RES integration into the current interconnected energy system

Andrej Hanzel, managing director

Centrum pre vedu a výskum,s.r.o.

name:adress:state:contact:

PROS - CONS

RENEWABLES

name:adress:state:contact:

Renewable sources

• Amount of present major fuels in Earth is limited (coal, gas, crude oil, nuclear).

• Generation of electricity is not very environmentally friendly– SOx, NOx, solid particulars (???) is dangerous for

environment– Ra wastes is still very huge problem

– CO2 is also very huge problem

name:adress:state:contact:

Renewable is future of mankind

• The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoule (EJ) per year. This is more energy in one hour, than the world uses during whole year.

Sunshine-not equal across Europe (Earth)

Average yearly utilization of installed capacity is 17%

Source: Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik Slovakia wind 8 MW

Wind turbine – limited opportunities for generation

103

173

317 609 10

90 1523 20

35 2833

4380

6054

8675

1184

9

1449

4 1646

9 1828

3 2042

0

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Wind installed capacity [MW]

Renewable• Achilles tendon

– Very low energy density• Density of sunshine is 3,5-7 kWh/m2/day

• It is several hundred thousand lower energy density then in coal

– Very complicated prognoses of occurrence

– Consumption of electricity is often in time when generation is not possible (sun doesn’t shine, wind is not flowing, water is not falling etc.). Reserve capacity is needed on base of classical fuel.

• Governmental support/incentives is very questionable.

Cooperation on European level

Europe is interconnected but…

Technical problems of cooperation on European level

• Each control area must be able:– To maintain export/import in range of ±20MWhr

• Basic formula for energy is:

generation = consuption

Load factor present power plants is lower – cost is increasing

EUR/MWhr

[MWhr]

Increasing of cost

Jednotkové NákladyCelkové Náklady

Výroba

Stále Náklady emenlivé Náklady

Výroba_

_ _ Pr _

(EUR)

Marginal cost is going up

Land Occupation

SolarSolar 26-30,000 m26-30,000 m22/MW/MW

WindWind 5,000 m5,000 m22/MW/MW

BiomassBiomass 100,000 m100,000 m22/MW/MW

HydroHydro 5,000 m5,000 m22/MW/MW

Coal FiredCoal Fired 1,500 – 2,000 m1,500 – 2,000 m22/MW (1/2 for ash /MW (1/2 for ash deposit)deposit)

LigniteLignite 5,000 – 6,000 m5,000 – 6,000 m22/MW (2/3 for ash /MW (2/3 for ash deposit)deposit)

NuclearNuclear 500 - 600 m500 - 600 m22/MW/MW

Purchase prices/incentives for renewable

TechnologTechnologyy

OutputOutput EUR/MWhrEUR/MWhr

Small Small HydroHydro

1-5 MW1-5 MW 109,08 - 109,08 - 61,7261,72

PhotovoltaiPhotovoltaicc

100kW-100kW-4MW4MW

387,65-387,65-382,61382,61

WindWind 80,9180,91

BiomassBiomass 113,1 - 113,1 - 144,88144,88

BiogasBiogas 1MW1MW 96,36 - 96,36 - 159,85159,85

These incentive increase retail and wholesale pricesIs it generally agreed by public? Discussion didn’t held yet.

What to do?

• Superconductivity – in room temperature solves everything– Energy storage is to be without problem with

high eficiency

Thank you for your kind attention!