Research Approach Towards Non Conventional Energy Sources 2

7/27/2019 Research Approach Towards Non Conventional Energy Sources 2

1/95

2nd January 2012

By

Prof (Dr.) . S. H. PAWAR (Emeritus Scientist)M.Sc. Ph.D., F.I.C.C., F.M. A.Sc.

C E N T R E F O R I N T E R D I S C I P LI N A R Y R E S E A R C H

D. Y. Patil University, Kolhapur-416006


2/95

Plan of the Lecture

1. Why Research ???

2. Non Conventional Energy Recourses

3. New trends in Non ConventionalEnergy Recourses


3/95


4/95

Human Development Index


5/95


6/95


7/95


8/95

Prediction of global

mean temperature


9/95

Sun is the Main Source of Energy

RUN FOR THE SUN
http://www.fourth-millennium.net/stereo-spacecraft/astero


10/95

ENERGY

dE = Work done

= Force x DistanceEinstein's relation

E = mC2

Material bodies are best carriers of energy or the matter is defined as the vehicle of energy.

Plancks Radiation Law

E = h = hc/T. E. = P. E. + K. E.

S = c/4 (E X H)dE/dT =0

E = Constant

Hence the Law of Conservation of Energy


11/95

Energy flow diagram to the earth


12/95

Energy Resources

Conventional (Fossil)

1.Coal

2. Oil

3. Gas

Non-Conventional

1. Solar

2. Nuclear

3. Wind

4. Ocean

5.Geothermal

6. Bio mass

Fossil Fuel

H2O + CO2 CH2O + O2Estimated - 300 x 1021 J

Proven- 30 x 1021 J

Photosynthesis- 3 x 1021 J

Consumption - 0.3 x 1021 J


13/95

Table 1Fossil fuel reservoirs and resources

I) Proven resources

Coal - 5 x 1011

(Tonnes of coalOil - 1 x 1011 equivalentGas - 3 x 1011 = 30 x 1021 J)

II ) Estimated ResourcesCoal - 8.5 x 1011 ( Tonnes of coal equivalent

Oil - 3x 1011 = 3001021 J )Gas - 20 x 1011

III) Fossil fuel used so far (1986) = 9 x 1021 J

IV) Worlds Annual Use = 0.3 x 1021

J30 x 1021 J - 91021 J = 211021 J (Balance)3 x 1021 J = ! Year 21/3 = 70 Years.21 x 1021 J

i.e If the worlds energy consumption is only dependent on fossil fuel -it will last only for 70 years. Then what next?


14/95


15/95

SUN

The energy sources of future

A glorious gift going waste

Sun 150 million km Earth

1.7 x 10

14

kW intercept by the earthSun is Gigantic Nuclear reactor

Nuclear fussion 4 1H12He4 + 2 1e

o +25.7 MeV

Then, is it not better , as well as cheaper, to have reactor at about93 Million miles away and tap the abundance of unreserved

energy source by suitable means?

The Sun does not send the bill of Energy every month to you


16/95


17/95


18/95


19/95


20/95


21/95

Model of a crystalline solar cell


22/95


23/95

A School girl using a Solar Lantern


24/95


25/95

A PV power station feeds the generated power instantaneously into the utilitydistribution network (the 'grid') by means of one or more inverters andtransformers. The first PV power station was built at Hysperia in southernCalifornia in 1982 with nominal power specification 1 MW, using crystalline

silicon modules mounted on a 2 axis tracking system.

PV power stations may be approaching economic viability in locations wherethey assist the local grid during periods of peak demand, and obviate the need toconstruct a new power station. This is known as peak shaving. It can also becheaper to place small PV plants within the transmission system rather than to

upgrade it ('embedded' generation).


26/95

Ocean Navigation Aids


27/95

Electric power generation in space


28/95

Solar Cooker


29/95

Two-axis tracking parabolic dish collectors


30/95


31/95

Area: 160 m2Processing of 25,000 liters milk/day.Installed at Latur


32/95


33/95

One of the steam cycle power cycles at the Kramer Junctionsolar energy generating system


34/95


35/95


36/95

Solar drying and laundry at Apollo KH Hospital Chennai


37/95

Advances in Materials for solid

oxide fuel cells


38/95

Working principle of Fuel cell.

At cathode: O2 + 2e- O2-

At anode: H2 2H + 2e-Overall: O2 + H2 H2O


39/95

31 kW PEMFC Modules Developed by BHEL under Testing

d f f l ll d l ll l


40/95

Advantages of fuel cells and Fuel cell plants

Direct energy conversion (no combustion).

No moving parts in the energy converter.

Quiet.

Demonstrated high availability of lower temperature units.

Siting ability.

Fuel flexibility.

Demonstrated endurance / reliability of lower temperature units.

Good performance at off design load operation.

Modular installations to match load and increase reliability.

Remote/unattended operation.

Size flexibility.

Rapid load following capability.

M i l h i i i f f l ll


41/95

Material characteristic requirements for fuel cells

Requirements of electrode characteristics:

It must be a good conductor.It must serve as a catalyst.The electrode must be porous.It must be moldable into any shape and size.

It must withstand at high temperatures.There must be strong bonding between electrodes and electrolyte.There must be matching of Fermi energy of electrode with that ofelectrolyte.

Requirements of electrolyte characteristics

Must be ionically conducting.Preventing two electrodes from coming into electrical contact.Allow passage of ions from one electrode to the other.

Non- segregating.


42/95

Fuel cell polarization and power density curves


43/95

Fuel Cell Efficiency

Fuel cell achieves efficiencies of 35% to 70 %depending on whether the waste heat is employed.These efficiencies are about 2-3 times higherthan the combustion engine.

ideal = 0.83 * Vcell / Videal = 0.83 * Vcell /1.229 =0.675 * Vcell = G /H

General performance characteristics of Fuel


44/95

General performance characteristics of Fuelcells

Fuel cell Polarization:

1.Activation polarization:act = a + b ln iActivation polarization is associated with each electrode independently as:act ( cell) + act (anode ) + act ( cathode)2.Ohmic polarization: ohm = Ir3.Concentration polarization:conc = RT/nF . ln (1- i/iL)

Concentration polarization occurs independently at either electrode.Thus for the total cell:

conc. (cell) = conc. (anode) + conc. (cathode)


45/95

Electrochemical reactions in

different types of fuel cells


46/95

Effects of various gaseous reactants on variousfuel cell types (Source: Hirschenhofer et al., 1998).

Gas Species PAFC MCFC SOFC PEFC

H2 Fuel Fuel Fuel Fuel

COPoison

(>0.5%)Fuela Fuel

Poison(>10ppm)

CH4 Diluent Diluentb Fuela Diluent

CO2 & H2O Diluent Diluent Diluent Diluent

S as(H2S & COS)

Poison(>50 ppm)

Poison(>0.5 ppm)

Poison(>1.0 ppm)

NO studiesto date

(11)


47/95

Working principle of SOFC

At cathode: O2 + 2e- O2-

At anode: 2H2 + O2- H2O + 2e-

Overall: O2 + H2 H2O

Advantages of Solid Oxide Fuel cells


48/95

Advantages of Solid Oxide Fuel cells

Among the different types of fuel cells much development hasfocus on SOFC technology because of there many advantages over theconventional power generating systems in terms of

efficiency,

reliability,modularity,

fuel flexibility and

environmental friendliness.

In SOFC operation large amount of heat is generate and this heatcan be used for co-generation with gas turbine power systems to enablefuel exploitation of both electricity and heat there by enhancing theefficiency upto approximately 70 %.

Thus solid oxide fuel cells are promising technology for efficientand clean power generation

SOFC Cell Components


49/95

SOFC Cell Components

Anode:Some examples of anode are Ni-YSZ, Ni-SDC, and Ni-GDC

Recently impressive performance of 467 mw/cm2 at 500C reported byHibino et al. for the cells operating on methane/ air mixtures and have

incorporated Pd-Ni-CeO2 anode , Sm0.5 Sr0.5 CoO3 cathode.

Cathode:* for high temperature SOFCs: Lanthanum strontium manganite, Lanthanum

calcium manganite*for intermediate temperature SOFCs: Lanthanum strontium ferrite,

Lanthanum calcium cobaltite, Samarium strontium cobaltite

Electrolyte: mostly used as SOFC electrolyte -Yttria stabilized zirconiaceramic electrolytes that can be used in SOFCs are: Cerium oxide doped with

samarium (SDC), Gadolinium doped cerium (GDC), Bismuth copper

vanadium oxide (BiCuVOx).

In our research work we are trying to develop a single chamber

solid oxide fuel cell with

Pd-Ni-CeO2 - anode, Sm0.5 Sr0.5 CoO3 cathode and SDC/BiCuVOx as

electrolytes.


50/95

Planar design SOFC


51/95

Tubular design SOFC

New Developments in SOFC technology


52/95

p gy

1 High Temperature SOFC (operating at 1000C)High temperature lead to material constraints, a high cost of manufacture

and problems of long term stability. So development work related to these types ofcells is focused on increasing the mechanical toughness of the cell materials. Otherdevelopments are related to materials thermal expansion coefficient related tocontrolling the electrolyte processing faults, varying the component thickness andadding minor constituents to alter the anode properties.

2 Intermediated Temperature SOFC (operating at 650Cor below)Decrease in electrolyte thickness lead to use the SOFC at the intermediatetemperature. Research is going to use the ceria based electrolytes for the electrolytesynthesis such as Samarium doped ceria and mixed conducting oxides for the anodesuch as Ni-SDC, Ni-YSZ, and etc. synthesis.

2.1 Single Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SC-SOFC)Demonstration of SC-SOFC is a very recent development in solid oxide fuel

cells. It has only one compartment for fuel and oxidizer. The operation of cell dependson the selectivity of the electrode materials which are both exposed to the same gasmixture of fuel and air. This reduces the system complications due to sealing thusgreatly simplifies system design and enhance thermal and mechanical shock

resistance , thereby allowing rapid start up and cool down.


53/95

Schematic of Single chamber solid oxide fuel cell

At anode:

CH4 + 1/2O2 CO+ 2H

2 (chemical)H2 + O2-

H2O + 2e- (electrochemical)

CO + O2- CO2 + 2e- (electrochemical)

At cathode:

1/2O2 + 2e- O2- (electrochemical)

Problems with fuel cells


54/95

ob e s t ue ce s

1. Problem due to Hydrogen: Most of the fuel cells use hydrogen as fuel. The

hydrogen is not so readily available. Also it has some limitations due to itsstorage and transportation problems. So it could be much more convenient if

fuel cells could use fuels that are more readily available. This problem is

solved by a device known as reformer. Reformer turns hydrocarbon or

alcohol fuels into hydrogen which is then feed to the fuel cell. Unfortunately

reformers are not perfect, those generate heat and produce other gases

besides hydrogen and this lowers the efficiency of the fuel cell.

2. Poisoning of fuel cells: Another problem is that fuel cells can be poisoned. ie.

experienced severe degradation in the performance. The major poison for all

types of fuel cells is sulfur

containing compounds such as hydrogensulphide, carbonyl sulphide. Sulfur compounds are naturally present in all

fossile fuels and small quantities remain after normal processing and must

be almost completely removed prior to entering the fuel cell

T t ti


55/95

Transportation

Residential and personal use


56/95

Residential and personal use

Space Applications


57/95

Space Applications

Q
http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ed.arizona.edu/ward/Sonic/shuttle.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ed.arizona.edu/ward/Sonic/sonic.html&h=480&w=602&sz=84&tbnid=gKf1BXPRz48J:&tbnh=106&tbnw=133&hl=en&start=27&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dapollo%2B%252B%2Bgemini%2Bspacecraft%2B%252B%2Bimages%26start%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.astronautscholarship.org/images/gemini-titan.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.astronautscholarship.org/gemini.html&h=300&w=230&sz=12&tbnid=K6MWPUG0EusJ:&tbnh=111&tbnw=85&hl=en&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dapollo%2B%252B%2Bgemini%2Bspacecraft%2B%252B%2Bimages%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://my.execpc.com/~culp/space/apollo15.jpg&imgrefurl=http://my.execpc.com/~culp/space/spacecraft.html&h=303&w=240&sz=14&tbnid=EjYd0828CR4J:&tbnh=112&tbnw=88&hl=en&start=22&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dapollo%2B%252B%2Bgemini%2Bspacecraft%2B%252B%2Bimages%26start%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN


58/95

1. Combustion

Heat

2. Pyrolysis - Charcoal

3. GasificationSNG

4. FermentationBiogas

5. Liquefaction - Petrol

SUNu Q

m kwt

Biomass

Energyconversion


59/95


60/95

Biofuel

Bio Ethanol Bio Diesel

Sugar (Brazil)Cereals (U.S.A.)

Sugar beet (Europe)

Molasses (India)

Vegetable oilsAnimal Fats

Tree borne oil Seeds:

Jatropha, Karanja, Jajoba, Neem


61/95

A 30 tonnes/day capacity Bio Methanation Plant for Power

Generation in Koyambedu Vegetable Market, Chennai


62/95

3.0 MW Palm waste Power project, WestGodawari (A.P)

6


63/95

1

5

24

10

7

6

8

3

9

Biogas

Plant

Schematicsketch ofcatalyticreaction

testing set-up.

Methane Farming


64/95

'Methane Gas' Answer to Oil Import

One cow produces

Methane gas

equivalent to 225

Liter of Petrol per

Year

Methane Farming

Cows Are Forever


65/95


66/95

Single Cylinder Hydrogen Fuelled EngineGenset developed by IIT Delhi


67/95


68/95


69/95


70/95


71/95


72/95


73/95

Law of Conservation of Energy

When Superconductors are put tocommercial use , it would be possible to travelin a car from Hydrabad to Mumbai on just one

litre of Petrol

Science Express,Tuesday, 1st April 1997

(Hydrabad)

Electrical Energy: The most versatile form of


74/95

Energy

Faradays law of Induction

Integrated approach to Power


75/95

g ppGeneration

Types of Power Generation


76/95

yp


77/95

Energy Storage Types


78/95

Superconducting Inductive Pulse Generator

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage

MHD Power Generation


79/95

MHD Power Generation


80/95

Conventional MHD Conversion System Coupled to Fusion

t b f hit bl k t


81/95

reactor by means of a graphite blancket

Biomass based MHD Power Generation


82/95

Nuclear Power Plant


83/95

Nuclear Power Plant

Studies on Establishment of Baseline Levels of Radiation &

R di i i d A f R di i D D


84/95

Radioactivity and Assessment of Radiation Doses Due to

Natural and Fallout Radioactivity Around JNPP up to A

Distance of 30 Km From Site

BY

Principle Investigator & Principle CollaboratorProf.(Dr.) S.H.Pawar, Dr. M.P.ChougaonkarCentre for Interdisciplinary Research RPAD, BARC,D.Y.PATIL UNIVERSITY, Kolhapur Mumbai-400085

Madban Beach


85/95

Well begun is half done ..


86/95


87/95

Prahar (Sindhudurg Edition)


88/95

07 J u n e 2011

TUESDAY 22 03 2011 MY KOLHAPUR PAGE NO 02


89/95

TUESDAY 22.03.2011 MY KOLHAPUR PAGE NO.02


90/95

Run for the Sun on the Wheels of NanotechnologyENERGY NANOTECH GRAND CHALLENGES


91/95

Photovoltaics drop cost by 100 fold.

Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol

Direct photoconversion of light + water to produce H2

Fuel Cells drop the cost by 10-100x + low temp start.

Batteries and supercapacitors improve by 10-100x for automotive anddistributed generation applications.

H2 Storage Light weight materials for pressure tanks and LH2 vessels,and/or a new light weight, easily reversible hydrogen chemisorptions

system.

Power cables (superconductors, or quantum conductors) with which torewire the electrical transmission grid, and enable continental and evenworldwide electrical energy transport; and also to replace aluminum andcopper wires essentially everywhere particularly in windings of electricmotors and generators (especially good if we can eliminate eddy current

losses.

ENERGY NANOTECH GRAND CHALLENGES

Nanoelectronics to revolutionize computers, sensors and devices.


92/95

Nanoelectronics based Robotics with Al to enable construction

maintenance of solar structures in space and on the moon; and to

enable nuclear reactor maintenance and fuel reprocessing.

Super-strong, light weight materials to drop cost to LEO, GEO, and

later the moon by > 100x, to enable huge but low cost light harvesting

structures in space; and to improve efficiency of cars, planes, etc.

Thermochemical process with catalysts to generate H2 from water

that work efficiently at temperature lower than 900o C

Nanotech lighting to replace incandescent and fluorescent lights.

Nanomaterials/coating that will enable vastly lower the cost of deepdrilling, to enable HDR (hot dry rock) geothermal heat mining.

CO2 mineralization schemes that can work on a vast scale, hopefully

starting from basalt and having no waste streams.


93/95

Global Co-operation in Education to

Handle the Challenges of 21st Century CENTRE FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

D. Y. PATIL UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR


94/95

,


95/95

Documents

Research Approach Towards Non Conventional Energy Sources 2