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This presentation is a compilation of the main findings of a 4 years long study of requirements-driven collaboration. It was presented in a talk given at the University of Bari in February 2013 for PhD students aiming to introduce the topic. More can be found on the previous presentations posted under my account here.
Citation preview
Requirements-driven CollaborationA framework and patterns from a case study
Sabrina [email protected]
Daniela [email protected]
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
A bit of background first ...
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Who am I?3
• Education:
• PhD: University of Victoria, Canada (2006-2011)
• Master: PUCRS, Brazil (2002-2003)
• Bachelor: PUCRS, Brazil (1996-2001)
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Who am I?4
• Industry:
• Dell Brazil: 2001-2005
• Microsoft: 2005-2006
• ISD Brazil: 2005-2006
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Where do I come from?5
• Porto Alegre:
• About 2 million people
• Founded by Germans, Italians, and Polish immigrants
• Business city
• Mercosul
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Where do I come from?6
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Where do I come from?7
• PUCRS:
• 30 thousand students
• 50 undegrad programs
• 41 graduate programs
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Where do I come from?8
• Tecnopuc:
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
And the talk itself ...
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Software development10
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Requirements Engineering
R. Analyst
Architect
P. Manager
Developer
DeveloperTester
Planning
Design Development
Testing Deployment
Conception
11
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Requirements Engineering
R. Analyst
Architect
P. Manager
Developer
DeveloperTester
Planning
Design Development
Testing Deployment
Conception
R. Analyst
P. Manager
Architect
Developer
Tester
Requirement
11
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Collaboration
R. Analyst
P. Manager
Architect
Developer
Tester
Requirement
R. Analyst
P. Manager
Architect
Developer
Tester
Requirement
Dependency
CoordinationCommunication
Awareness
12
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Collaboration
R. Analyst
P. Manager
Architect
Developer
Tester
Requirement
R. Analyst
P. Manager
Architect
Developer
Tester
Requirement
Dependency
Requirements-driven collaboration
CoordinationCommunication
Awareness
12
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Talk outline
• Framework to study RDC
• RDC patterns from a case study
• Implications of this work
13
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
> Framework14
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Framework15
R2R1
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Framework15
R2R1
R. Analyst
Architect
Developer
Developer
Tester
R. AnalystDeveloper
Developer
Architect
TesterTester
Developer
Requirements-centric team
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Framework15
R2R1
R. Analyst
Architect
Developer
Developer
Tester
R. AnalystDeveloper
Developer
Architect
TesterTester
Developer
Requirements-centric social network
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Framework15
R2R1
R. Analyst
Architect
Developer
Developer
Tester
R. AnalystDeveloper
Developer
Architect
TesterTester
Developer
Social network measures: e.g., degree
Developer
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Framework
• Sociogram
• Size
• Density
• Ties statistics
• Centralization
• Core-periphery
• Ties reciprocity
16
• Clique
• Component
• Reachability
• Cutpoint
• Degree
• Brokerage
• Socio-technical congruence
Social network measures
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Framework17
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
> RDC patterns
• Case study
• Data collected
• Patterns
18
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Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Case study
• APP team
• Maintenance of legacy systems
• Team distribution (44 members)
• Brazil (38), USA (5), India (1)
• PM (2), Req Analyst (4), Dev Lead (5), Dev (20), Test Lead (1), Testers (7), Business Partner (5)
• New to the product and as a team itself
• Reverse engineering activity
19
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Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Case study
• Well-defined team and communication structures
• 20 requirements
• 4 sets of dependencies
20
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Project Manager
Business Partner
Business Partner
Manager
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Data collected21
interviews
Knowledge about the project
requirements
Observations
team members
document inspection
CommunicationAwareness
Questionnaire
SNAmeasures
UCInet 6.0
contextual information
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
time
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Data collected22
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Data collected
• UCINet
https://sites.google.com/site/ucinetsoftware/home
23
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
• ‘Communication Patterns’ in requirements-driven collaboration
• Recurring repetition of the same communication behavior across the social networks of dependent requirements
24
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Collaboration driven by interdependent requirements includes significant cross-functional interactions
25
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Collaboration driven by interdependent requirements includes significant cross-functional interactions
1
7
17
11
16
35
40
9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Requirements
Nego8a8on
Requirements
Clarific8on
Communica8on of
Changes
Coordina8on of
Ac8vi8es
Within‐teams
Cross‐teams
25
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Collaboration driven by interdependent requirements includes significant cross-functional interactions
1
7
17
11
16
35
40
9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Requirements
Nego8a8on
Requirements
Clarific8on
Communica8on of
Changes
Coordina8on of
Ac8vi8es
Within‐teams
Cross‐teams
25
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Actual communication structure in the project is very different from the planned communication structure
26
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
• Decentralized networks
• Coordination through back channels
Actual communication structure in the project is very different from the planned communication structure
26
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Project Manager
Business Partner
Business Partner
Manager
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
PatternsCore subgroups of members originally assigned to work on the requirements closely collaborate with
each other
27
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
PatternsCore subgroups of members originally assigned to work on the requirements closely collaborate with
each other
Requirements Analyst 3
Tester 1
Requirements Analyst 1
Tester 2Developer
Test Leader
Dev Leader
Requirements Analyst 2
• Formed primarily by
• requirements analysts and testers
• assigned members
27
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
PatternsThe absence of members initially assigned to work on interdependent requirements is most likely to disrupt
collaboration among these requirements
28
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
PatternsThe absence of members initially assigned to work on interdependent requirements is most likely to disrupt
collaboration among these requirements
Requirements Analyst 3
Dev Leader 2
Developer 1
Tester 1
Dev Leader 1
Requirements Analyst 1
Developer 2
Developer 3
Tester 2
• Essential members
• knowledge about requirements
• ability to point out who was working on related tasks
28
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Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
New hires are isolated from the rest in the requirements-driven collaboration
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mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
• Mostly developers
• Corroborates that newcomers have difficulties in knowing how and when to ask questions
New hires are isolated from the rest in the requirements-driven collaboration
Requirements Analyst 1
Tester 1
Requirements Analyst 2
Tester 2
Developer 1
Test Leader
Dev Leader
Requirements Analyst 3
Developer 2
29
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
• Brokerage
A broker is someone who connects those that are otherwise disconnected
30
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
• Brokerage
A broker is someone who connects those that are otherwise disconnected
R1
John
Peter
Kim
David
Jack
R2
Kyle
Jim
Matt
Kate
30
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
• Brokerage
A broker is someone who connects those that are otherwise disconnected
R1
John
Peter
Kim
David
Jack
R2
Kyle
Jim
Matt
Kate
R1
John
Peter
Kim
David
Jack
R2
Kyle
Jim
Matt
Kate
30
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
PatternsCoordinator:
ab
c
ba
c
Ab
c
A
bc
a b c
Consultant:
Gatekeeper:
Representative:
Liaison:
31
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Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Most of the brokers work on both requirements
32
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Most of the brokers work on both requirements
R1
John
Peter
Kim
David
JANE
R2
Kyle
Jim
Matt
Kate
32
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Brokerage is predominant in certain types of communication
33
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
• Communication of changes
• Coordination of activities
• Requirements clarification
Brokerage is predominant in certain types of communication
33
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Distance does not matter for brokerage
34
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Distance does not matter for brokerage
• One person emerged as the most frequent broker: Jane, USA-based Dev Lead
Jane
Kyle
Matt
34
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Knowledge and experience are determinants for brokerage
35
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Knowledge and experience are determinants for brokerage
• Familiarity with the most active broker (Jane)
• Knowledge about the project and the company
35
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
• Socio-technical congruence
“Fit” between coordination needs established by technical
dependencies and actual coordination in the project
GapSatisfied
coord. need
Is there actual
communication?
NoYes
For each pair of people with a
technical dependency in a network
36
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
PatternsRequirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
37
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
PatternsRequirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Backchannel
communicationReal gap
Aligned
communicationFalse gap
Are these roles
supposed to
communicate?
Is there actual
communication?
Is there actual
communication?
No
NoYes
Yes Yes No
For each pair of people with a
technical dependency in a network
37
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
PatternsCoordination needs (CN)
--
--
--
--
--
Requirements Analyst
Development Leader
Developer 1
Developer 2
Tester
RA DL D1 D2 T
Developer 2
Tester
--
--
--
--
--
Requirements Analyst
Development Leader
Developer 1
RA DL D1 D2 Tactual Coordination (AC)
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
PatternsCoordination needs (CN)
--
--
--
--
--
Requirements Analyst
Development Leader
Developer 1
Developer 2
Tester
RA DL D1 D2 T
Developer 2
Tester
--
--
--
--
--
Requirements Analyst
Development Leader
Developer 1
RA DL D1 D2 Tactual Coordination (AC) coordination alignment (CA)
Requirements Analyst
Development leader
Developer 1
Developer 2
Tester
RA DL D1 D2 T
-- x x
x -- x
x x --
--
x x --
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
PatternsCoordination needs (CN)
--
--
--
--
--
Requirements Analyst
Development Leader
Developer 1
Developer 2
Tester
RA DL D1 D2 T
Developer 2
Tester
--
--
--
--
--
Requirements Analyst
Development Leader
Developer 1
RA DL D1 D2 Tactual Coordination (AC) coordination alignment (CA)
Requirements Analyst
Development leader
Developer 1
Developer 2
Tester
RA DL D1 D2 T
-- x x
x -- x
x x --
--
x x --
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
PatternsCoordination needs (CN)
--
--
--
--
--
Requirements Analyst
Development Leader
Developer 1
Developer 2
Tester
RA DL D1 D2 T
Tester
--
--
--
--
--
Requirements Analyst
Development Leader
Developer 1
Developer 2
RA DL D1 D2 Trole-based calculation (CN’)
Developer 2
Tester
--
--
--
--
--
Requirements Analyst
Development Leader
Developer 1
RA DL D1 D2 Tactual Coordination (AC) coordination alignment (CA)
Requirements Analyst
Development leader
Developer 1
Developer 2
Tester
RA DL D1 D2 T
-- x x
x -- x
x x --
--
x x --
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
PatternsCoordination needs (CN)
--
--
--
--
--
Requirements Analyst
Development Leader
Developer 1
Developer 2
Tester
RA DL D1 D2 T
Tester
--
--
--
--
--
Requirements Analyst
Development Leader
Developer 1
Developer 2
RA DL D1 D2 Trole-based calculation (CN’)
Developer 2
Tester
--
--
--
--
--
Requirements Analyst
Development Leader
Developer 1
RA DL D1 D2 Tactual Coordination (AC) coordination alignment (CA)
Requirements Analyst
Development leader
Developer 1
Developer 2
Tester
RA DL D1 D2 T
-- x x
x -- x
x x --
--
x x --
-- x x
x -- x
x x --
--
x x --
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Testers predominant in initiating backchannel communication
39
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Testers predominant in initiating backchannel communication
39
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Testers predominant in initiating backchannel communication
39
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Requirements clarification and communication of changes predominate in backchannel communication
40
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Requirements clarification
Requirements clarification
Communication of changes
Communication of changes
Requirements clarification and communication of changes predominate in backchannel communication
40
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Physical separation did not stop backchannel communication
41
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Requirements
Analyst
Developer
Development
Leader
Tester
Test Leader
Building 2
Building 1
Physical separation did not stop backchannel communication
41
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Patterns
• More-detailed measure to identify coordination congruence
• Backchannel communication
• False gaps
• Alignment of actual coordination behavior with organization structure
42
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
> Implications
• Researchers: mechanism to investigate RDC at a fine-grained level
• Tool designers: develop tools to support RDC
Expertise seeking, emergent members, coordination diagnose
• Practitioners: gain insights about current processes and conditions
43
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Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Implications
Our framework can help people design improved
- RE processes, - collaborative tool support, and - communication infrastructure
in organizations to enable effective coordination in software projects
44
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Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
Replication
• Agile team
• Requirements are volatile per nature
• Collaboration is constant
• Communication happens F2F
• Small teams
Irum Inayat, PhD candidateSiti Salwa Salim, Dr.
45
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Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
> More about RDC at
• RE ’07: Preliminary patterns
• RE ’08: Brokerage
• Book Ch. ’10: RDC framework
• RE ’11: Roles and communication
• ICSE ’13: Domain knowledge
46
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Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
More about RDC at
• RE ’07: Collaboration patterns and impact of distance on awareness
47
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
More about RDC at
• RE ’08: Brokerage
Brokerage predominant in certain types of communication
Distance didn’t matter
Knowledge and experience as determinants for brokerage
48
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
More about RDC at
• Book ch. ’10: RDC framework
49
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
More about RDC at
• RE ’11: Roles and communication structures
50
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13
Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
More about RDC at
• ICSE ’13: Domain knowledge and hierarchical control structures in coordination
Communication ties that do not follow task assignments but are according to hierarchical structure
51
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Research visit to Collab group - UniBA Sabrina Marczak - February 2013
> References[RE ‘07] Daniela Damian, Sabrina Marczak, and Irwin Kwan, “Collaboration Patterns and the Impact of Distance on Awareness in Requirements-Centred Social Networks”, In: IEEE Proc. International Requirements Engineering Conference, New Delhi, India, 59-68, 2007.
[RE ‘08] Sabrina Marczak, Daniela Damian, Ulrike Stege, and Adrian Schroeter, “Information Brokers in Requirements-Dependency Social Networks”, In: IEEE Proc. International Requirements Engineering Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 53-62, September 2008.
[Book ch. ‘10] Daniela Damian, Irwin Kwan, and Sabrina Marczak, Requirements-Driven Collaboration: Leveraging the Invisible Relationships between Requirements and People, Collaborative Software Engineering, Mistrik, I., Grundy, J., van der Hoek, A, Whitehead, J. (Eds.), Chapter 3, pages 57-76, Springer-Verlag, London, England, March 2010.
[RE ‘11] Sabrina Marczak and Daniela Damian, “How Interaction Between Roles Shapes the Communication Structure in Requirements-Driven Collaboration”, In: IEEE Proc. International Requirements Engineering Conference, Trento, Italy, 47-56, 2011.
[ICSE ’13] Daniela Damian, Remko Helms, Irwin Kwan, Sabrina Marczak, and Benjamin Koelewijn, “The Role of Domain Knowledge and Hierarchical Control Structures in Socio-Technical Coordination”, In: IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering, San Francisco, USA, May 2013 (To appear).
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Thanks for your attention!
Questions?Comments?
Presented bySabrina [email protected]://www.inf.pucrs.br/sabrina.marczak/
mercoledì 6 febbraio 13