

180

019

00

200

0

070

0

Local time of day (25082014)

(g)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

140

0

090

0

110

0

170

0

200

0

130

0

100

0

150

016

00

080

0

180

019

00

120

0

070

0

Local time of day

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

(h)

Figure 4 Daily and average results of climatic conditions

International Journal of Photoenergy 5

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

080

007

00

090

0

140

0

120

0

150

0

180

0

110

0

160

017

00

130

0

190

0

100

0

200

0

Local time of day (19082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(a)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

080

009

00

070

0

120

011

00

130

0

190

0

150

016

00

170

0

200

0

100

0

140

0

180

0

Local time of day (20082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(b)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

070

008

00

090

0

190

020

00

130

014

00

150

016

00

170

0

110

012

00

100

0

180

0

Local time of day (21082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(c)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

080

007

00

090

0

120

0

150

0

180

0

140

0

110

0

160

017

00

130

0

190

020

00

100

0

Local time of day (22082014)

(d)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

160

0

100

009

00

150

014

00

130

0

200

0

070

0

110

0

170

018

00

190

0

120

0

080

0

Local time of day (23082014)

(e)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

090

0

070

008

00

110

0

160

0

100

0

140

015

00

120

0

170

018

00

190

020

00

130

0

Local time of day (24082014)

(f)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

190

0

170

016

00

140

0

120

013

00

200

0

070

0

090

010

00

180

0

080

0

150

0

110

0

Local time of day (25082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(g)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

070

0

090

0 08

00

110

012

00

130

014

00

150

016

00

170

0

190

020

00

100

0

180

0

Local time of day (average)

(h)

Figure 5 Hourly power output performance

6 International Journal of Photoenergy

Table 1 Multivariate correlations coefficients

Direct radiation Ambient temperature Monocrystalline solar panel Polycrystalline solar panelTotal radiation 08810lowastlowast 05255lowastlowast 09876lowastlowast 09832lowastlowast

Direct radiation 04986lowastlowast 08442lowastlowast 08439lowastlowast

Ambient temperature 05940lowastlowast 05881lowastlowast

Monocrystalline solar panel 09938lowastlowast

lowastlowast shows the high level of importance statistically

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

Aver

age

2108

2014

2208

2014

2308

2014

2408

2014

2508

2014

2008

2014

1908

2014

Experiment days

450

475

525

500

550

575

600

Ener

gy (W

h)

Figure 6 Energy output performance

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Effici

ency

()

Aver

age

2108

2014

2208

2014

2308

2014

2408

2014

2508

2014

2008

2014

1908

2014

Experiment days

Figure 7 Panels efficiencies ratio

obtained under 100W load and 63W power was obtainedunder short circuit

Figure 6 presents the daily energy production perfor-mance of panels Depending on the radiation intensity tothe panel surface differences are observed between energyproductions Average energy performances of monocrys-talline and polycrystalline are 54682Wh and 51752Whrespectively Maximum and mininum energy productionfrom panels were actualized on 19082014 and 24082014respectively The results obtained from the measurementshow that monocrystalline solar panel performed bettercompared to polycrystalline at every experiment day

Figure 7 shows the bar graph for daily module effi-ciency for each type of solar panel in this experiment

The average conversion efficiencies of monocrystalline andpolycrystalline arrays are 665 and 538 respectively Itcan be seen that highest monocrystalline module efficiencyin day 7 (682) and lowest in day 1 (639) show a signifi-cantly higher efficiency compared to polycrystalline whichis 121 and 152 respectively A similar panel efficiencywas found to be 1102 and 432 for the Solarex photo-voltaic monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels respec-tively [15] Power performances of solar panels in Singaporeare presented by Jiang and Wong who found a maximumefficiency of 812 for the monocrystalline panel and 745for polycrystalline panel [16] Also average efficiencies of themonocrystalline and polycrystalline photovoltaic panels inBrasil were found to be 940 and 657 respectively [5]However some works show the polycrystalline panels witha better performance such as Ghazali and Abdul Rahmanwho show that polycrystalline panel is higher power outputcompared to monocrystalline panel in 4-day period withefficiency of 797 (day 1) 349 (day 2) 241 (day 3) and752 (day 4) [14] Considering the previous studies moreresearches must be done in order to determine which specificconditions cause each kind of panel to perform better Fromthis experiment it can be concluded that monocrystallinesolar panels are themost suitable type of photovoltaicmoduleto be used under Bursa Turkey climate condition

The correlation coefficients relevant to the examinedfeatures are given in Table 1 According to the obtainedfindings very high significant relation in positive directionwas found in between total radiation and energy generationfrom monocrystalline and polycrystalline panel High sig-nificant relation in positive direction was found in betweendirect radiation and energy generation frommonocrystallineand polycrystalline panel Also there was a statisticallymidsignificant relation in positive direction between ambienttemperature and energy generation from monocrystallineand polycrystalline panel

4 Conclusion

Developing a clean and renewable energy helps energyindependence in Turkey Solar energy with the types ofpolycrystalline and monocrystalline panels is most com-monly usedwith different characteristic and efficiency In thisstudy it has been shown that the efficiency of photovoltaicpanels is influenced by climate conditions type of used solarcells and so forth The daily average photovoltaic panelefficiency was 665 and 538 for the monocrystalline andpolycrystalline respectivelyMore researchesmust be done inorder to determine which specific conditions cause each kind

International Journal of Photoenergy 7

of panel to perform betterThis paper would be useful for thephotovoltaic panelmanufactures researchers and generatingmembers to decide for Bursa Turkey

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there are no competing interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This study was done with the financial support of the Projectno Z-201331 approved by the Scientific Research ProjectUnit of Uludag University

References

[1] V Arı Energy sources energy planning and energy strategies ofTurkey [MS thesis] Department of Mining Engineering Insti-tute of Natural and Applied Sciences University of CukurovaAdana Turkey 2007

[2] Usage Areas of Energy 2014 httpenerjisistemleriblogspotcomtr201012resim-galerisihtml

[3] H H Ozturk and D Kaya Electricity Generation from SolarEnergy Photovoltaic Technology Umuttepe Publications Koca-eli Turkey 2013

[4] B Parida S Iniyan and R Goic ldquoA review of solar photovoltaictechnologiesrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol15 no 3 pp 1625ndash1636 2011

[5] C E C Nogueira J Bedin R K Niedzialkoski S N M deSouza and J CM das Neves ldquoPerformance ofmonocrystallineand polycrystalline solar panels in a water pumping system inBrazilrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 51 pp1610ndash1616 2015

[6] A I Ismael Electrical energy analyses in monocristal of solar cellsystems [MS thesis] Gazi University Instıtute of Science andTechnology Ankara Turkey 2012

[7] Q Kou A method for estimation the long-term performance ofphotovoltaic pumping system [MS thesis] The University ofWisconsin-Madison Solar Energy Laboratory Madison WisUSA 1996

[8] J Carstensen G Popkirov J Bahr and H Foll ldquoCELLO anadvanced LBIC measurement technique for solar cell localcharacterizationrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials and Solar Cells vol 76no 4 pp 599ndash611 2003

[9] D H W Li G H W Cheung and J C Lam ldquoAnalysis ofthe operational performance and efficiency characteristic forphotovoltaic system in Hong Kongrdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 46 no 7-8 pp 1107ndash1118 2005

[10] S Turhan and I Cetiner ldquoPerformance evaluation of photo-voltaic systemsrdquo in Proceedings of the National Roof amp WallSymposium vol 6 Bursa Turkey 2012

[11] A Ozgocmen Electricity generation using solar cells [MSthesis] Gazi University Institute of Science and TechnologyAnkara Turkey 2007

[12] D S Strebkov A E Irodionov V P Tarasov and E G BazarovaldquoOptimum orientation of a nontracking solar concentratorrdquoThermal Engineering vol 55 no 12 pp 997ndash1000 2008

[13] M Benghanem ldquoOptimization of tilt angle for solar panel casestudy forMadinah Saudi ArabiardquoApplied Energy vol 88 no 4pp 1427ndash1433 2011

[14] M A Ghazali and A M Abdul Rahman ldquoThe performance ofthree different solar panels for solar electricity applying solartracking device under the Malaysian climate conditionrdquo Energyand Environment Research vol 2 no 1 pp 235ndash243 2012

[15] U Stutenbaeumer and B Mesfin ldquoEquivalent model of mono-crystalline polycrystalline and amorphous silicon solar cellsrdquoRenewable Energy vol 18 no 4 pp 501ndash512 1999

[16] F Jiang and A Wong ldquoStudy on the performance of differenttypes of PV modules in Singaporerdquo in Proceedings of the 7thInternational Power Engineering Conference (IPEC rsquo05) pp 1ndash109 Singapore December 2005

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Chromatography Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Applied ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Theoretical ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Quantum Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CatalystsJournal of

4 International Journal of Photoenergy

0100200300400500600700800900

10001100

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

080

009

00

100

011

00

120

013

00

140

015

00

160

017

00

180

019

00

200

0

070

0

Local time of day (19082014)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

(a)

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

080

009

00

100

011

00

120

013

00

140

015

00

160

017

00

180

019

00

200

0

070

0

Local time of day (20082014)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

(b)

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

080

009

00

070

0

110

012

00

130

014

00

150

016

00

170

018

00

190

020

00

100

0

Local time of day (21082014)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

(c)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

180

0

090

0

160

0

110

012

00

130

014

00

200

0

070

0

170

0

100

0

190

0

080

0

150

0

Local time of day (22082014)

(d)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

080

009

00

100

011

00

120

013

00

140

015

00

160

017

00

180

0

200

0

070

0

190

0

Local time of day (23082014)

(e)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

160

0

130

0

100

0

190

0

070

0

110

0

140

015

00

090

0

170

018

00

080

0

200

0

120

0

Local time of day (24082014)

(f)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

150

0

090

010

00

110

012

00

130

014

00

080

0

160

017

00

180

019

00

200

0

070

0

Local time of day (25082014)

(g)

Total radiationDirect radiation

Ambient temperature

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Sola

r rad

iatio

n (W

m2)

140

0

090

0

110

0

170

0

200

0

130

0

100

0

150

016

00

080

0

180

019

00

120

0

070

0

Local time of day

05101520253035

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

(h)

Figure 4 Daily and average results of climatic conditions

International Journal of Photoenergy 5

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

080

007

00

090

0

140

0

120

0

150

0

180

0

110

0

160

017

00

130

0

190

0

100

0

200

0

Local time of day (19082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(a)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

080

009

00

070

0

120

011

00

130

0

190

0

150

016

00

170

0

200

0

100

0

140

0

180

0

Local time of day (20082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(b)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

070

008

00

090

0

190

020

00

130

014

00

150

016

00

170

0

110

012

00

100

0

180

0

Local time of day (21082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(c)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

080

007

00

090

0

120

0

150

0

180

0

140

0

110

0

160

017

00

130

0

190

020

00

100

0

Local time of day (22082014)

(d)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

160

0

100

009

00

150

014

00

130

0

200

0

070

0

110

0

170

018

00

190

0

120

0

080

0

Local time of day (23082014)

(e)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

090

0

070

008

00

110

0

160

0

100

0

140

015

00

120

0

170

018

00

190

020

00

130

0

Local time of day (24082014)

(f)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

190

0

170

016

00

140

0

120

013

00

200

0

070

0

090

010

00

180

0

080

0

150

0

110

0

Local time of day (25082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(g)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

070

0

090

0 08

00

110

012

00

130

014

00

150

016

00

170

0

190

020

00

100

0

180

0

Local time of day (average)

(h)

Figure 5 Hourly power output performance

6 International Journal of Photoenergy

Table 1 Multivariate correlations coefficients

Direct radiation Ambient temperature Monocrystalline solar panel Polycrystalline solar panelTotal radiation 08810lowastlowast 05255lowastlowast 09876lowastlowast 09832lowastlowast

Direct radiation 04986lowastlowast 08442lowastlowast 08439lowastlowast

Ambient temperature 05940lowastlowast 05881lowastlowast

Monocrystalline solar panel 09938lowastlowast

lowastlowast shows the high level of importance statistically

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

Aver

age

2108

2014

2208

2014

2308

2014

2408

2014

2508

2014

2008

2014

1908

2014

Experiment days

450

475

525

500

550

575

600

Ener

gy (W

h)

Figure 6 Energy output performance

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Effici

ency

()

Aver

age

2108

2014

2208

2014

2308

2014

2408

2014

2508

2014

2008

2014

1908

2014

Experiment days

Figure 7 Panels efficiencies ratio

obtained under 100W load and 63W power was obtainedunder short circuit

Figure 6 presents the daily energy production perfor-mance of panels Depending on the radiation intensity tothe panel surface differences are observed between energyproductions Average energy performances of monocrys-talline and polycrystalline are 54682Wh and 51752Whrespectively Maximum and mininum energy productionfrom panels were actualized on 19082014 and 24082014respectively The results obtained from the measurementshow that monocrystalline solar panel performed bettercompared to polycrystalline at every experiment day

Figure 7 shows the bar graph for daily module effi-ciency for each type of solar panel in this experiment

The average conversion efficiencies of monocrystalline andpolycrystalline arrays are 665 and 538 respectively Itcan be seen that highest monocrystalline module efficiencyin day 7 (682) and lowest in day 1 (639) show a signifi-cantly higher efficiency compared to polycrystalline whichis 121 and 152 respectively A similar panel efficiencywas found to be 1102 and 432 for the Solarex photo-voltaic monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels respec-tively [15] Power performances of solar panels in Singaporeare presented by Jiang and Wong who found a maximumefficiency of 812 for the monocrystalline panel and 745for polycrystalline panel [16] Also average efficiencies of themonocrystalline and polycrystalline photovoltaic panels inBrasil were found to be 940 and 657 respectively [5]However some works show the polycrystalline panels witha better performance such as Ghazali and Abdul Rahmanwho show that polycrystalline panel is higher power outputcompared to monocrystalline panel in 4-day period withefficiency of 797 (day 1) 349 (day 2) 241 (day 3) and752 (day 4) [14] Considering the previous studies moreresearches must be done in order to determine which specificconditions cause each kind of panel to perform better Fromthis experiment it can be concluded that monocrystallinesolar panels are themost suitable type of photovoltaicmoduleto be used under Bursa Turkey climate condition

The correlation coefficients relevant to the examinedfeatures are given in Table 1 According to the obtainedfindings very high significant relation in positive directionwas found in between total radiation and energy generationfrom monocrystalline and polycrystalline panel High sig-nificant relation in positive direction was found in betweendirect radiation and energy generation frommonocrystallineand polycrystalline panel Also there was a statisticallymidsignificant relation in positive direction between ambienttemperature and energy generation from monocrystallineand polycrystalline panel

4 Conclusion

Developing a clean and renewable energy helps energyindependence in Turkey Solar energy with the types ofpolycrystalline and monocrystalline panels is most com-monly usedwith different characteristic and efficiency In thisstudy it has been shown that the efficiency of photovoltaicpanels is influenced by climate conditions type of used solarcells and so forth The daily average photovoltaic panelefficiency was 665 and 538 for the monocrystalline andpolycrystalline respectivelyMore researchesmust be done inorder to determine which specific conditions cause each kind

International Journal of Photoenergy 7

of panel to perform betterThis paper would be useful for thephotovoltaic panelmanufactures researchers and generatingmembers to decide for Bursa Turkey

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there are no competing interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This study was done with the financial support of the Projectno Z-201331 approved by the Scientific Research ProjectUnit of Uludag University

References

[1] V Arı Energy sources energy planning and energy strategies ofTurkey [MS thesis] Department of Mining Engineering Insti-tute of Natural and Applied Sciences University of CukurovaAdana Turkey 2007

[2] Usage Areas of Energy 2014 httpenerjisistemleriblogspotcomtr201012resim-galerisihtml

[3] H H Ozturk and D Kaya Electricity Generation from SolarEnergy Photovoltaic Technology Umuttepe Publications Koca-eli Turkey 2013

[4] B Parida S Iniyan and R Goic ldquoA review of solar photovoltaictechnologiesrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol15 no 3 pp 1625ndash1636 2011

[5] C E C Nogueira J Bedin R K Niedzialkoski S N M deSouza and J CM das Neves ldquoPerformance ofmonocrystallineand polycrystalline solar panels in a water pumping system inBrazilrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 51 pp1610ndash1616 2015

[6] A I Ismael Electrical energy analyses in monocristal of solar cellsystems [MS thesis] Gazi University Instıtute of Science andTechnology Ankara Turkey 2012

[7] Q Kou A method for estimation the long-term performance ofphotovoltaic pumping system [MS thesis] The University ofWisconsin-Madison Solar Energy Laboratory Madison WisUSA 1996

[8] J Carstensen G Popkirov J Bahr and H Foll ldquoCELLO anadvanced LBIC measurement technique for solar cell localcharacterizationrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials and Solar Cells vol 76no 4 pp 599ndash611 2003

[9] D H W Li G H W Cheung and J C Lam ldquoAnalysis ofthe operational performance and efficiency characteristic forphotovoltaic system in Hong Kongrdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 46 no 7-8 pp 1107ndash1118 2005

[10] S Turhan and I Cetiner ldquoPerformance evaluation of photo-voltaic systemsrdquo in Proceedings of the National Roof amp WallSymposium vol 6 Bursa Turkey 2012

[11] A Ozgocmen Electricity generation using solar cells [MSthesis] Gazi University Institute of Science and TechnologyAnkara Turkey 2007

[12] D S Strebkov A E Irodionov V P Tarasov and E G BazarovaldquoOptimum orientation of a nontracking solar concentratorrdquoThermal Engineering vol 55 no 12 pp 997ndash1000 2008

[13] M Benghanem ldquoOptimization of tilt angle for solar panel casestudy forMadinah Saudi ArabiardquoApplied Energy vol 88 no 4pp 1427ndash1433 2011

[14] M A Ghazali and A M Abdul Rahman ldquoThe performance ofthree different solar panels for solar electricity applying solartracking device under the Malaysian climate conditionrdquo Energyand Environment Research vol 2 no 1 pp 235ndash243 2012

[15] U Stutenbaeumer and B Mesfin ldquoEquivalent model of mono-crystalline polycrystalline and amorphous silicon solar cellsrdquoRenewable Energy vol 18 no 4 pp 501ndash512 1999

[16] F Jiang and A Wong ldquoStudy on the performance of differenttypes of PV modules in Singaporerdquo in Proceedings of the 7thInternational Power Engineering Conference (IPEC rsquo05) pp 1ndash109 Singapore December 2005

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Chromatography Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Applied ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Theoretical ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Quantum Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CatalystsJournal of

International Journal of Photoenergy 5

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

080

007

00

090

0

140

0

120

0

150

0

180

0

110

0

160

017

00

130

0

190

0

100

0

200

0

Local time of day (19082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(a)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

080

009

00

070

0

120

011

00

130

0

190

0

150

016

00

170

0

200

0

100

0

140

0

180

0

Local time of day (20082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(b)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

070

008

00

090

0

190

020

00

130

014

00

150

016

00

170

0

110

012

00

100

0

180

0

Local time of day (21082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(c)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

080

007

00

090

0

120

0

150

0

180

0

140

0

110

0

160

017

00

130

0

190

020

00

100

0

Local time of day (22082014)

(d)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

160

0

100

009

00

150

014

00

130

0

200

0

070

0

110

0

170

018

00

190

0

120

0

080

0

Local time of day (23082014)

(e)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

090

0

070

008

00

110

0

160

0

100

0

140

015

00

120

0

170

018

00

190

020

00

130

0

Local time of day (24082014)

(f)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

190

0

170

016

00

140

0

120

013

00

200

0

070

0

090

010

00

180

0

080

0

150

0

110

0

Local time of day (25082014)

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

(g)

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0102030405060708090

100

Pow

er (W

)

070

0

090

0 08

00

110

012

00

130

014

00

150

016

00

170

0

190

020

00

100

0

180

0

Local time of day (average)

(h)

Figure 5 Hourly power output performance

6 International Journal of Photoenergy

Table 1 Multivariate correlations coefficients

Direct radiation Ambient temperature Monocrystalline solar panel Polycrystalline solar panelTotal radiation 08810lowastlowast 05255lowastlowast 09876lowastlowast 09832lowastlowast

Direct radiation 04986lowastlowast 08442lowastlowast 08439lowastlowast

Ambient temperature 05940lowastlowast 05881lowastlowast

Monocrystalline solar panel 09938lowastlowast

lowastlowast shows the high level of importance statistically

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

Aver

age

2108

2014

2208

2014

2308

2014

2408

2014

2508

2014

2008

2014

1908

2014

Experiment days

450

475

525

500

550

575

600

Ener

gy (W

h)

Figure 6 Energy output performance

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Effici

ency

()

Aver

age

2108

2014

2208

2014

2308

2014

2408

2014

2508

2014

2008

2014

1908

2014

Experiment days

Figure 7 Panels efficiencies ratio

obtained under 100W load and 63W power was obtainedunder short circuit

Figure 6 presents the daily energy production perfor-mance of panels Depending on the radiation intensity tothe panel surface differences are observed between energyproductions Average energy performances of monocrys-talline and polycrystalline are 54682Wh and 51752Whrespectively Maximum and mininum energy productionfrom panels were actualized on 19082014 and 24082014respectively The results obtained from the measurementshow that monocrystalline solar panel performed bettercompared to polycrystalline at every experiment day

Figure 7 shows the bar graph for daily module effi-ciency for each type of solar panel in this experiment

The average conversion efficiencies of monocrystalline andpolycrystalline arrays are 665 and 538 respectively Itcan be seen that highest monocrystalline module efficiencyin day 7 (682) and lowest in day 1 (639) show a signifi-cantly higher efficiency compared to polycrystalline whichis 121 and 152 respectively A similar panel efficiencywas found to be 1102 and 432 for the Solarex photo-voltaic monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels respec-tively [15] Power performances of solar panels in Singaporeare presented by Jiang and Wong who found a maximumefficiency of 812 for the monocrystalline panel and 745for polycrystalline panel [16] Also average efficiencies of themonocrystalline and polycrystalline photovoltaic panels inBrasil were found to be 940 and 657 respectively [5]However some works show the polycrystalline panels witha better performance such as Ghazali and Abdul Rahmanwho show that polycrystalline panel is higher power outputcompared to monocrystalline panel in 4-day period withefficiency of 797 (day 1) 349 (day 2) 241 (day 3) and752 (day 4) [14] Considering the previous studies moreresearches must be done in order to determine which specificconditions cause each kind of panel to perform better Fromthis experiment it can be concluded that monocrystallinesolar panels are themost suitable type of photovoltaicmoduleto be used under Bursa Turkey climate condition

The correlation coefficients relevant to the examinedfeatures are given in Table 1 According to the obtainedfindings very high significant relation in positive directionwas found in between total radiation and energy generationfrom monocrystalline and polycrystalline panel High sig-nificant relation in positive direction was found in betweendirect radiation and energy generation frommonocrystallineand polycrystalline panel Also there was a statisticallymidsignificant relation in positive direction between ambienttemperature and energy generation from monocrystallineand polycrystalline panel

4 Conclusion

Developing a clean and renewable energy helps energyindependence in Turkey Solar energy with the types ofpolycrystalline and monocrystalline panels is most com-monly usedwith different characteristic and efficiency In thisstudy it has been shown that the efficiency of photovoltaicpanels is influenced by climate conditions type of used solarcells and so forth The daily average photovoltaic panelefficiency was 665 and 538 for the monocrystalline andpolycrystalline respectivelyMore researchesmust be done inorder to determine which specific conditions cause each kind

International Journal of Photoenergy 7

of panel to perform betterThis paper would be useful for thephotovoltaic panelmanufactures researchers and generatingmembers to decide for Bursa Turkey

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there are no competing interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This study was done with the financial support of the Projectno Z-201331 approved by the Scientific Research ProjectUnit of Uludag University

References

[1] V Arı Energy sources energy planning and energy strategies ofTurkey [MS thesis] Department of Mining Engineering Insti-tute of Natural and Applied Sciences University of CukurovaAdana Turkey 2007

[2] Usage Areas of Energy 2014 httpenerjisistemleriblogspotcomtr201012resim-galerisihtml

[3] H H Ozturk and D Kaya Electricity Generation from SolarEnergy Photovoltaic Technology Umuttepe Publications Koca-eli Turkey 2013

[4] B Parida S Iniyan and R Goic ldquoA review of solar photovoltaictechnologiesrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol15 no 3 pp 1625ndash1636 2011

[5] C E C Nogueira J Bedin R K Niedzialkoski S N M deSouza and J CM das Neves ldquoPerformance ofmonocrystallineand polycrystalline solar panels in a water pumping system inBrazilrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 51 pp1610ndash1616 2015

[6] A I Ismael Electrical energy analyses in monocristal of solar cellsystems [MS thesis] Gazi University Instıtute of Science andTechnology Ankara Turkey 2012

[7] Q Kou A method for estimation the long-term performance ofphotovoltaic pumping system [MS thesis] The University ofWisconsin-Madison Solar Energy Laboratory Madison WisUSA 1996

[8] J Carstensen G Popkirov J Bahr and H Foll ldquoCELLO anadvanced LBIC measurement technique for solar cell localcharacterizationrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials and Solar Cells vol 76no 4 pp 599ndash611 2003

[9] D H W Li G H W Cheung and J C Lam ldquoAnalysis ofthe operational performance and efficiency characteristic forphotovoltaic system in Hong Kongrdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 46 no 7-8 pp 1107ndash1118 2005

[10] S Turhan and I Cetiner ldquoPerformance evaluation of photo-voltaic systemsrdquo in Proceedings of the National Roof amp WallSymposium vol 6 Bursa Turkey 2012

[11] A Ozgocmen Electricity generation using solar cells [MSthesis] Gazi University Institute of Science and TechnologyAnkara Turkey 2007

[12] D S Strebkov A E Irodionov V P Tarasov and E G BazarovaldquoOptimum orientation of a nontracking solar concentratorrdquoThermal Engineering vol 55 no 12 pp 997ndash1000 2008

[13] M Benghanem ldquoOptimization of tilt angle for solar panel casestudy forMadinah Saudi ArabiardquoApplied Energy vol 88 no 4pp 1427ndash1433 2011

[14] M A Ghazali and A M Abdul Rahman ldquoThe performance ofthree different solar panels for solar electricity applying solartracking device under the Malaysian climate conditionrdquo Energyand Environment Research vol 2 no 1 pp 235ndash243 2012

[15] U Stutenbaeumer and B Mesfin ldquoEquivalent model of mono-crystalline polycrystalline and amorphous silicon solar cellsrdquoRenewable Energy vol 18 no 4 pp 501ndash512 1999

[16] F Jiang and A Wong ldquoStudy on the performance of differenttypes of PV modules in Singaporerdquo in Proceedings of the 7thInternational Power Engineering Conference (IPEC rsquo05) pp 1ndash109 Singapore December 2005

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Chromatography Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Applied ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Theoretical ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Quantum Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CatalystsJournal of

6 International Journal of Photoenergy

Table 1 Multivariate correlations coefficients

Direct radiation Ambient temperature Monocrystalline solar panel Polycrystalline solar panelTotal radiation 08810lowastlowast 05255lowastlowast 09876lowastlowast 09832lowastlowast

Direct radiation 04986lowastlowast 08442lowastlowast 08439lowastlowast

Ambient temperature 05940lowastlowast 05881lowastlowast

Monocrystalline solar panel 09938lowastlowast

lowastlowast shows the high level of importance statistically

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

Aver

age

2108

2014

2208

2014

2308

2014

2408

2014

2508

2014

2008

2014

1908

2014

Experiment days

450

475

525

500

550

575

600

Ener

gy (W

h)

Figure 6 Energy output performance

MonocrystallinePolycrystalline

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Effici

ency

()

Aver

age

2108

2014

2208

2014

2308

2014

2408

2014

2508

2014

2008

2014

1908

2014

Experiment days

Figure 7 Panels efficiencies ratio

obtained under 100W load and 63W power was obtainedunder short circuit

Figure 6 presents the daily energy production perfor-mance of panels Depending on the radiation intensity tothe panel surface differences are observed between energyproductions Average energy performances of monocrys-talline and polycrystalline are 54682Wh and 51752Whrespectively Maximum and mininum energy productionfrom panels were actualized on 19082014 and 24082014respectively The results obtained from the measurementshow that monocrystalline solar panel performed bettercompared to polycrystalline at every experiment day

Figure 7 shows the bar graph for daily module effi-ciency for each type of solar panel in this experiment

The average conversion efficiencies of monocrystalline andpolycrystalline arrays are 665 and 538 respectively Itcan be seen that highest monocrystalline module efficiencyin day 7 (682) and lowest in day 1 (639) show a signifi-cantly higher efficiency compared to polycrystalline whichis 121 and 152 respectively A similar panel efficiencywas found to be 1102 and 432 for the Solarex photo-voltaic monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels respec-tively [15] Power performances of solar panels in Singaporeare presented by Jiang and Wong who found a maximumefficiency of 812 for the monocrystalline panel and 745for polycrystalline panel [16] Also average efficiencies of themonocrystalline and polycrystalline photovoltaic panels inBrasil were found to be 940 and 657 respectively [5]However some works show the polycrystalline panels witha better performance such as Ghazali and Abdul Rahmanwho show that polycrystalline panel is higher power outputcompared to monocrystalline panel in 4-day period withefficiency of 797 (day 1) 349 (day 2) 241 (day 3) and752 (day 4) [14] Considering the previous studies moreresearches must be done in order to determine which specificconditions cause each kind of panel to perform better Fromthis experiment it can be concluded that monocrystallinesolar panels are themost suitable type of photovoltaicmoduleto be used under Bursa Turkey climate condition

The correlation coefficients relevant to the examinedfeatures are given in Table 1 According to the obtainedfindings very high significant relation in positive directionwas found in between total radiation and energy generationfrom monocrystalline and polycrystalline panel High sig-nificant relation in positive direction was found in betweendirect radiation and energy generation frommonocrystallineand polycrystalline panel Also there was a statisticallymidsignificant relation in positive direction between ambienttemperature and energy generation from monocrystallineand polycrystalline panel

4 Conclusion

Developing a clean and renewable energy helps energyindependence in Turkey Solar energy with the types ofpolycrystalline and monocrystalline panels is most com-monly usedwith different characteristic and efficiency In thisstudy it has been shown that the efficiency of photovoltaicpanels is influenced by climate conditions type of used solarcells and so forth The daily average photovoltaic panelefficiency was 665 and 538 for the monocrystalline andpolycrystalline respectivelyMore researchesmust be done inorder to determine which specific conditions cause each kind

International Journal of Photoenergy 7

of panel to perform betterThis paper would be useful for thephotovoltaic panelmanufactures researchers and generatingmembers to decide for Bursa Turkey

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there are no competing interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This study was done with the financial support of the Projectno Z-201331 approved by the Scientific Research ProjectUnit of Uludag University

References

[1] V Arı Energy sources energy planning and energy strategies ofTurkey [MS thesis] Department of Mining Engineering Insti-tute of Natural and Applied Sciences University of CukurovaAdana Turkey 2007

[2] Usage Areas of Energy 2014 httpenerjisistemleriblogspotcomtr201012resim-galerisihtml

[3] H H Ozturk and D Kaya Electricity Generation from SolarEnergy Photovoltaic Technology Umuttepe Publications Koca-eli Turkey 2013

[4] B Parida S Iniyan and R Goic ldquoA review of solar photovoltaictechnologiesrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol15 no 3 pp 1625ndash1636 2011

[5] C E C Nogueira J Bedin R K Niedzialkoski S N M deSouza and J CM das Neves ldquoPerformance ofmonocrystallineand polycrystalline solar panels in a water pumping system inBrazilrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 51 pp1610ndash1616 2015

[6] A I Ismael Electrical energy analyses in monocristal of solar cellsystems [MS thesis] Gazi University Instıtute of Science andTechnology Ankara Turkey 2012

[7] Q Kou A method for estimation the long-term performance ofphotovoltaic pumping system [MS thesis] The University ofWisconsin-Madison Solar Energy Laboratory Madison WisUSA 1996

[8] J Carstensen G Popkirov J Bahr and H Foll ldquoCELLO anadvanced LBIC measurement technique for solar cell localcharacterizationrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials and Solar Cells vol 76no 4 pp 599ndash611 2003

[9] D H W Li G H W Cheung and J C Lam ldquoAnalysis ofthe operational performance and efficiency characteristic forphotovoltaic system in Hong Kongrdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 46 no 7-8 pp 1107ndash1118 2005

[10] S Turhan and I Cetiner ldquoPerformance evaluation of photo-voltaic systemsrdquo in Proceedings of the National Roof amp WallSymposium vol 6 Bursa Turkey 2012

[11] A Ozgocmen Electricity generation using solar cells [MSthesis] Gazi University Institute of Science and TechnologyAnkara Turkey 2007

[12] D S Strebkov A E Irodionov V P Tarasov and E G BazarovaldquoOptimum orientation of a nontracking solar concentratorrdquoThermal Engineering vol 55 no 12 pp 997ndash1000 2008

[13] M Benghanem ldquoOptimization of tilt angle for solar panel casestudy forMadinah Saudi ArabiardquoApplied Energy vol 88 no 4pp 1427ndash1433 2011

[14] M A Ghazali and A M Abdul Rahman ldquoThe performance ofthree different solar panels for solar electricity applying solartracking device under the Malaysian climate conditionrdquo Energyand Environment Research vol 2 no 1 pp 235ndash243 2012

[15] U Stutenbaeumer and B Mesfin ldquoEquivalent model of mono-crystalline polycrystalline and amorphous silicon solar cellsrdquoRenewable Energy vol 18 no 4 pp 501ndash512 1999

[16] F Jiang and A Wong ldquoStudy on the performance of differenttypes of PV modules in Singaporerdquo in Proceedings of the 7thInternational Power Engineering Conference (IPEC rsquo05) pp 1ndash109 Singapore December 2005

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Chromatography Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Applied ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Theoretical ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Quantum Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CatalystsJournal of

International Journal of Photoenergy 7

of panel to perform betterThis paper would be useful for thephotovoltaic panelmanufactures researchers and generatingmembers to decide for Bursa Turkey

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there are no competing interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This study was done with the financial support of the Projectno Z-201331 approved by the Scientific Research ProjectUnit of Uludag University

References

[1] V Arı Energy sources energy planning and energy strategies ofTurkey [MS thesis] Department of Mining Engineering Insti-tute of Natural and Applied Sciences University of CukurovaAdana Turkey 2007

[2] Usage Areas of Energy 2014 httpenerjisistemleriblogspotcomtr201012resim-galerisihtml

[3] H H Ozturk and D Kaya Electricity Generation from SolarEnergy Photovoltaic Technology Umuttepe Publications Koca-eli Turkey 2013

[4] B Parida S Iniyan and R Goic ldquoA review of solar photovoltaictechnologiesrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol15 no 3 pp 1625ndash1636 2011

[5] C E C Nogueira J Bedin R K Niedzialkoski S N M deSouza and J CM das Neves ldquoPerformance ofmonocrystallineand polycrystalline solar panels in a water pumping system inBrazilrdquo Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 51 pp1610ndash1616 2015

[6] A I Ismael Electrical energy analyses in monocristal of solar cellsystems [MS thesis] Gazi University Instıtute of Science andTechnology Ankara Turkey 2012

[7] Q Kou A method for estimation the long-term performance ofphotovoltaic pumping system [MS thesis] The University ofWisconsin-Madison Solar Energy Laboratory Madison WisUSA 1996

[8] J Carstensen G Popkirov J Bahr and H Foll ldquoCELLO anadvanced LBIC measurement technique for solar cell localcharacterizationrdquo Solar EnergyMaterials and Solar Cells vol 76no 4 pp 599ndash611 2003

[9] D H W Li G H W Cheung and J C Lam ldquoAnalysis ofthe operational performance and efficiency characteristic forphotovoltaic system in Hong Kongrdquo Energy Conversion andManagement vol 46 no 7-8 pp 1107ndash1118 2005

[10] S Turhan and I Cetiner ldquoPerformance evaluation of photo-voltaic systemsrdquo in Proceedings of the National Roof amp WallSymposium vol 6 Bursa Turkey 2012

[11] A Ozgocmen Electricity generation using solar cells [MSthesis] Gazi University Institute of Science and TechnologyAnkara Turkey 2007

[12] D S Strebkov A E Irodionov V P Tarasov and E G BazarovaldquoOptimum orientation of a nontracking solar concentratorrdquoThermal Engineering vol 55 no 12 pp 997ndash1000 2008

[13] M Benghanem ldquoOptimization of tilt angle for solar panel casestudy forMadinah Saudi ArabiardquoApplied Energy vol 88 no 4pp 1427ndash1433 2011

[14] M A Ghazali and A M Abdul Rahman ldquoThe performance ofthree different solar panels for solar electricity applying solartracking device under the Malaysian climate conditionrdquo Energyand Environment Research vol 2 no 1 pp 235ndash243 2012

[15] U Stutenbaeumer and B Mesfin ldquoEquivalent model of mono-crystalline polycrystalline and amorphous silicon solar cellsrdquoRenewable Energy vol 18 no 4 pp 501ndash512 1999

[16] F Jiang and A Wong ldquoStudy on the performance of differenttypes of PV modules in Singaporerdquo in Proceedings of the 7thInternational Power Engineering Conference (IPEC rsquo05) pp 1ndash109 Singapore December 2005

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Chromatography Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Applied ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Theoretical ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Quantum Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CatalystsJournal of

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Chromatography Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Applied ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Theoretical ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Quantum Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CatalystsJournal of