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Republic of Rome and Early Empire
509 BCE – 27 BCE
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Model of the city of Rome during the early fourth century CE. Museo della Civiltà Romana. 1) Temple of Portunus,, 2) Circus Maximus. 3) Palatine Hill, 4) Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 5) Pantheon, 6) Column of Trajan, 7) Forum of Trajan, 8) Markets of Trajan, 9) Forum of Julius Ceasar, 10) Forum of Augustus, 11) Forum Romanum, 12) Basilica
Nova, 13) Arch of Titus, 14) Temple of Venus and Roma, 15) Arch of Constantine, 16) Colossus of Nero, 17) Colosseum.
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Temple of
Portunus (Temple of “Fortuna
Virilis”), Rome, Italy, ca. 75
BCE.
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Temple of Vesta (?),
Tivoli, Italy, early first century
BCE.
Restored view of the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina, Italy, late second century BCE (John Burge).
Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia at Palestrina
Roman concrete construction. (a) barrel vault, (b) groin vault, (c) fenestrated sequence of groin vaults, (d) hemispherical dome with
oculus (John Burge).
Imperial Rome
Portrait of Augustus as
general, from Primaporta,
copy of bronze original, ca. 20
BCE
Remember This?
Supposedly, Aeneas left Troy and established a settlement in Italy (at Alba Longa). He is often credited as
the founder of Rome. He is also supposedly the son of Venus.
The cute little boy is also supposed
to remind you of Cupid and thus Venus.
Gemma Augustea, early 1st C. CE
Augustus
(probably) being
crowned by
Oikoumene – the
personification of
the inhabited
world.
Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace)
Aeneas Sacrificing
Details of the Panathenaic Festival procession frieze, from the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 447–438 BCE. Marble, 3’ 6” high. Horsemen of north frieze (top), British Museum,
London; seated gods and goddesses (Poseidon, Apollo, and Artemis) of east frieze (center), Acropolis Museum, Athens; and elders and maidens of east frieze (bottom), Louvre, Paris.
Procession of the imperial family, detail of the south frieze of the Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, Italy, 13–9 BCE. Marble, 5’ 3” high.
AP Question: In whose honor was this monument erected? How do the style and content reflect the culture’s social and political
values?
Pont du Gard Aqueduct
Pont-du-Gard, Nîmes, France, ca. 16 BCE.
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Porta Maggiore, Rome, Italy, ca. 50 CE.
Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France, ca. 1–10 CE.
Maison Carre – Nimes France
• Emperor Nero
• Built Domus Aurea after large fire in Rome
• Last emperor of the Julio-Claudian line
Domus Aurea
SEVERUS and CELER, section (left) and plan
(right) of the octagonal hall of the Domus
Aurea (Golden House) of Nero, Rome, Italy,
64–68 CE.
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Vespasian: Founder of Flavian dynasty
• General under Claudius and Nero
• Began construction of Flavian Amphitheater (COLOSSEUM)
Flavian Amphitheater & Colossus of Nero
Theater at Epidauros (Greek)
• Used for plays on special holidays
Aerial view of the Colosseum (Flavian
Amphitheater), Rome, Italy, ca. 70–80
CE.
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The Colosseum
Column Orders
Groin Vaulting
Roman engineers took the
basic round arch and developed
a range of structural systems
from it. These structural
systems all allowed for larger,
stronger structures able to carry
far more mass than earlier
structures based on the post
and lintel system.
-barrel vault - barrel vaults are
essentially extended arches
-groin vaults are barrel vaults
that intersect at a right angle
- groin vaults used in series and
supported by buttresses allow for
immense interior spaces
Colosseum Subterranean
Gladiators
Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy,
after 81 CE.
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Arch of Titus
Spoils of Jerusalem, relief panel from the Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE. Marble, 7’ 10”
high.
Opposite side of Arch of Titus
Triumph of Titus, relief panel from the Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE.
Marble, 7’ 10” high.
