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RES Policies.The reasons responsible for the

delay in the development of wind

energy in Greece

Dimitris Siachos*, Nikitas-Spiros Koutsoukis**

*sc Mechanical Engineer, Degree in Business Administration, PhD student,Department ofPolitical Science and International Relations, University of Peloponnese.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations,University of Peloponnese.
https://www.google.gr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http://gr.linkedin.com/in/nikitaskoutsoukis&ei=N7HuUcrNJYXe4QT7hoGwAQ&usg=AFQjCNGWe_BihSEsnIdlr0iYFT3BHckEeg&sig2=-cMyfzi49NZ_kT8RHkJj2Q&bvm=bv.49641647,d.Ymshttps://www.google.gr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http://gr.linkedin.com/in/nikitaskoutsoukis&ei=N7HuUcrNJYXe4QT7hoGwAQ&usg=AFQjCNGWe_BihSEsnIdlr0iYFT3BHckEeg&sig2=-cMyfzi49NZ_kT8RHkJj2Q&bvm=bv.49641647,d.Ymshttps://www.google.gr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http://gr.linkedin.com/in/nikitaskoutsoukis&ei=N7HuUcrNJYXe4QT7hoGwAQ&usg=AFQjCNGWe_BihSEsnIdlr0iYFT3BHckEeg&sig2=-cMyfzi49NZ_kT8RHkJj2Q&bvm=bv.49641647,d.Ymshttps://www.google.gr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http://gr.linkedin.com/in/nikitaskoutsoukis&ei=N7HuUcrNJYXe4QT7hoGwAQ&usg=AFQjCNGWe_BihSEsnIdlr0iYFT3BHckEeg&sig2=-cMyfzi49NZ_kT8RHkJj2Q&bvm=bv.49641647,d.Ymshttps://www.google.gr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http://gr.linkedin.com/in/nikitaskoutsoukis&ei=N7HuUcrNJYXe4QT7hoGwAQ&usg=AFQjCNGWe_BihSEsnIdlr0iYFT3BHckEeg&sig2=-cMyfzi49NZ_kT8RHkJj2Q&bvm=bv.49641647,d.Ymshttps://www.google.gr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http://gr.linkedin.com/in/nikitaskoutsoukis&ei=N7HuUcrNJYXe4QT7hoGwAQ&usg=AFQjCNGWe_BihSEsnIdlr0iYFT3BHckEeg&sig2=-cMyfzi49NZ_kT8RHkJj2Q&bvm=bv.49641647,d.Yms

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Aeolos, in Greek mythology, was appointed as the cashier of

winds by Zeus. He invented the sails which move ships and

taught their use ....

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Wind potential at 50 meters height for five different

topographic conditions (Copyright 1989 by Ris National

Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark

Sheltered terrain,

Open plain,

At a coast,

Open seaHills and ridges.

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European Union policy on RES

Directive 96/92 / EC 'common rules for the internal energymarket "[9],

Directive 2001/77 / EC 'Promotion of electricity producedfrom RES in the internal energy market "[10],

Directive 2002/91 / EC on the energy saving in buildings[11],

Directive 2003/30 / EC on the promotion of biofuels orother mild forms of energy for transport [12],

Directive 2003/54 / EC concerning common rules for the

internal market in electricity (essentially replacing the96/92 / EC) [13],

Directive 2009/28 / EC "Promoting the use of energy fromrenewable sources"

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Communication from the Commission Com (2004) 366.,

Communication from the Commission Com (2006) 545 Action Plan for

Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential. ,

Communication from the Commission Com (2006) 848 Roadmap for

Renewable Energy - Renewable energies in the 21st century: building amore sustainable future"

Communication from the Commission Com (2008) 30 Two times 20 to

the 2020 Climate change and opportunity".,

Communication from the Commission Com (2008) 768 Offshore Wind

Energy: Action needed to achieve the Energy Policy Objectives for 2020

and beyond".,

Communication from the Commission Com (2010) 2020 Europe 2020

Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth". ,

Communication from the Commission Com (2011) 31 Progress towards

the target for energy from renewable sources by 2020."

Working Documents SWD (2012) 343, SWD (2012) 344,

And finally:

Green Paper Com (2013) 169 The framework for climate and energyolic for 2030"

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Global cumulative installed Wind Capacity 1996-2013

(MW) (GWEO)

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Cumulative Wind Power Installations in the EU (GW)

(WE)

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Cumulative Wind Power Installations in Greece 1987-

2013 (MW) (ELETAEN)

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wind capacity by country (MW) EU (15)

Country End 2003 End 2013 Increase (MW) rate of increase %

Germany 14.609 33.730 19.121 131

Spain 6.202 22.959 16.757 270

Dunmark 3.110 4.772 1.662 53

Netherland 912 2.693 1.781 195

Italy 904 8.551 7.647 846

U.K. 649 10.531 9.882 1523

Suiden 399 4.470 4.071 1020

Greece 375 1.865 1.490 397

France 239 8.254 8.015 3354

Austria 415 1.684 1.269 306

Portugal 299 4.724 4.425 1480

Ireland 186 2.037 1.851 995

Belgium 68 1.651 1.583 2328

Finland 51 448 397 778

Luxemburg 22 58 36 164

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wind capacity by country (MW) EU (28)


Poland 57 3.390 3.333 5847

Latvia 24 62 38 158

Czech Republic 10 269 259 2590

Hungary 3 329 326 10867

Estonia 3 280 277 9233

Cyprus 2 147 145 7250

Lithuania 0 279 279 100

Malta 0 0 0 0

Slovakia 3 3 0 0

Slobenia 0 2 2 0

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wind capacity by country (MW) REST Europe


Norway 101 768 667 660

Ukraine 57 371 314 551

Switzerland 5 60 55 1100

Romaine 1 2.599 2.598 259800

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wind capacity by country (MW) (others)


Turkey 21 2.956 (End 2012: 500) 2.935 13976

Belarus 0 0 0 0

Serbia 0 0 0 0

Russia 0 15 15 0

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wind capacity by country (MW) N.America


USA 6.374 61.091 54.717 858

Canada 317 7.803 7.486 2362

Total N.America 6.691 68.894 62.203 930

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wind capacity by country (MW) Rest World


India 211 20.150 19.939 9450

japan 686 2.661 1.975 288

China 568 91.412 90.844 15994

Australia 198 3.239 3.041 1536

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Total production of wind energy in the European Union and

distributed among Member States & Wind Energy Participation

in electricity generation to the Member States of the Europe.

(European Wind Agency Association)

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Classification of countries according per capita installed wind

power (2013)

W/

0,87 Danish

0,48 Suiden

0,45 Ireland

0,44 Portugal

0,41 Germany0,35 Spain

0,2 Austria

0,17 UK

0,16 Netherlands

0,17 Greece

0,15 Belgium

0,14 Italy

0,13 France

0,12 Luxembourg

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The basic mechanisms of RES support which have been

developed Worldwide are:

In relation to the measurement of the

sale price of the energy produced

(Remuneration).

In relation to setting goals to thepenetration of RES (Target or Standard).

In relation to the way licensing works

(Permitting).

In relation to how to integrate into the

system of energy from RES (Grid

Inte ration .

I l ti t th t f th

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In relation to the measurement of the

sale price of the energy produced

(Remuneration): Feed-in tariff ( ),

Premium or Adder system ( ),

Auction or tendering system (),

Tax based (electricity) production incentives (

),

Spot market trading ( ),

Investment subsidy or tax credit ( ),

Tradable Green Certificate [e.g. REC/ ROC] (),

Concessionary finance through government supported agencies (),

Concession on import duty ( ).

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(Target or Standard):

Renewables Purchase Obligation or

Renewables Portfolio Standard (),

Federal or statewise targets (binding orindicative) - ( ).

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(Permitting):

Project sitting guidelines(

),

Project permittingprocess ( ).

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(Grid

Integration):

Priority access

to the grid

Grid code

R f j li h i d t h d ti i

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Range of major policy mechanisms and support schemes used over time in

the 12 studied markets. The chart illustrates the large number of policy

instruments available (rows), while the constant adaptations of the policy

regimes in a single country (columns) correspond to a learning process in

developing a policy framework for wind energy.

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DANMARK

4.772 MW, 0,87W per capita

In 1970, Denmark was one of the most energy-dependent countries in the

world. The oil crisis 1973- 1974 was catastrophic.

99% of the country's energy needs were covered by imported coal and

imported oil. The balance between imports -Exports Denmark was very

negative while the pollution from the use of conventional fuels was great too.

AFTER 1975: The participation of renewable energy in energy consumption hasdoubled while the corresponding contribution to electricity generation has tripled in

ten years, because:

the National Policy on Energy has remained constant for 20 years.

There was also a consensus of all political parties, and there was public consultation

and debate about environmental problems.

Government organized together development projects with investors of generating

companies.

The number of entities to needed to be a licensed onshore wind farm are only 5!!!

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GERMANY

33.730MW, 0,41W /Capita

German government introduced in 1999 a special environmental tax, theEco-Tax Reform. The purpose of the new tax is to incorporateenvironmental costs related with the production and use of energy. Thistax imposed on fossil fuels as well as in electricity.

Energy producers up to 2MW per establishment are excluded from thetax. The receipts from the tax designed to be used for the promotion ofRES.

in Germany provided large sums for the promotion of research anddevelopment for renewable energy technologies, feature is that theMinistry of Environment has for this purpose amounts to around 40million euros per year.

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SPAIN

22.959 MW, 0,35W per capita

The development of wind farms in Spain from 1995 to 2005 wasreally impressive. Spain is the second country in the EU installedcapacity in wind farms.The main reasons for the development of wind farms are:

The very good quality wind energy potential.

The Spanish wind turbine construction companies are among the top of theworld. In Spain, the cost in / kw decreased from 1700 1986 to 865 in 2000and 700 / kw in 2010.

Very good is also the institutional framework promotes safely RESdevelopment.

Also, amended the tax code and included in this provision provides tax reliefof 10% for companies that invest in renewable energy.

Finally, in Spain there are several local programs and incentives forinvestment in renewable energy.

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NETHERLAND

2.693MW, 0,16 W per capita

In 2009 the institutional framework introduces green certificates, andintroduced Obligatory minimum share of electricity production fromRES. A green energy certificate proves that a manufacturer distributes

electricity to the grid a certain amount of electricity produced fromRES in a given period.

By the obligation of energy companies, to include the quantity ofelectricity that distribute a minimum percentage of electricity which isproduced from RES, the trade of green certificates for renewableenergy boost. Furthermore, the Dutch government adopted an energy

tax (Regulatory energy tax).This tax is levied on the consumption of energy from small andmedium-sized businesses and residential customers. Also, there aresignificant tax reductions for investments in RES.

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GREECE

1.865MW, 0,17W per capita

Grece has chosen to promoteRES only with the relativelyhigh guaranteed prices.

Prices of energy from RES in

Greece is similar to that inGermany and Denmark,

proving that price alone is notenough to develop renewableenergy.

Denmark also recently reduced

the price of the producedenergy from wind farms in allnew wind farms connected tothe network.

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Conclusions1. The issue of overregulation, unstable legal environment ambiguity and

bureaucracy led to aversion of investor interest. In our country there aremany laws on licensing wind farms, the provisions of which often conflict.

2. The lack of effective spatial framework and a forest register as the lackof clarity of capabilities of land use and the possible involvement of any oneinvestment in the Council of State.

3. NIMBY Syndrome(the local communities came to speak for radioactiveinstallations for complete destruction of flora and fauna, even suspendingthe reproduction ability of sheep and goats).

4. Our country chose with rigid stability the system of feed in tariff, and thesystem of subsidy of the initial investment, but without consideralternative and more flexible policies, eg copying stimulus given to Spainthrough local programs. It is sad that there is no present in the countryneither a Mechanical workshop that is able to repair damage to the rotor ofthe turbine already installed.

5. Finally, in Greece there is a complete lack of offshore wind farms.

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