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Research and Educational Networking in Europe and Worldwide

Tomaž Kalin

DANTE

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Extremely fast development

• Collective memory quite short• Allowing myself, to look at the history of

networking• Personal impressions - not historian

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Some history

• DARPA 1970• ARPANET 1973• BITNET / EARN 1981 - 1996

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Internet History

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A Brief Summary of the Evolution of the Internet

1945 1995

MemexConceived

1945

WWWCreated

1989

MosaicCreated

1993

A Mathematical

Theory ofCommunication

1948

Packet Switching Invented

1964

SiliconChip1958

First Vast ComputerNetwork

Envisioned1962

ARPANET1969

TCP/IPCreated

1972

InternetNamed

and Goes

TCP/IP1984

HypertextInvented

1965

Age ofeCommerce

Begins1995

Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

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GARR Conference 05

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National Networks

• CIGALE / CYCLADES (INRIA) 1972• NPL Network

– Design started 1966 operational 1973– Based on Honeywell DDP 516– Designed as potential WAN – LAN implementation– Packet switching– Home made layered protocols

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Early International European Networks

• European Informatics Network 72 - 77– Nodes in London, Paris, Zurich, Ispra (EC), Milano– Datagram network – Developed own protocols – Base for some ISO protocols– Killed by PTTs (EURONET - X.25)

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NPLINRIA

ETH JRC

Politecnico di Milano

European Informatics Network

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COSINE

• An EUREKA project• RARE coordinated the activity• Pan-European infrastructure• IXI started 1990 - X25 services at 64 kbps• MHS, Paradise (X500)• Additional IP services in 1992

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EBONE

• IP backbone set up by large TCP/IP users • EBONE93 - backbone and interconnect• Gateways between EuropaNet and EBONE

• Protocol Wars

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DANTE Related Networks - 1

• From 1993 to 1997, EuropaNET was developed. It connected 18 countries at speeds of 2Mbps and used IP technology.

• From 1997 to 1998, TEN-34 was connecting 18countries, but now at speeds of 34Mbps and using both IP and ATM technology.

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DANTE Related Networks - 2• From 1998 to 2001, TEN-155 was connecting

19 countries at speeds of between 155 and 622 Mbps, again using IP and ATM technologies.

• From 2001 until 2004, the GÉANT network connects 32 countries at speeds of between 2.5 and 10Gbps. It uses DWDM technology and offers IPv4 and IPv6 native services in dual-stack mode.

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Additional connected networks

• SEEREN interconnects the national research and education networks – Albania – Bosnia-Herzegovina– Macedonia, – Serbia and Montenegro

• Behind GÉANT members:– Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova , Vatican

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Additional connected networks - 2

• Clara• EUMEDCONNECT• North American Networks• Asian Networks • TEIN2 Project• South Africa - using a tunnel

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USA

• Black April 95 - NSFNet discontinued• Commercial ISP supposedly taking over• GigaPoPs• US research networking community now extremely

happy with this development:– Independent of bureaucrats – Excellent results– Internet2 - Abilene

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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

232 Institutions

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Last updated: 03 October 2003

Abilene International Peering

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10 Gbit/s

SURFnet10 Gbit/s

SURFnet10 Gbit/s

IEEAF10 Gbit/s

PragueCzechLight

PragueCzechLight

2.5 Gbit/s

NSF10 Gbit/s

StockholmNorthernLightStockholm

NorthernLight

CA*net4

2.5 Gbit/s

New YorkMANLANNew YorkMANLAN

TokyoWIDETokyoWIDE

10 Gbit/s

10 Gbit/s10 Gbit/s

10 Gbit/sIEEAF10 Gbit/s

10 Gbit/s

10 Gbit/s

2.5 Gbit/s

2.5 Gbit/sTokyoAPANTokyoAPAN

AmsterdamNetherLightAmsterdamNetherLight

GenevaCERN

GenevaCERN

LondonUKLightLondonUKLight

ChicagoStarLightChicagoStarLight

Source: Kees Neggers, SURFnet

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10 Gbit/s

SURFnet10 Gbit/s

SURFnet10 Gbit/s

IEEAF10 Gbit/s

PragueCzechLight

PragueCzechLight

2.5 Gbit/s

NSF10 Gbit/s

StockholmNorthernLightStockholm

NorthernLight

CA*net4

2.5 Gbit/s

New YorkMANLANNew YorkMANLAN

TokyoWIDETokyoWIDE

10 Gbit/s

10 Gbit/s10 Gbit/s

10 Gbit/sIEEAF10 Gbit/s

10 Gbit/s

10 Gbit/s

2.5 Gbit/s

2.5 Gbit/sTokyoAPANTokyoAPAN

AmsterdamNetherLightAmsterdamNetherLight

GenevaCERN

GenevaCERN

LondonUKLightLondonUKLight

ChicagoStarLightChicagoStarLight

Source: Kees Neggers, SURFnet

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GÉANT 2 - New Paradigm

• GÉANT - emphasis on core network• NREN connecting to PoPs• Change in the approach: End-to-End QoS• Whole “chain”• Responsibility of the whole community• Close co-operation

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Technology

• Investigation of Transmission Costs• Skepticism re 40 Gbps• OEO cross connects interesting• “All Optical” some way off• Emphasis on AAA and Control issues

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GÉANT 2 Architecture

• Based on:– Dark fibre with multiple 10 Gbps lambdas– Leased 10 Gbps lambdas, if fibre not

economic– Some lower bandwidth SDH links to the

very expensive areas

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Subscriptions

• All NRENs on “fibre cloud” subscribe to 10 Gbps IP service and 10 Gbps p2p service (to any point on the cloud)

• NRENs outside get basically 10 Gbps (or less) IP service

• Additional p2p accesses at marginal costs -for lighting additional lambdas in the system

• Topology independent - flat contributions

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Dark Fibre

N x 10G λN x 10G λ

10G

WDM

N x 10G

GÉANT2POP

to NREN

A GÉANT2 Large Hybrid POP

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DE (Frankfurt)

To CH

To CZ

To PL

1

1

1

23 2

23

To LU (STM-4)

1

To DFN

Prim

IP p

eerin

g

To DFN

2

To DK

To NL

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Example of Overall Topology

LU

RU

EE LV

LT

DK

IT

FR

BE

CH

SI

AT

HR

PL DE

CZ

PT ES

IE NL

UK

RO

BG

TR

CYIL

MT

GR

KEY

Dark fibre

10G managed lambda

2.5G managed lambda/SDH

622M managed SDH

155M managed SDH

OADM

HU

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~1-10 Gbps

Tier2 Center

Online System CERN

USA Centres

FranceCenter

ITALYCenter

Institute

Institute

Institute

Institute

~20 PBytes/year~PByte/sec

~1-10 Gbps

Tier2 CenterTier2 CenterTier2 CenterTier2 Center

Experiment

CCLRC-RAL Centre

GEANT NetworkGEANT Network

SuperJANETSuperJANET~1-10 Gbps

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Schedule

• Procurement decisions mid 2005• Gradual change from GÉANT to GÉANT 2• Start of transition in Fall 2005• 3 Years duration of the GN2 Project

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Conclusions

• R & E networks international from the very beginning

• The same spirit prevailing today even more• To the benefit of the whole research

community• Our task - reduce the digital divide as much

as possible