Research and development needs in a step-wise process for the … Docu… · Research and development needs in a step-wise process for the nuclear waste programme in Sweden 2016-10-19

SVENSK KÄRNBRÄNSLEHANTERING

Research and

development needs in

a step-wise process

for the nuclear waste

programme in

Sweden

2016-10-19 1

Ström A1, Pers K2, Andersson J1, Ekeroth E1, Hedin A1 1 Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Mgmt. Co. (SKB), Stockholm, Sweden 2 SKB International AB, Stockholm, Sweden

E-mail contact of main author: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


Outline of presentation

• Background

• Implementation plan

• Continued research and technology development

• Concluding remarks

2 CNS Sep 2011


Nuclear in Sweden

• 9 (12) operating reactor units at 3

sites

• ~ 40 % of electricity

• Operation since 1972/85

• SFR; Final Repository for Short-

lived Radioactive Waste

• Clab; Central Interim Storage

Facility for Spent Nuclear Fuel

3


Management and disposal of

radioactive waste

and spent nuclear fuel

4

Based on current planning from NPP’s:

• Reference scenario

− During 2015 decisions have been made on

a premature shutdown of four reactors

(Oskarshamn 1-2, Ringhals 1-2). 60 years

of operation for all remaining plants.

• Spent nuclear fuel

− Approx. 11 400 tonnes of spent fuel

− Approx. 5 700 canisters

• LLW and ILW

− From operation and decommissioning

− Approx. 170 000 m3 short-lived waste

− Approx. 16 000 m3 long-lived waste


Research, Development and Demonstration

Programme 2016

• Requirements according to the Nuclear

Activities Act

− License holders for nuclear reactors should every

3rd year submit a programme for research and

development and other measures necessary for

decommissioning of nuclear facilities and final

disposal of nuclear waste

− The programme should provide an overview of all

measures that might may be necessary and specify

in more detail the measures that are intended to be

implemented within at least six years

− The programme shall be submitted to Swedish

Radiation Safety Authority (SSM)

• Has been in effect since 1986

5



6 CNS Sep 2011

• Background





Licensing review according to Nuclear Activities

Act and Environmental Code

SKB’s applications

One according to

Environmental

Code

Two according to

Nuclear Act

Court hearings Review

Decides

Permit and conditions Approves Safety Report

Approves or disapproves

7

http://www.regeringen.se/


• For establishing nuclear facilities, planning is based on the stepwise decision process in

the Nuclear Activities Act and SSM regulations

• The safety analysis report (SAR) is central and should provide an overall view of how the

safety of the facility is arranged in order to protect human health and the environment

against nuclear accidents. The implementer needs to provide successively refined safety

reports to the regulator.

• The planning and milestones related to decision steps in the form of applications and

safety analysis reports determine when knowledge and development of the technology

needs to have reached a certain level, while SSM’s approval determines when SKB can

commence construction and operation of the facilities.

Step-wise process and planning

F-PSAR PSAR SAR

8


Future important

milestones

9

Low and intermediate level waste

• License review on-going for extension of SFR, technology development, detailed design in parallel

• Construction work for extension of SFR starts 2022, operation 2028

• Interim storages for decommissioning waste established

• Safety evaluation of SFL repository concept 2018

• Application to construct SFL approx 2030

Spent Nuclear Fuel

• License review of the KBS-3 system

• Technology development – industrial operation

• Nuclear Fuel Repository – planning for detailed design on-going, start construction 2020, trial operation 2030, regular operation 2032

• Encapsulation Plant – system design to start, start construction 2022, trial operation 2030, regular operation 2032

• Planning for increased storage capacity at interim storage Clab. Safety concept established.

• Safety analysis reports (PSAR) for the KBS-3-system in progress



10 CNS Sep 2011

• Background





12

Milestones KBS-3


R&D needs in relation to milestones - KBS-3

• Before the start of construction of the Spent Fuel Repository and the

encapsulation plant

• Preliminary Safety Report, PSAR will be updated with some of the material presented in the supplement to the application

under the Nuclear Activities Act and the updates in the initial state as ongoing technology development lead to.

• The goal of technology development is to ensure that the technology needed to begin construction of the Spent Fuel Repository

and the encapsulation portion of Clink, is available before the start of construction.

• Detailed design phase will essentially have been passed for all barrier systems, except for the parts that require in situ tests.

For the Spent Fuel Repository this first regards characterization methods and techniques for the construction of the repository

access.

• Construction start deposition area

• At the start of construction of the deposition area of the Spent Fuel Repository the design requirements for this must be

established and therefore also the design and installation methods for the buffer, backfill and plugs need to be finished as well

as methods for the host rock characterization and methodology for excavation of deposition tunnels. Control methods to be

applied shall be verified.

• Before the trial operation

• Integration testing and commissioning tests need to need to be conducted in the nuclear fuel repository and be reported in the

updated Safety Analysis Report (SAR)

• Before the routine operation of the KBS-3 system

• An updated safety analysis report, SAR, considering the experience of trial operation is needed

13

F-PSAR PSAR SAR


• The need for an increased process understanding

− Judge the importance for post-closure safe

o Remaining uncertainties

o Less pessimistic assumptions

• The need for knowledge and competence around design,

construction, manufacture and installation of the components

− From conceptual design to working facilities

• The need for knowledge and competence around inspection and

testing

− verify that the barriers and components are produced and installed according

to approved specifications and thereby satisfy the requirements

Basis for continued research and technology

development

14


• Post closure safety

− Corrosion (sulphides, …)

− Copper creep – understanding the process and function of

phosphorus

• Technology development

− Canister design should be verified in conformity with

requirements, manufacturing methods verified, testing and

control processes should be developed and prerequisites from

qualification clarified.

o Copper components and welding

o Insert design, manufacturing and qualification

− Basis for canister production system and canister assembly

facility

• Inspection and testing

16

Example: Canister – key R&D issues 2016-

2019


• Post closure safety

− Buffer erosion

− Sulphide production

− Homogenisation process

• Technology development needed in time for PSAR

− Basis for updated production reports for BBC, based on

updated technical design requirements.

− Product and process mapping done. Preliminary quality plans

written. Need for qualification clarified

• Technology development for detailed design of production

facility

− Material Procurement Specification established (including

material studies)

− Decision on pressing methodology

− Bentonite block manufacturing and control methods that

works in industrial scale

17

Example: Buffer, backfill, closure key R&D

issues 2016-2019



18 CNS Sep 2011

• Background





• The SKB RD&D Programme 2016

−contains an overview of all the measures that may be necessary

for treatment and final disposal of nuclear waste from Swedish

nuclear reactors and SKB's facilities

−clarifies how research and technology development are justified

and evaluated in a step-wise procedure on the basis of the

measures planned

−presents a strategic plan for the research and development

necessary to establish and implement future activities

−Published as SKB TR 16-15 in December 2016

19

Concluding remarks


Remaining challenges

• Licensing and acceptance

−SKB, regulator, local authorities and

Government

• Going from theory to practice –

Industrialization

• Keeping public confidence

Thanks for your

attention!

Documents

Research and development needs in a step-wise process for the … Docu… · Research and development needs in a step-wise process for the nuclear waste programme in Sweden 2016-10-19