T>-.r.

Republic of Kenya Tana River Development 1 ^ Authority %à

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Tana River Delta Irrigation Feasibility Study

Proposal for Consulting Services

December 1980

13 H V DHV Cons ting Engineers HVA-lnternational B V

Stichting voor Bodemkartering Wageningen

13 H V DHV Consulting Engineers

OHV Raadgevend Ingenieursbureau BV PO Box 85 3800 AB Amersfoort - The Netherlands

Laan 1914, no 35/Tel. (33) 68 91 11 Telex 79348 dhv nI/Cables dehave

Managing Director Tana River Development Authority P.O. Box 47309 Nairobi Kenya

Amersfoort, December 17 1980

Our réf.: HvDij/lMei/BL-499 File no.: 9.2020.56.03 Subject : Tana River Delta Irrigation Feasibility Study

Dear Sir,

With reference to your invitation of November 3 1980, we have the pleasure to submit to you herewith the proposal in tripli­cate of the association DHV/HVA Intemational/Stiboka for con­sulting services concerning the Tana Delta Irrigation Feasibi­lity Study. As leading partner of the association DHV Consulting Engineers will assume full responsibility for the proper execution of" the studies.

In the presentation of our proposal we have followed your in­structions. The approach and methodology we propose to adopt are based a.o. on the knowledge and information we possess on the local conditions of the project area, on useful suggestions and clarifications regarding the Terms of Reference obtained from TRDA during a site visit and on related background papers.

Apart from professional ability and experience, key personnel of the team we propose has been selected on former experience in the Tana delta area itself or elsewhere in Kenya or East Africa.

For the sociological aspects, which form an important part of the study, the Consultant proposes to collaborate with prof. Mbithi of the sociological department of the University of Nairobi.

Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued information available for consultation, following Fair Use ' ~2~ Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the • Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the , originators. For questions please contact soil.isric(awur.nl indicating the item reference number concerned.

HVA-lnternational BV

Stichting voor Bodem kartering Wageningen

I5S89

-2-

Aerial photography, ground control, aerial triangulation and mapping required.for the semi-detailed topographical survey shall be entrusted to Geosurvey International Ltd. in Nairobi.

By utilizing the facilities and services of HVA (Kenya) Limited, a subsidiary of UVA, based .in Nairobi, our asso­ciation is able to arrange for all required logistics on very short notice, which would permit the start of the study as early as January 1981. Thus at least the major part of the reconnaissance field surveys could be comple­ted before the next flooding season.

In order to meet such a time frame a provisional agreement should be concluded on or before February 1st 1981 while at the same time agreement should have been reached on the principle contents of a contract which should become effec­tive on or before May 1st 1981.

We like to emphasize our availability for discussion of any detail of our offer and for providing additional information. We sincerely hope that we will shortly have the pleasure of commencing this most interesting assignment.

Yours faithfully, for the association DHV Consulting Engineers

H. van Œfijken Regional Director Africa

E n d . : proposal

Republic of Kenya Tana River Development ' W Authority \d

ISRIC LIBRARY

M ftp- ^

Wageningen, The Netherlands

Tana River Delta Irrigation Feasibility Study

Proposal for Consulting Services

December 1980

D H V ^ DHV Consulting Engineers I T

'^Z^y HVA-lnternational BV P.O. Box 85 / Telex 79348 dhv nl / Cables dehave 3800 AB Amersfoort - The Netherlands

Stichting voor Bodemkartering Wageningen

CONTENTS PAGE

SECTION 1 THE CONSULTANT

1.1. General 1.2. Description of DHV Consulting Engineers 1.3. Description of HVA International 1.4. Description of Stiboka

2 2 5 6

SECTION 2 RELEVANT EXPERIENCE 11

SECTION 3 PROJECT EXECUTION 15

3.1. Team composition 3.2. Task dexcription 3.3. Reporting 3.4. Organization of the project execution

15 16 20 20

SECTION 4 METHOD OF WORK 22

4.1. Outline of the project 4.2. General planning consideration 4.3. Reconnaissance survey 4.4. Semi-detailed soil survey 4.5. Topography 4.6. The settlement pattern 4.7. Hydrology 4.8. Irrigation and drainage 4.9. Agriculture 4.10. Organization and Management 4.11. Marketing and Financial analysis 4.12. Lifestock

22 23 26 27 28 28 30 31 32 33 34

SECTION 5 COMMENTS ON TERMS OF REFERENCE 36

SECTION 6 CONSULTANTS' REMUNERATION 40

SECTION 7 CURRICULA VITAE

LOCATION OF STUDY AREA

+ SOMALI • REPUBLIC

42'

- 4 *

— 2 *

-0*

LEGEND + + + inter-Territorial

E E E E = Study Area

2

SECTION 1 THE CONSULTANT

1.1. General

For this project an association is formed by: DHV Consulting Engineers, Amersfoort, the Netherlands HVA-International BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Stiboka, Stichting voor Bodemkartering, Wageningen, the Netherlands (Netherland Soil Survey Institute)

In this way an optimal combination is acieved of the following key elements necessary for a successful execution of the project:

specialists' know how in settlement planning and implementation specialists' know how in the implementation of agricultural develop­ment knowledge of local soil conditions

As regional director for East Africa Mr. H. van Dijken will be responsible for this study. Consultants will use the following postal address: DHV Consulting Engineers P.O. Box 85 3800 AB AMERSFOORT The Netherlands

1.2. Description of DHV Consulting Engineers

DHV Consulting Engineers (officially registered in the Netherlands as "DHV Raadgevend Ingenieursbureau BV") is an independent firm of Consult­ing Engineers. It was founded in 1917 and employs at present 1050 people (1980). DHV's executives and its senior staff members are members of the Nether­lands Association of Consulting Engineers (0NRI) which is affiliated to the Fédération International des Ingénieurs Conseils (FIDIC). DHV is a limited liability company.

Six technical department cover the following range of engineering ser­vices:

1. Urban and regional development department: urban development regional development industrial development socio-economy and agronomy institutional aspects (organization and management)

2. Hydraulic, port and road engineering department: irrigation, drainage and reclamation ports, harbours, hydraulic structures road and railway engineering

3

river training and flood control hydrological and hydrographie surveys and (model) studies

3. Building and architecture department: power stations factories hospitals monument preservation

4. Structural and geotechnical engineering department: geotechnics materials, specification and control structural design, steel, (pre)stressed concrete, timber

5. Public health and environmental engineering department: water supply and water treatment urban drainage domestic and industrial sewerage and sewage treatment solid waste collection and disposal hydrogeological surveys pollution surveys and control ecological aspects

6. Transportation and traffic engineering department: transport planning traffic engineering road design cargo handling, physical distribution networks, port manage­ment

The work of these departments is supported by a number of specialized technical groups and laboratories: geotechnical, data processing, mechanical and electrical engineering sections, water laboratory, soil and road laboratory.

Included in the scope of services are: inventory and assembly of necessary studies pre-investment studies technical and economic feasibility studies multi-disciplinary studies and co-ordination of studies preliminary engineering studies and designs final design, cost estimates, specifications, tender documents quantity surveying construction and supply contracts preparation of working drawings co-ordination, inspection and management of construction on-the-job training arbitration

4

DHV counts among its clients: Asian Development Bank (ADB); International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank); Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); World Health Organization (WHO); United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); Inter-American Development Bank; Netherlands Government, Directorate of International Technical Assistance.

DHV has provided professional services on behalf of government agencies of more than 50 countries in all parts of the world. In the Netherlands DHV executed assignments for government agencies as well as for regional authorities, such as provincial councils and water-boards, municipalities and for private companies.

Outside the Netherlands DHV has undertaken many assignments, not only under it own name but often under the name NEDECO (Netherlands Engineering Consultants).

In Tunisia DHV is known as ICN (Ingénieurs Conseils Néerlandais) and in Venezuela as C.A. Dehave.

List of DHV Publications

DHV Consulting Engineers: A general brochure containing a description of the organization, fields of activities, scope of services, financial statement and review of experience.

DHV Information: Extensive information on the organization, branch offices, representa­tions and participations, available personnel, overseas experience, clients and registration with international financing agencies.

TTA-Brochure: Project experience of Transport and Technologies Advisors (incorporated in DHV) on ports, transshipment, terminals and physical distribution.

Brochures with descriptions of projects executed by DHV in the field of: River Basin Development Ports and Navigation Environmental Engineering Water Supply Industrial Wastewater Urban and Regional Development Transport and Traffic Engineering Roads and Railways Building and Architecture Construction

5

Brochures with descriptions of programmes and systems developed by DHV: SWANA, a computer program for water distribution networks SRIODIM, a computer program for the optimal design of a sewerage system CARROUSEL, an oxidation ditch for treatment of wastewater requiring low investments Shallow Wells, a handbook on experience and construction of shallow wells for water supply to the rural population Published in co-operation with the Directorate General for Inter­national Cooperation of the Netherlands Government (DGIS) A methodology for slum-improvement studies Guidelines for Rural Centre Planning, a handbook on the physical planning aspects of rural centres Published for the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP).

1.3. Description of HVA-International

HVA-International is a Private Limited Liability Company, established and organized under the law of the Netherlands, with a share capital of Dutch Guilders 10,000,000.-, which is wholly owned by United HVA Com­panies. It employs some 60 staff at home and 90 abroad including agro­nomists, factory engineers, factory technologists, economists, financial analysts, training officers and marketing experts.

HVA-International provides management and consultancy services to agro-industrial projects in tropical, sub-tropical and arid zones.

In general, its clients are governments or government-controlled or­ganizations. Furthermore the company undertakes commissions on behalf of inter­national and national financial and development institutions, as well as for private interests.

HVA-International's services include: country-wide studies to determine areas most suitable for develop­ment of the agricultural, horticultural as well as agro-industrial projects concerned pre-feasibility and feasibility studies, giving detailed production and financial estimates as well as the best cultivation, harvesting and processing methods; all such studies are presented in the form of bankable reports detailed tender specifications and tender selection expert supervision of quality of equipment and of implementation of the project including, where necessary, erection of the factory, its plant and equipment, including stores and workshops management, technical assistance and staff recruitment training of personnel at all levels including overseas training marketing studies

6

establishment of financial administration including computerised programmes assistance in the acquisition of finance for agricultural, horti­cultural and agro-industrial projects

HVA-International has been active mainly in sugar cane and cane sugar projects, in oil palm projects, in tea, cassava, fibres and rubber, and in horticultural projects.

Although sugar projects are usually the most complex, the Company in­cludes also less intricate projects in its programme such as the cultiva­tion and processing of grains, oil seeds and other crops, the cultiva­tion of fruit and vegetables under field and greenhouse conditions, and the establishment of irrigated pastures for dairy and beef cattle.

Following the project's completion, the Company may provide management, if so desired, over a number of years and train local personnel in agricultural, industrial and management skills.

1.4. Description of Stiboka

INTRODUCTION

Stiboka (Stichting voor Bodemkarting), is the Netherlands Soil Survey Institute, founded in 1945. It is a department of the Research Devision of the Ministry of Agriculture. The institute is governed by a board of representatives, nominated by various Ministries and by farmers' organi­zations. Dr. R. Dudal, Director of the Land and Water Development Division of the FAO in Rome acts as adviser to the Board.

Work is carried out on a contract basis for a number of clients (govern­mental and private enterprises) covering a wide range of agricultural and non-agricultural applications.

MAIN ACTIVITIES

The main activities of Stiboka are: 1. Research on and sampling of the soils of the whole of the Nether­

lands for the purpose of classification into soil types and the preparation of soil maps.

2. An on-going systematic survey of the soils of the Netherlands and preparation of soil maps to scales of 1 : 200,000 and 1 : 50,000.

3. Interpretation of soil survey data for advice on various types of land use, for example crop production, grassland farming, forestry development and urban and recreational land use. The carrying out of the relevant research into land use.

7

4. Carrying out of specific soil surveys and advising on the inter­pretation of soil survey data for the purpose of determining land use and for advising the client generally on land use. The commissions have covered such fields as:

rural development and reconstruction water management and drainage layout of new water courses routing new roads planning future land use rural and urban zoning lot grouping agricultural extension work for farm management soil improvement forestry management urban development ground water management drainage planning horticultural development

Each year some 50-70 projects are carried out and soil data and soil maps on various scales are produced. Clients range from government departments to private enterprise organizations.

5. Provision of specialist personnel, technical services for site activities and home office back stopping for soil survey and land evaluation projects in developing countries. Preparation of the relevant reports and maps for these projects.

ORGANIZATION

The Stiboka organization comprises the following departments:

1. Soil Surveys

Departments for the in the Netherlands on-going, country wide, soil survey and preparation of maps to a scale of 1 : 50,000 and 1 : 200,000 and for soil surveys and map preparation for clients on any scale from 1 : 100,000 to 1 : 5,000. Interpretation is also carried out on behalf of clients.

2. Soil Research

For the study of the soils, their properties and classification, there are specialist departments for:

soil chemistry clay mineralogy geology geomorphology

8

paleobotany information system earth sciences micromorphology

3. Soil Data Applications

For the interpretation of data for land use and advice to the government and clients, there are specialist departments for:

hydrology applied soil physics soil physical farming forestry horticulture

4. Cartography

Personnel and equipment are available for the preparation of maps and drawings for soil classigication, soil types and landscapes concerned with soil usage.

PERSONNEL

A total of 154 staff are employed. These include: 32 university graduates with specialities in different field such as:

soil survey agronomy forestry horticulture arable and grassland farming land evaluation soil chemistry soil physics geography geomorphology hydrology mineralogy micropedology cartography computer sciences

53 agricultural officers of diploma level 17 field and laboratory assistants 20 draughtsmen/cartographers

WORK CARRIED OUT IN THE NETHERLANDS

1. A soil map of the Netherlands to a scale of 1 : 200,000 has been published. The accompanying tests include an evaluation as regard to suitability for arable land, grassland and forestry.

9

Work is in hand on a systematic soil survey of the Netherlands to a scale of 1 : 50,000. 60% of the total has been completed with 5% already published in the form of coloured maps with detailed ex­planatory texts. While the project is mainly concerned with land suitability for arable land, grassland and forestry, evaluations for other purposes are carried out on request.

For the need of governmental and private clients, the Institute has developed a soil classification system for the Netherlands, a systematic soil legend and a standard framework of terms of reference for the execution of soil survey interpretations and evaluations.

The Institute has also co-operated with FAO in the development of the FAO soil classification, the legend of the soil maps of Europe and the FAO framework for land evaluation.

In addition, a continuous study is in hand on the determination of the most effective survey and interpretation methods.

OTHER ACTIVITIES

The Institute is an active participant in the work of international scientific organizations through the involvement of its scientists. Stiboka staff fill the following offices:

International Society of Soil Science: Vice President - Section Soil V, Soil Survey Classification Chairman - Working Group on Soil Information Systems Chairman - Working Group on Soil Micromorphology International Clay Conference: Secretary General International Working Group on Submicroscopy of Indisturbed Soil Materials: Secretary International Geographical Union: Chairman - Working Group on Geomorphology of River

and Coastal Plains International Soil Museum: President of the Board

Stiboka co-operates with national organizations in other countries, for example the United Kingdom, Germany, Rumania, Portugal, the USA, China and advises on matters related to soil survey and land evaluation.

The Institute is also involved in the execution of EEC financed projects on soil survey and land evaluation in Western Europe and advises the US Environmental Protection Agency.

10

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

1. At the request of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Directorate for International Technical Assistance) Stiboka has been involved in technical assistance for, and implementation of, the following projects:

Kenya Soil Survey - technical back stopping, soil investiga­tions, training of local staff. Micromorphology of the Soils of India - micromorphological investigations. Soil Departments, National Agricultural Research Institute, Mozambique - technical services, technical backstopping, general advice. Soil Survey and Land Evaluation Project, Mano River, Liberia -technical services, technical backstopping. Soil Survey and Land Evaluation (for rainfed and irrigated agriculture), Luena Flats, Zambia - executions of surveys and recommendations for intensified land use. Soil Survey and Soil Cartography, Soil survey organization, Bogor, Indonesia - technical advice. Soil Survey and Land Evaluation, Leziria Grande, Portugal -Soil survey and hydrological investigations of a reclaimed river clay area with recommendations for future land use.

2. Other activities have been: Soil Survey and Land Evaluation for sugar cane cultivation, Kagera, Tanzania - at the request of HVA-International. Establishment of a Soils Institute for the Government of Libya - at the request of the Netherlands Ministry of Agri­culture. Advice and assistance on the execution of soil sur­veys, evaluation of soil surveys and land evaluation. Soil survey and soil suitability for irrigated horticulture in four areas, Government of Lybia - recommentation for planned land use. Soil Survey Institute, Surinam - technical backstopping, staff recruitment, cartography. Exploratory soil survey, Northern Botswana - at the request of the International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences. Surveying and recommendations for the planning of land use.

3. Staff members and agricultural officers have been seconded on different occasions to international organizations (FAO) and private consultants for soil survey and land evaluation projects in such countries as Brazil, Iraq, Egypt, Malaysia and the Netherlands Antilles.

11

SECTION 2 RELEVANT EXPERIENCE

Following a number of relevant projects elsewhere are described. All recommendations given in these projects were accepted by the client.

I3HV DHV Consult ing Engineers

K A F U E FLATS H Y D R O L O G I C A L STUDIES

Z A M B I A

Client

Location

Period of assignment

Government of Zambia Ministry of Agriculture and Water Development Government of The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs Directorate General for International Cooperation

Southern Zambia

1977 -1980

Situation The Kafue River is the main t r ibu tary of the Zambezi River. In its lower reaches it f loods an area of approximately 500 000 ha, w i t h consequent large evaporation losses. Its f l ow is at present main ly used for the generation of hydro-electr ic power.

Long term irr igat ion development is under consideration in order to make the best use of the l imi ted water resources available. The preservation of f lora and fauna also requires careful water manage­ment.

Assignment a. To carry out a water balance study for the Lower Kafue catch­

ment area, by means of simulat ion of the hydrological pheno­mena of the area.

b. Development of a mathematical model that wou ld simulate water levels and f lows in the area liable to f lood ing.

The project Field operations compr ised: — the establishment of a network of hydrometr ic stations along

the Kafue River and its tr ibutaries, measuring streamflow and col lect ing meteorological data

— contour mapping based on tr iangulat ion measurements and photogrammetr ic processing, aerial photography of we t /d ry boundaries of the f looded area at d i f ferent water levels.

A cell type s imulat ion model has been elaborated, the in-f lows being river f l ow , t r ibu tary f lows and rainfa l l ; the out- f lows div­ersions to a power plant , abstraction for i r r igat ion, spi l lway f l ow and évapotranspirat ion. The area liable to f looding has been spli t up in to 70 storage cells. The Kafue River is represented by 60 river nodes. Physical laws regarding river f l ow , storage and évapotrans­pi rat ion have been incorporated in the model to ensure a sound s imulat ion.

Af ter cal ibrat ion water balances were computed for cr i t ical dry years when avai labi l i ty of water is at stake. The possibilit ies for addi t ional i r r igat ion development outside the Kafue Flats under present condi t ions were f irst analysed. In addi t ion to this, conside­rat ion was given to substantial irr igation development in combinat ion w i th technical measures t o promote a more eff ic ient use of water. These measures, contro l led f lood ing, impoldering and an improved surface water reservoir management were included in the water balance computat ions, together w i t h several degrees of develop­ment. Consequences for the present water-r ight holders were derived f r o m the computed water balances.

ID U V DHV Consulting Engineers

HILLA DIWANYA IRRIGATION PROJECT

IRAQ

Client

Location

Project executed under the name

In cooperation wi th

Period of assignments

Government o f Iraq Ministry of Irrigation

Iraq

NEDECO Netherlands Engineering Consultants

ILACO, Arnhem, The Netherlands

1958 - 1960 Drainage studies 1965 - 1970 Irrigation studies, design and preparation o f tender documents 1974 - 1981 General supervision of execution

Situation The area involved in the study forms part of the Mesopotamian Plain between the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers and comprises approximately 400 000 ha. The Euphrates River, from which the area is irrigated, is practi­cally the only source of water. Although the salt content of the water is low, inadequate natural drainage and the lack of artificial drainage have resulted in high subsoil water tables and salt accumu­lation.

The way of maintaining a water/salt balance favourable to sus­tained productivity is to control the subsoil water table and to gradually wash out the salts from the root zone. This can be achieved by artificial drainage and a well controlled irrigation system.

-f • - * * > • * • *

( ^ » T O X

\ ': >. t,-

Assignments a) period 1958-1960

Collecting of the principal data and the design^of a drainage system to meet the requirements of the area.

b) period 1965-1970 Investigation of the irrigation system in the area to be reclaimed and the design of improvements. Preparation of tender documents for the required irrigation and drainage works.

c) period 1974-1979 General supervision of execution of the works.

Project The design of main and secondary drainage systems, surveys of see­page from canals and of soil composition, land and drainability classifications, and the drawing up of a reclamation programme were important aspects of the study. The surveys and investigations resulted in the following conclusions and proposals: 1. Precipitation in the area is low and contributes very little to the

drainage flow. The drainage run-off consists largely of field per­colation, irrigation wastage, and canal seepage. Since recla­mation of land and development of an irrigation system must be a gradual process, the drainage system for the area will be applied in two stages. In the first stage the drainage run-off wil l be 0.7 mm/day over the gross irrigated area, increasing in the second stage untii i i t reaches i mm/day. Allowance is made in these calculations for the inevitable per­colation losses of irrigation water from canals, ditches, and fields.

2. During the first stage, 85-90% of the total area, excluding the large, closed complexes of waste land, will need artificial sub­surface drainage to relieve salinity and poor groundwater con­ditions. During the second stage, the system will probably have to be expanded to include the entire area.

3. After reclamation, most of the project area will come within land class 2, i.e., arable land moderately suitable for irrigated crops. The land classification is based on the properties of the soil as such and evaluates the land as to its productivity.

4. The subsoil permeability increases with depth. Most of the area falls under drainability class 1, i.e., subsoil with a permeability greater than 7 m/day beginning at a depth of less than 2 m. This drainability level permits a wide spacing of the drains. Adequate drainage for the class 2 and even the class 3 areas can be pro­vided by applying a drainage system 3 m below the surface where the permeability is better.

5. The criteria to be applied in designing the drainage system are: a. 1.50 m as the minimum permissible depth of the subsoil

water table. b. 3 m as the minimum permissible depth of the water level in

the drains.

6. The proposed system of deep drains 750 to 1000 m apart has the following advantages over a system of shallow drains narrowly spaced: a. Fewer drains are needed, which results in a simplification of

control and maintenance. b. Construction and maintenance are less expensive. c. Fewer structures are necessary. d. The drained land is better suited for mechanized farming.

7. The drainage system is to consist of open field drains, collec­tors, main drains, and outfalls. The outfalls wil l discharge the flow to a main river branche and to a depression, where neces­sary with the aid of pumps.

8. The total cost of the drainage works for stage 2 is estimated at U.S. $ 42 000 000 or approximately U.S. $ 135 per gros ha drained.

As the available quantity of water for the region will not be suffi­cient for intensive summer and winter cultivation, intensive use of the water wil l be required to increase the agricultural yield. Investigation of the existing irrigation system, started in 1965, clearly showed that remodelling of the whole system is essential, because of lack of controll structures and inlet and outlet structures to regulate and measure levels and discharges and to control water supply.

Tender documents for the required irrigation and drainage works were prepared and finalized in 1970, on the basis of the results of the two studies. The works include the construction of approximately 3000 km of deep open drains, 1300 km of new irrigation canals and the re­modelling of 350 km of existing canals, as well as the construction of the following structures:

2 drainage pumping stations, capacity 25 m3 per second 5 irrigation pumping stations, as the area will partly be irri­

gated by pumping 240 inlet structures 130 check structures

3300 headgates 60 spillways

2000 culverts and aqueducts 50 drop structures

630 footbridges

The total cost of construction is estimated at U.S. $ 110 million.

All nine construction contracts were awarded to one contractor in April 1974. The execution of the works was to be realized within 5 years. However, it proved necessary to extend the period for completion up to the beginning of 1981.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF EUPHRATES AND TIGRIS SYSTEM

CATCHMENT AREA (km?)

64,100

108.000

120,650

234,600

264,100

LEGEND

D ö

B A T M A N R I V E R

CATCHMENT AREA

(km?)

BATAN R I V E R

*+>•+ + •++ • i • + + + • •

ABU DIBIS

STATE BOUNDARY

O N - S T R E A M RESERVOIR

PROPOSED

OFF-STREAM RESERVOIR

BARRAGE

PROPOSED

CANAL PROPOSED OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION

TOWN

MOSUL

M O S U L - - : 54 ,900

G R E A T E R Z A B RIVER 8 0 . 0 0 0

LESSER ZAB R I V E R 105,600

' FATHA

SAMARRA

ADHAIM RIVER -125,600

BAGHDAD

DIYALA RIVER 164,400

13 H V ABU GHRAIB AGRICULTURAL PROJECT

DHV Consulting Engineers IRAQ

Client Government of Iraq

Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform

Project executed under the name NEDECO Netherlands Engineering Consultants

In co-operatin with ILACO, Arnhem, The Netherlands

Scope of services Planning, design, tender documents and supervision of irrigation and drainage works

Period of assignment 1975-date

Situation The Abu Ghraib Agricultural Project Area, west of Baghdad is a flat stretch of land between the Euphrates and the Tigris, covering some 273 000 ha. Although it is one of the major agricultural regions of Iraq, the salinity of soil and groundwater prevents intensive cultivation. Most of the area is irrigated by the Euphrates River. Since the com­pletion of the Tharthar-Euphrates Canal in 1978 the discharge from the Euphrates can be supplemented by water from the Tigris River.

The existing irrigation network consists of six main canals taking off from the Euphrates River. Along the head reaches of all these canals irrigation takes place by pumping; further downstream by gravity flow. A strip along the Tigris and Euphrates is irrigated direct from these rivers by pumps. At present a barrage across the Euphrates River near Falluja is under construction as well as a main canal on the left bank of the Euphrates, running from the barrage to Iskandariya. The existing main canals will then receive their supply from this Falluja main canal and serve as feeders for the distributaries. However, the most upstream of the existing main canals (Saqlawiya) wil l in future also take off direct from the Euphrates, just upstream of the new barrage.

Assignment The consulting services have comprised the following activities or phases:

Phase I : preparation of a planning report (1975-1977) Phase II : preparation of detailed designs and tender documents

for the main irrigation and drainage system and service roads (1977-1979)

Phase III : general supervision during construction (1979-present) Phase IV : planning and detailed designs for an experimental farm

and seven technical support centres, including an action programme for agricultural extension and training (1977-1978).

Project The planning report comprises a regional plan for the Abu Ghraib area, including proposals for irrigation, drainage, roads, land con­solidation, land reclamation, on-farm development, rural electri­fication, domestic water supply, village construction, agricultural extension, social services, project management, etc. The regional plan is based on technical and socio-economic con­siderations.

The main objectives of the development of the area are to improve the standard of living of the population and to increase agricultural productivity. The stages involved are:

— regional planning — design and preparation of tender documents for sub-projects:

- irrigation, drainage, service roads - land reclamation, on-farm development - experimental and demonstration farms - rural development: electrification, domestic water supply

— implementation of sub-projects — project management

The water allocation to the project allows an average cropping intensity of 90% in winter and 30% in summer. The proposed production plan comprised a number of cropping patterns, each of which wi l l , in principle, be confined to specia­lized agricultural zones. Cropping patterns will be introduced for fodder crops, (mainly for dairy-farming); for sugarbeets/wheat and for potatoes/maize/wheat respectively. Certain regions will be re­served for specialized vegetable farms and orchards and cotton will be produced on a minor scale. Production will take place on private farms as well as on State Farms.

An efficient system of irrigation and drainage will be established. Much attention will be paid to the construction of water course units (40-65 ha), land levelling and land consolidation. The water course units are to be set up in a regular pattern of graded fields r»f o f f î n i o n t CÎ7P

The Abu Ghraib Agricultural Administration will be reinforced to deal with the various aspects of agricultural and project implemen­tation, with emphasis on the establishment and improvement of co­operatives. An agricultural extension worker will be stationed at each local co-operative serving 100-150 farmers. Such co-operatives will be combined with an agricultural machinery rental station.

The project area has been divided into a number of relatively small construction units, each of which will be developed as an entity including main works, pipe-drainage, land levelling and land con­solidation. In principle, the construction work should not take more than one year per unit. Three or four construction units will be combined to form one contract unit. It is proposed to develop an area of about 8000 ha net per annum.

LOCATION OF CONSTRUCTION AND CONTRACT UNITS

SCALE APPROX. 1 : 600,000

1.2 \

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Some project statistics:

Water requirements

Irrigated from Euphrates Irrigated from Tigris Contracts

2000 mem per annum from Euphrates 500 mem per annum from Tigris

136 000 ha (8000 ha by pump) 24 000 ha (24 000 ha by pump)

— 27 irrigation, drainage and road contracts, each taking 3-4 years

— Separate contracts for some 40 irrigation and drainage pumping stations and for the offices and other buildings.

Total quantities for engineering works:

Roads

Irrigation canals

Drains

Earthwork

Concrete

Materials

asphalt concrete surface treatment unpaved main canal, lined branch canal, lined distributaries water courses field channels main drain branch drains collector drains plastic field drains total cut total f i l l l o n r l l o w û l l ï r t r i • - • • — • - » — 3

reinforced concrete (structures) unreinforced concrete (structures) concrete for lining construction steel reinforcement steel asphalt concrete bitumen

380 km 1500 km

10000 km 52 km

365 km 1200 km 2500 km 8500 km

55 km 335 km

2200 km 16 000 km

92 x 106 m3

94 x 106 m3

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250000 m3

15000 m3

373 000 m3

4300 ton 19 000 ton

640 000 ton 28 000 ton

13 H V REHABILITATION OF 3 IRRIGATION PROJECTS PROSIDA-SERIES B

INDONESIA

Client

Location

In cooperation with

Period of assignment

Government of Indonesia

Java - Indonesia

Netherlands Engineering Consultants "Nedeco" , the Hague International Land Development Consultants L td . , " I l aco" , Arnhem Land Improvement and Reclamation Consultants, " G r o n t m i j " , de Bilt Consulting Engineers and Architects "van Hasselt en de Kon ing" , Nijmegen

1 9 7 0 - 1 9 7 4

Situation The extensive gravity irrigation systems in Indonesia have suffered from an almost complete lack of maintenance works over the last 20 to 30 years. In the First Five-year Plan the Government of Indonesia has given highest priority to rehabilitation of these irrigation schemes, mainly to increase the rice production.

DHV consulting engineers. Amersfoort The Netherlands

Assignment The Government requested the Internat ional Development Association (I .D.A.) for f inancial assistance and created a special agency (Prosida) for implementat ion of the rehabi l i tat ion program under the I.D.A.-loan agreement. Foreign consultants are employed for technical assistance to the projects.

Project The Prosida-Series B projects included the fo l lowing areas:

— Ciujung sub-project in West-Java 24,300 ha; — Pemali-Comal sub-project in Central-Java 123,000 ha; — Sandang sub-project in South-Sulawesi 54,000 ha.

Consultant's cont r ibu t ion in the rehabi l i tat ion program consisted of the preparation of designs and tender documents and supervision of construct ion for the fo l lowing civi l works :

a. Repair and rehabi l i tat ion of Pamarayan Barrage on the Ciujung River, Benteng Barrage on the Sadang river, and 45 weirs on various rivers in Pemali-Comal. Complete reconstruct ion of 4 destroyed weirs at Cisadap, Cawital i , Danawarih and Kaliwadas in Pemali-Comal. Modernizat ion of the desilt ing works at the headworks. Repair or reconstruct ion of structures in primary and secondary irrigations canals and drains.

b. Desilting and cleaning of pr imary and secondary canals, repair of canal sides slopes and embankments, including protect ion against erosion and construct ion of washing places, buf fa lo pools and cattle bridges.

c. Construct ion or rehabi l i tat ion of structures in tert iary canals. Earthwork for the f irst 50 m of these canals was included in the contracts, the remainder was supposed to be constructed by the farmers under guidance of the Government.

d. Rehabilitation or construction of drainage canals and structures. Especially in the Sadang sub-project a complete new drainage system was designed.

e. Repair of existing and construction of new service roads along primary canals and inspection paths along secondary canals.

f. Construction of new canals, structures, drains and inspection roads in the extension areas of Sadang sub-projects and in some areas of Pemal-Comal.

g. Installation of measuring devices in primary and secondary canals for accurate distribution of the water available for irrigation.

In the field of irrigation-agronomy the following activities can be mentioned:

a. Determination of water requirements in the 3 sub-projects.

b. Planning of an action program for tertiary unit upgrading and development.

c. Operating of the irrigation networks in the sub-projects, including collection of information on water demand, determination of the water allocation and regulation of the allocated flow throughout the irrigation system.

d. Planning and setting-up of Pilot tertiary units.

e. Installation of agro-meteorological stations.

Lack of maintenance was the main reason for the deterioration of the irrigation systems. A proposal for the set-up of a maintenance organization in the three sub-projects has been prepared, complete with staffing, required equipment and an estimate of the annual maintenance costs.

All available data on hydrology have been collected, scrutinized and presented in a report. A hydrometric organization was established to collect further data in the sub-projects.

The drainage of coastal areas was studied for the sub-projects on Java for Prosida Series A as well as for Prosida Series B. Proposals for setting-up of an organization for coastal investigations have been submitted; these surveys have a high priority because recent data are hardly available. Programs and recommendations for improvement of drainage in areas flooded regularly have been submitted.

D H V consulting engineers, Amersfoort The Netherlands

iDUvr WADI RIMA' IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC

Client

Location

Period of assignment

Ministry of Agr icul ture, Tihama Development Author i ty International Technical Assistance Department of the Netherlands Government

Tihama Coastal Plain, YAR

1978 - 1979

Situation An extensive irrigation infrastructure has existed along the wadis in the Tihama Coastal Plain for centuries. Farmers traditionally build deflectors of brushwood and rubble to divert the flood waters onto their fields (spate irrigation). Vulnerability of the deflectors and uncertainty in occurrence and magnitude of the floods limit the reliability of irrigation, so that only parts of the fields are reached.

Assignment — A technical and an economic feasibility study of primary and secon­

dary irrigation systems for wadi irrigation development; — Preliminary design for a diversion structure, primary and secondary

canals with distribution and control structures; — Final design, preparation of tender documents and supervision of

construction.

DHV consulting engineers, Amersfoort The Netherlands

The project

Hydrology

A typical characteristic of wadi f l ow is the large f luctuat ion of discharge rates. While in the Wadi Rima' baseflows may vary f rom 0.5 - 5 m3/sec, peak-f lows of short durat ion of 100 m3/sec and over are not unusual.

Elaboration of the wadi f low data showed that 89% of the total f low volume is discharged at f l ow rates below 15 m3/sec. As this phenomenon appears to be typical for all the wadis in the Tihama Coastal Plain, it was taken as a basis for the design of the i rr igat ion scheme.

Irrigation

An assessment of four possible solut ions showed that wadi-water diversion at low f low rates wou ld be the most feasible system, both technically and economical ly. The main advantages are:

— only one diversion weir w i t h intake and f lushing structures is required; — the supply canal can be relatively small (iength 20 km) w i th small

intake, cont ro l and drop structures; — water d is t r ibut ion in the project area can be fu l ly control led w i th

automatic gates; — more irr igation water is available due to increased eff iciency of the

system.

Economy

An analysis of the four alternatives showed that the system chosen had an internal rate of return of 13% on investments in irr igation development. In nnmhinat inn w i th agricultural extension, the internal rate of return for the entire project wou ld increase to 19% . These IRRs prove to be considerably higher than those for similar wadi improvement projects in the Tihama Coastal Plain, so that the chosen solut ion may be considered very effective.

Total construct ion costs wi l l amount 50 000 000 YR (US S 11 000 000)

12

FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR A MECHANISED RICE FARM AND A RICE MILL IN THE MAHARUNGA BASIN, MTWARA REGION, TANZANIA by HVA-International

The HVA-International Feasibility Study for the growing of rice in the Mtwara Region, Tanzania, related to the development of a mechanized rice farm of 2,300 hectares and a rice mill in the Maharunga basin of the Mtwara Region of Tanzania. This basin covers about 8,900 hectares in total of which 2,300 were found to be of suitable quality for the establishment of a compact rice farm under irrigation. It was found that the Ruvuma river carries enough water to ensure irrigation for growing rice throughout the year. This would make it possible to grow rice twice a year.

In order to reach a yield of 8 tons of paddy per hectare, irrigation of the rice by flooding was a must. In connection herewith a preliminary design has been made for an irrigation system. On the other hand, in order to prevent flooding of the rice area in periods of high river water levels and/or of big rainfall, a protective dyke and a rather extensive drainage system had to be designed.

The paddy harvested would be collected at the paddy collecting centres near the drying plant (later: drying plants). Milling of this paddy would continue throughout the year in a modern rice mill. The rice farm cum mill would produce a quantity of rice increasing from some 2,300 tons per year during the first year of production to some 11,500 tons per year 6 years later. The financial calculations made, showed that the ex mill price for rice was sufficient for the new farm to obtain a positive, though modest financial result.

Apart from rice as main product, rice bran (and polish), paddy husks and rice straw would become available as by-products, however, it was assumed that at that time only bran could be sold.

In the final stage the rice farm and -mill would employ more than 700 people of whom over 300 on a permanent basis.

The investment cost for the project would be Shs. 129,000,000 of which Shs. 123,000,000 for fixed assets and Shs. 6,000,000 for working capital.

The shareholders could expect a modest eventual return on their invest­ment over the fifth and sixth operating year, each of 3% dividend per year and 3k% over the following years.

In order to evaluate the project from the point of view of the national economy, the economic rate of return was calculated at 12%. In the three years before it would be possible to introduce double rice cropping, soja beans would be grown.

13

The proposal has not been implemented yet because of the insufficient financial rate of return of 5% as shown in the HVA report. As a conse­quence the Client was unable to attract sufficient financial support to allow the implementation of the project.

THE RIO GAMBIEL AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (Guinea-Bissau) by HVA International

The Rio Gambiel site studied by the experts of HVA-International is suited to the cultivation of rice, maize, sugar cane, groundnuts and cotton. In addition, to establish an agro-foodstuffs industry in Guinea-Bissau would benefit the country, in creating jobs, raising the standard of living, encouraging the building of a work force and in reducing the country's economic dependence on foreign suppliers.

Among the crops which could be established within the framework of the project, rice could be grown either in rotation with other plants or during the rainy season as a rainfed crop.

Sowing could be carried out under irrigation prior to the start of the rainy season. Different varieties would be tested at the pilot farm. A strong-yielding rice variety could be expected to give around 2,500 to 3,000 kg per hectare.*

Besides the study on climatic and topographic conditions, the project will include earth moving works, the construction of a dam and an irrigation system and construction of a pilot farm. Following ploughing, the land will be levelled and worked, with the standard agricultral treatments applied.

The project's water requirements will be covered by an irrigation system. A pumping station erected close to the reservoir on the Rio Gambiel (with a 50 million cubic metre capacity) would supply the plots through a network of underground pipes.

Total costs of the project is estimated at US $ 42,189,000. This sum will cover the expenses arising from agricultural works, the purchase of materials and of consumables, construction of the dam, farm and accomodation for personnel, as well as salaries for the latter.

The results of the study and the HVA experts' recommendations have re­cently been presented to the Government of Guinea-Bissau which is cur­rently studying them. In the event of a favourable outcome, the initial work for the project could be put into effect without delay.

* To rice could be added edible crops such as maize, soya, groundnuts and sugar cane.

14

NIGERIAN GRAINS BOARD MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE AND MARKETING STUDY by HVA-International

At this moment HVA-International provides management assistance to the Nigerian Grains Board, who is responsible for the procurement and storage of a strategic maize, sorghum and rice stock. HVA is also carrying out a marketing study for the Federal Ministry of Agriculture in Nigeria.

The objective is two-fold: firstly, to provide during the 1980/81 season adequate marketing services and facilities at existing points and ensure that as many producers as possible have ready access to the official support process. Implicit in this object is the need to make better use of available storage to prevent deterioration of grains purchased and to re-distribute and sell stocks in accordance with government policy and to meet domestic demand.

The second objective is the preparation of a longer term development plan and associated investment proposals to enable the Nigerian Grains Board to fulfil a continuing positive role in the market and provide the Federal Government of Nigeria with reliable information and the planning capacity essential for the design and implementation of a grains pro­duction and pricing policy. The project started in November 1980 and will take 1 year, with a possible extension to 3 years.

15

SECTION 3 PROJECT EXECUTION

3.1. Team composition

The Consultant proposes to assign the following experts for the Tana Delta project:

disciplines name

teamleader/irrigation and drainage expert topographer hydrologist pedologist 1 pedologist 2 pedologist 3 pedologist 4 agronomist rice and foodcrops expert organization and management expert marketing economist/financial expert sociologist regional and social planner lifestock expert

The curricula vitae of the experts mentioned above have been compiled in section 7 of this proposal.

We are particularly pleased that we can propose as teamleader mr. W.A. in 't Veld of DHV Consulting Engineers. In our opinion he brings most appropriate qualifications for the successful completion of the study. He has ample experience in project management and design of irrigation and drainage projects. He has been assigned to a number of important projects in Indonesia, South Korea and Iraq. To carry out the soil surveys the Consultant has sought the cooperation of Stiboka of Wageningen, the Netherlands. Stiboka is well aware of local conditions in Kenya due to the fact that it has worked in close coopera­tion with the Kenya Soil Survey during a long period.

w. A. in 't Veld

F M. J.W. Kappers M. Schenkeveld

J J

Stolp J. Vleeshouwer

J Mulder G van der Veen C C M.R. Drayer A. de Vries

A G J P

J.S. Looyen Stegwee

D. Heijnen and Kenyan expert G. Blok

M M. Veldman

Government of Kenya

Tana River Development Authority

Government of the Netherlands

Neth. Embassy

DHV Consulting Engineers HVA International Stiboka

Liaison officer Consultant's team

Team-leader

Logistics Team-leader

Logistics

Topography

Soil investigations

Survey-section

Soil investigations

Survey-section Survey-section Survey-section

Hydrology Hydrology

Sociology

Agronomy

Irrigation and drainage

Design section

Irrigation and drainage

Design section Design section Design section

Livestock Livestock

Regional planning

Organization and management

Economic section

Marketing Economic section

Marketing

Economy/finance

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16

3.2. Tasks descriptions

Teamleader/Irrigation and drainage expert

The teamleader shall perform the following tasks and duties: coordination and control of the Consultant's team activities with respect to the project liaison with the Client in all matters concerning the project organizing all fieldwork and home office activities supervision and coordination of all investigations, surveys and design work coordination of the preparation and editing of all documents and reports to be submitted by experts of the team preparation and submission of progress reports to the Client advise the Client in all matters related to the project

As irrigation and drainage engineer he shall in collaboration with the agronomist be responsible for:

collection and evaluation of existing data, documents and reports preparation of the design of the irrigation and drainage systems by designing the appropriate blocksize, capacity of primary and secon­dary canals, etc. preparation of cost estimates of the works to be executed establishing of design criteria for canals, roads, including bridges and culverts prepare a rotation procedure for the operation of the system

Topographer

The topographer shall be responsible for: a steroscopic analysis of the existing aerial photographs with a view to preparation of a map showing topographical features (recon­naissance phase) drawing up of technical specifications for aerial photography to be flown for the semi-detailed survey guiding, supervising and checking the subcontractor for aerial photography levelling alignments of main canals, surveying sites of major structures such as intake structure, deversion works, etc. preparation of basic network of reference benchmarks

Hydrologist

The hydrologist shall be responsible for: review of existing hydrological data study of available mathematical models of the Tana River study of the impact of future reservoir projects on flows of Tana River near the project area

17

checking of chemical properties of the river water with view to usage for agriculture study and analyse of siltation in the delta study and design of the drainage of the area study the routing of floods through the delta in relation to the change in regime due to the construction of flood protection works (frequency curves, flood levels, extent of storage zones, etc.) study of available flows in river near project area

Pedologist

The team of pedologists shall be responsible for: carrying out the reconnaissance field survey taking of soil samples and arranging for analysis thereof at the National Agricultural Laboratories in Nairobi during the semi-detailed soil survey augerings shall be made incl. sample taking a semi detailed soil map shall be made to scale 1 : 20,000

Agronomist

The agronomist shall be responsible for the following activities: irrigation, drainage and road systems within tertiary units, in­cluding land forming requirements (if any) and estimates of crop water requirements evaluation of various possible crop rotations and their integration into a land utilization plan selection of rotation schedule to the proposed defining the set-up, scope and requirements of an "Agricultural Service" which covers:

extension services demonstration fields provision of mechanization services provision of high quality seed and other agricultural inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides coordination of diseases and pests control training facilities research on such practical subjects as fertilizers (formula­tion, application), varieties, planting periods

Rice and food crops expert

The rice and food crops experts shall be responsible for the following activities :

collection of all relevant field data presentation of all details of rice and food crops growing in the project area, such as:

18

physical inputs and outputs crop calendar crop rotations varieties and seed supply diseases and pests control research subjects

presentatioh of processing and storage facilities for the produce of the scheme

Organization and Management expert

The organization and management expert shall be responsible for: regarding organizational set-up:

indication of organizational structure and description of tasks and responsibilities manpower requirements phasing of manpower during project implementation specification of manpower per organizational level, discipline, educational level and experience required functional classification and wage resp. salary scales job descriptions of key functions

regarding recruitment and training: available labour in terms of number, disciplines and skills recruitment schedule training requirements and methods

regarding foreign assistance: details on expatriate assistance in case local qualified personnel is expected not to be available

Marketing Economist/Financial Analyst

The marketing economist/financial analyst shall be responsible for: presentation of all relevant financial and economic aspects of the irrigation scheme such as:

local and foreign demand of agricultural produce development and recurrent costs sales proceeds cash flow schedules internal reate of return benefit cost analysis investment schedule and time table for implementation

Sociologist

The sociologist will, in close cooperation with other team members: study the socio-economic characteristics of the population in and around the project area, including the (semi-)nomadic pastoralists who use the area only during the dry season

19

study the function of the project area as a resource base for dry season grazing and other uses and estimate losses which could be incurred as a result of the implementation of the irrigation pro­ject, in cooperation with the lifestock expert and other team members propose ways in which these losses can be avoided or minimized formulate proposals for the recruitment of the prospective settlers, including priorities as to their origin and other selection criteria propose, in cooperation with the agronomist and, if necessary, the lifestock expert and other, a programme for training of the prospec­tive settlers estimate the cost of the various measures proposed identify possible other social and economic constraints which could have negative repercussions on the project and indicate how these negative consequences could be avoided

Regional planner

The regional planner will, in close cooperation with other team members: estimate the number of people living in and around the project area together with their chief demographic characteristics and the main causes of moridity and mortality study, together with the sociologist, the main socio-economic characteristics of the present population asses the availability of socio-economic services in the villages and other centres in the surroundings of the projects area and, if necessary develop a centrality index for these centres study the proposed location of the 10,000 ha scheme in relation to existing/planned roads, existing population and future markets, taking into account the results of the hydrological, topographic and hydrological investigations

Once the location of the 10,000 ha scheme has been decided upon, he will concentrate on the settlement planning aspects and:

determine the best possible locations of the future farming villages and of one or more order service centres, taking into account espe­cially the existing infrastructure in and around the project area, the need to minimize road construction while still maintaining good access and an optimum utilisation of the irrigable land, giving preference to higher, better drained land for settlements establish, in close contact with the responsible authorities, the agronomist and the marketing economist/financial expert, the area of irrigated land which will be allocated to each settler and derive from the figure the number of families to be settled study and establish, in dialogue with the authorities and other team members, the type and level of socio-economic services re­quired and whether or not these services will be provided at government expense

20

estimate the non-agricultural population which will be necessary to provide these services prepare a map, showing the location of existing and future settle­ments in and around the project area, together with the proposed road network develop a prototype lay-out of a village centre, of a houseplot and of a higher order service centre provide the relevant cost estimates for the overall socio-economic and financial cost-benefit analysis of the necessary roads, settle­ments and of the socio-economic services provided

Lifestock expert

The lifestock expert shall be responsible for the following activities: survey of present grazing grounds in and around Tana Delta assessment of prevailing practices in production, distribution and consumption of cattle making proposals as to new grazing areas keeping in mind the reduc­tion in area due to agricultural developments

3.3. Reporting

In agreement with the terms of reference the Consultant shall submit reports of its progress of work every month. The first report will be submitted two months after signing of the contract, the last progress report at the time of submitting the draft final report. The interim report containing the results of the reconnaissance surveys and discussing the selection of the area of 10,000 ha shall be submitted at the end of project month 7. The draft final report containing the Consultant's proposal as to the layout and organization of the irriga­tion scheme together with the cost estimates and the financial and economic studies shall be submitted at the end of project month 13. The final report, incorporating the outcome of the discussions with the Client shall be submitted at the end of project month 16.

3.4. Organization of the project execution

The Consultant shall organize his activities in such a way as to make optimum use of the dry seaons. In the wet season the terrain is virtually impenetrable. Reportedly the dry seasons in the projects area are from January to March and from August to October, but in some years, with prolonged rains the period during which one can enter the delta may be even shorter. The Consultant plans to carry out his activities: a. in the field to collect all required field data b. in Nairobi where an office will be set up and from where regular

contacts with the Client will be possible and c. at the Consultant's headquarters in the Netherlands

21

The field work will be executed from a temporary camp that will be set up near the project area. In the second phase (semi-detailed studies) the camp can possibly be set up closer to the selected area of 10,000 ha.

o

22

SECTION 4 METHOD OF WORK

4.1. Outline of the project

The study area is defined as approximately 40,000 ha of river basin lands lying between Garsen and the Indian Ocean. The area is extremely inaccessible even by Landrover (KSS-Site evalu­ation report nr. 23) because of:

the absence of roads or tracks except in the direct surroundings of Garsen the presence of many old river courses which are filled with water, even in the non-flood period

The basin lands of the Tana Delta are usually flooded in April-July and again in November-December (personal communication Mr. Mbara) and covered with 30-50 cm water (KSS-Site evaluation report nr. 23). The field activities can therefore only be carried out when the areas are not flooded, e.g. January to March and August to October.

The area is inhabited by three different groups of people, viz. the Pokomo, the Orma and the Galla people. The most important town in the area is Garsen.

The sedentary Pokomo people are principally dependent on crop produc­tion. Due to the relatively low annual rainfall the scope for rainfed agriculture is very limited; therefore crop production is confined mainly to the narrow strip along the Tana River. The crops are usually grown in a traditional way during or shortly after flood recession of the Tana River. The main crops, such as maize, rice and pulses are cultivated almost exclusively for subsistance. Agricultural inputs are low, resulting in low yields. The people's diet is supplemented by fish locally caught. It is estimated that not even 1% of the total area of the central and southern division is used for crop production; the remainder of the area is used for extensive livestock reared by the Orma and Somali people.

The villages are situated on the higher parts of the river plain complex mainly on the high levees or on the higher terraces.

A valuable source of information, especially for the initial stage of the Consultants' services are the aerial photographs at scale 1 : 60,000 which were made by Japanese Institute for Cartographic Assistance in 1978.

According to data given in the KSS-Report the areas which in part can be expected to be more or less suitable for irrigation are all situated in the flood plain proper.

ACTIVITY FLOW CHART

Analysis of present situation

• ' "

Present policies Policy objectives Delineation of irrigation areas Present policies Policy objectives Delineation of irrigation areas

' 1

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for areas Problem analyses Problem setting Implications for areas

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Evaluation Evaluation

Reports Reports ' i '

Development strategy

' 1

Elaboration Combination for project area Elaboration Combination for project area

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Instruments/ projects

Draft final report Draft final report

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Revision

Final report and designs

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23

The boundary between flood plain and terrace land/lagunal sand ridges can be distinguished on the aerial photographs fairly accurately (personal communication dr. Sombroek). The basin lands area consist predominantly of deep and very deep, non-calcareous, heavy clay soils, which are normally non-saline and non-alkali till at least 100 cm (KSS-Site evaluation report nr. 23). Soil conditions seem to be rather uniform in this basin lands and therefore an augering density of 1 augering per 250 ha for the reconnaissance survey and 1 per 20 ha for the reconnaissance survey and 1 per 20 ha for the semi-detailed survey is amply sufficient. If however during the survey soil conditions in some areas appear to show considerable varia­tions over short distances, more augering will be done.

The annual rainfall varies from 757 mm in Ngao, to 1090 mm on the (narrow) coastal strip. The water supply for any irrigation scheme in the area should come from the Tana River, being the only perennial river in the area. Groundwater appears to be brackish; the quality of the river water is good for irrigation purposes and its minimum flow (once in 10 years) is some 30 m3/s. A general drawback of the river water is its high silt content.

4.2. General planning considerations

The study area is known to be sparsely populated and is used as dry season grazing by roving pastoralist groups. The study should therefore inter alia pay attention to two important issues:

The establishment of a large irrigation project may cause losses to the pastoralists and ways must be studied how these losses can be minimized or even avoided altogether. In many similar situations elsewhere stockowners have suffered losses as a result of the development of irrigated agriculture. The Awash valley in Ethiopia is a sad example in this respect. Nomads saw their precious dry season grazing land diminish considerably and their normal stock routes barred, which forced them to make long detours. In a number of cases this led to clashes and social tension between the settlers and the pastoralists. Irrigation, with much higher yields in terms of nutritional and monetary value, must take precedence over much less intensive forms of land use, whenever feasible. It can bring considerable benefits to the national economy and to the settlers. At the same time, social justice demands that this does not go at the expense of others. The second issue is the origin and selection of the new settlers. If there are not enough people in the area itself (and they must have preferential treatment), it will be necessary to attract people from outside.

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Irrigation demands a considerable investment and hence it will be essential to establish stringent criteria for selection and to make provisions for the training of the settlers even prior to their settling in the new villages. No farm plans etc. have of course been prepared yet and, at least equally important, it is not known to us how much irrigated/rainfed land will be allocated to each settler. This is an essential element in the planning of the project and a decision in this respect will have to be taken by the responsible Kenyan authorities at an early stage of the study. For the physical layout of the project two alternatives exist which are very consequential. For the sake of greater equity, the government may decide to allocate only small plots of say 0.5 ha, per family. In this way many more people can benefit from the project. However, marketable surpluses and farmers' incomes are likely to b smaller. Important from a physical planning point of view is that such a small irrigated land area per family implies the need for additional rainfed land, within a reasonable walking distance. This means that it may be necessary to divide the 10,000 ha into a number of smaller schemes, surrounded by sufficient rainfed arable land for the settlers' needs. If the plots allocated are larger, say between 1 and 2.5 ha, the need for considerable areas of rainfed land is no longer present since all family labour will increasingly be absorbed (especially if two of three crops can be harvested each year). For family farms with more than 1 ha of irrigated land the use of oxen and/or mecha­nized traction becomes rapidly a sheer necessity since the family's hand labour no longer suffices.

At any rate, the population in the project will be considerable. At 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 ha of irrigated land per family the total number of people (not counting the non-agricultural service population) will be in the order of 100,000, 50,000 and 20,000 respectively (assuming an average family size of 5 for the initial phase). These people require not only land, houses and roads, but they have other needs as well, including:

agricultural extension services, research marketing and storage facilities, input distribution agricultural industries such as rice mills credit and banking facilities domestic water supply and sanitation schools medical care retail shops and market places sport/play grounds churches and/or mosques social/cultural community centres power for pumps, local industries and perhaps domestic use

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bus services postal services local government offices, police etc.

These services (which can, moreover, be of a different level, e.g. dispensary and district hospital) cannot be located just anywhere, but require a carefully planned distribution, within a hierarchical system of centres to maximize their efficiency. Thus it will be necessary to include not only farming villages in the plan, but also service centres and perhaps still higher order rural centres.

At a minimum, however, the study will have to take the need (and the costs) of the necessary services into consideration and the settlement plan will have to be based on the hierarchical principle as this ensures the most effective and efficient distribution of essential social and economic services to the settlers. For this reason it is proposed to include an expatriate regional/area planner in the team, who has experience both in the field of developmental planning within the framework of irrigation projects and local experience in Kenya.

It is furthermore noted that it will be necessary to consider carefully the standard norms, employed in Kenya and elsewhere in the world, for the planning or upgrading of social and economic services. Whenever possible, the Kenyan standards and norms will be applied, but there may be instances when it is advisable to depart from these standards, because of the specific problems encountered in large irrigation projects. Medical care is an example. Irrigation increases the risk of widespread occurrence of schistomiasis, malaria and other water-related diseases. Certain preventive measures (including, for instance, the introduction of specific tilapia species which feed on the intermediate hosts of the Schistosoma flukes) will be considered, since S. haematobium, for instance, is already prevalent in the area, with infection rates of over 60 per cent recorded in school children. Malaria is classed as holoendemic, with a spleen rate of over 75 per cent in children aged 2-9 years, which leads to an infant mortality rate directly from malignant tertian malaria of about 10%.

The fact that some settlers may come from outside the area further complicates the matter, since they may not have the same degree of immunity which local people have built up. Preventive measures in the design can be introduced, but may be too expensive (e.g. the concrete lining of irrigation canals and drains). Hence other measures will have to be considered too (e.g. improved sanitation and domestic water supply) as well as more intensive medical preventive and curative health services. Highton (in Health and Disease in Kenya, 1974) noted further possible increase in the transmission of bancroftian filariasis, oncho­cerciasis, leptospirosis, plague and arboviruses. At stake are both the well-being of the future settlers (and this is what development is about) and their productive capacity, which may be severely curtailed by the prevalence of these diseases.

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4.3. Reconnaissance survey

The topographical work during the reconnaissance survey will concentrate on a stereoscopic analysis of aerial photography. In order to reduce the overall cost of the project, the Consultant proposes to use as material for the analysis the photography to a scale 1 : 60,000 which was prepared in 1978 by the JICA of Japan. The Consultant requests that prints and enlargements of all photographs of the project area be made available to him at the start of the project by the Survey of Kenya through assistance of the Client. The Consultant shall prepare a map of the project area (covering 40,000 ha) showing general topographical details and features, such as levees, river courses, high and low lying spots, roads, villages, etc. This map will assist the Consultant in selecting the area of 10,000 ha. Also differences in vegetation, land use, drainage etc. will be taken into account.

Before the fieldwork for the soil survey is started, the results of the photo interpretation will be discussed with the Client. If the Pi-map gives rise to specific questions, during the fieldwork special attention will be given to answer these questions. During the fieldwork:

Augerings will be made till 220 cm depth, 5% of them till 500 cm depth if soil depth allows. Augering density: 1 per 100 to 200 ha. In areas where the soil pattern is complicated, more augerings will be done than in areas with little variation in soils. pH and EC will be measured at 5 different depths e.g. 0-20 cm, 20-50 cm, 50-80 cm and 120-180 cm. If groundwater is encountered, its pH and EC will be measured. Of the major soil units 3 profile pits will be described in detail and sampled for physical and chemical analyses. At these sites also infiltration and hydraulic conductivity tests (Hooghoudt method) will be carried out. At the same places core samples from topsoil and first subsoil will be taken to determine the soil moisture held at various pF values*. After completion of the fieldwork the preliminary results of the survey will be discussed with the Client.

The flood period will be used to analyse soil samples, prepare soil and irrigation suitability maps on scale 1 : 100,000 and write a comprehensive report.

Tha laboratory work on soil samples will be done by the Soil Laboratory of the National Agricultural Laboratories in Nairobi.

*) Soil physical determinations in clay soils require special techniques which have been developed and applied at the Netherlands Soil Survey Institute. Some backgound data are provided in an appendix.

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The following laboratory tests will be carried out on soil samples:

Routine analysis

1. particle size analysis (sand, silt, clay %) 2. pH-H20, pH-KCl and EC in 1 : 2.5 soil: water suspensions 3. % C 4. % N (topsoil sample only) 5. CEC at pH 8.2 6. Exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na (on non-saline soil samples only) 7. CAC03 8. gypsum content

On soil samples with EC 1 : 2.5 exceeding 0.8 mmho/cm: 1. pH and EC of saturation extract (incl. % H20 paste) 2. soluble Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl, HC03, C03 and boron in saturation

extract

On composite topsoil samples (0-20 cm) a "mass analysis" method for soil fertility evaluation ("Mehlick" analysis) in which the following is determined: % C, available Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, Mn.

Special laboratory tests

These special tests include: 1. determination of pF-curves on core samples from topsoil and from

subsoil horizon from all sites with infiltration measurements 2. clay mineral analysis (X-ray) on at least a topsoil and subsoil

sample from one representative profile of a few major soil units

The soil map will be prepared on the basis of data collected during the fieldwork and the results of the laboratory analyses. The map will be on scale 1 : 100,000. Topographic information collected during the photo-interpretation and the fieldwork will be added. In the Interim Report the following aspects will be dealt with:

physiography vegetation and land use drainage pattern soil conditions detailed description of the sampled pits with the results of the field and laboratory tests

4.4. Semi detailed soilsurvey

The areas to be surveyed will be selected in consultation with the client and on the basis of the data collected during the reconnaissance survey.

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In the selected area of 10,000 ha augerings will be done, profile pits will be described and sampled as mentioned in 4.3. above. However augering density will be 1 per 10 to 15 ha. After completion of the fieldwork, the preliminary results will be dis­cussed with the client.

The period after the fieldwork will be used to analyse soil samples (by the Soil Laboratory of the National Agricultural Laboratories in Nairobi), to prepare soil- and suitability maps (scale 1:20,000) and to write a report. In the report a.o. the following subjects will be dealt with:

vegetation and land use drainage pattern and drainage conditions soil conditions, describing the physical and chemical properties of the distinguished mapping units suitability for irrigated rice and the limitations of the mapping units survey methods detailed description of the sampled pits with the results of the field and laboratory tests.

At the end of the project all profile description sheets and a map indicating the location of the augerings and the pits, will be handed over to the Kenya Soil Survey.

4.5. Topography

The topographical survey to be carried out following the reconnaissance survey should result in a map of the selected area of 10,000 ha showing topographical features and contours with an interval of 0,5 m. The map scale chosen is identical to the mapscale of the semi-detailed soil survey, viz. 1:20,000. The Consultant proposes to carry out aerial photography with a photo-scale of 1:20,000. This scale is required with a view to the required contour interval of 0,5 m. The photography allows the Client the preparation in a later stage of maps with a larger scale, which may be necessary during the construction phase of the project. For the rectification of the photographs a ground survey shall be under­taken followed by aerial triangulation. The topographical work includes the preparation of alignments of the main canals and site surveys at the location of major structures.

4.6. The settlement pattern

In all new settlement areas, the problem how to organize the spatial patterns of land use and human settlement is a prime concern. A farmer must live near his land, but he also requires socio-economic services, while his surplus production must be marketed etc.

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In many tradional farming areas, dispersed settlement is the rule. However, for modern projects this type of settlement is invariably rejected because it increases the costs and lowers the efficiency of the necessary distribution of services. The choice, therefore, is between a nucleated- and a lineair plan of settlement in clearly delineated villages. One village normally has a population of around 500 families perhaps split into several smaller units. This is sufficient to support the normal range of services and allows the farmer to live within a reason­able walking distance from his land. In locating individual villages the following planning considerations should be observed:

an optimum utilization of all economically significant land within the project area good accessibility to an all-weather road by each village minimalisation of the total cost of road construction rational distribution of social and economic services easy access from the village to higher level centres minimization of future investment costs, when public utilities such as water and electricity could be introduced to individual house­holds the possibilities for phased development to utilize infrastructural investment to the fullest possible extent

A land allocation in the project of 1 - 2 ha per family means that it will probably not be necessary to reserve land outside the project for rainfed farming (which would complicate the spatial planning). In the other hand, a project of 10,000 ha implies a total agricultural population of at least 5 - 10,000 families, i.e. 25,000 to 50,000 people, to which must be added the non-agricultural service population, which may amount to 10-15 per cent of the agricultural population during the initial phase of the project. The above figures and their range are presented to demonstrate the need for an early decision as to the area of irrigated land allocated to each family. The physiographic map of the project area shows the existence of terraces, also within the land area which is potentially suitable for irrigation.

In pricipe, these terraces could be suitable for settlement, as they are higher and usually better drained than the surrounding floodplains.

The required socio-economic services will have to be planned carefully, within a hierarchical system of rural centres of which the village constitutes the lowest tier. In view of the relatively large number of new settlers and the fairly isolated location of the project area, it will be necessary to plan one or more higher order centres, where necessary services with a higher threshold population than the 500 families of a farming village can be located.

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It will of course be up to the Kenyan authorities, and in this case especially to the Tana River Development Authority, to decide whether and to which extent these services will be provided at government ex­pense and how much will be left to private initiative and spontaneous development. Also in this respect the study team would expect a certain amount of guidance from the responsible authorities. Nevertheless the study will have to take the need for these facilities into consideration and, at a minimum, reserve the required space for the necessary buildings and for the houses of the non-agricultural popula­tion needed to provide these services. For the required socio-economic cost-benefit analysis and for the finan­cial analysis it will be necessary to develop a prototype of the farming villages and of the higher order centre(s). This will require the design of a layout of a village centre showing the ideal distribution of land uses and the relation of the centres to adjacent villages, smaller housing units etc. The design criteria employed should, as far as practicable, be established taking into account microclimatic considerations (e.g. orientation of buildings and roads in view of prevailing winds, shelter belts). In a similar fashion a prototype houseplot and a prototype of the higher order centres will be developed. The above work will require the participation of an experienced settle­ment/ regional planner in the study team, who has experience both in the field of area/settlement planning and of conditions in Kenya. It is noted that in the case of irrigation projects the standard and norms usually adopted for new settlemts (or for the necessary upgrading of services in already settled areas) are not necessarily applicable and require a careful analysis because of the specific problems encountered in large irrigation projects. Finally, it should be remembered that settlement planning cannot take place in a void. In the surrounding areas several villages are located and it will be essential to incorporate the project into a larger spatial entity. This will ensure also that the residents of the area, even if they do not participate directly in the project will also reap definite benefits from many of the services provided to the settlers, especially those services which are available at a higher level in the settlement hierarchy. This obviously implies the need to study the existing patterns of settlement and services in (part of) the surrounding district.

4.7. Hydrology

The irrigation project in the Tana delta shall be supplied with water from the Tana river. Reportedly the quality of the river water is good for agricultural usage (The Consultant plans however to check this through a number of laboratory tests). The abstraction of water requires a detailed study of the hydrology of the river.

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In this respect a study shall be made of the records of flow and gauge height which have been collected by the Ministry of Water Department. Stations are or have been operational in the northern reaches of the river and near Garissa, Hola and Garsen. These studies involve also investigations into the climatological phenoma such as rainfall, evapora­tion, sunshine, temperature, wind. No new stations are to be set up. The Consultant shall study and analyse the data collected by the Kenya Meteorological Department at stations in and around the project area, Kipini, Witu, Ngao, Adu and Bellazoni, possible also stations located somewhat farther away. Detailed hydrological studies shall be carried out to obtain frequency and duration curves of discharges and riverstages, to study the effects of planned and ongoing projects in the river reaches upstream from the project area. The effect of the construction of the storage dams for hydropower development will have an important impact of the discharges to be expected in the future. It can be said that in general the higher flows will be reduced, but the lower flows will be increased. The average flow at Garissa will according to TRDA amount to 40 m3/sec or about 38 m3/sec at Garsen, the 80%-flow will be 60 m3/sec at Garissa or 57 m3/sec at Garsen. These volumes are thought to be sufficient for the development of irrigated agriculture on the planned areas.

4.8. Irrigation and drainage

During the reconnaissance phase the following activities will be carried out:

review of irrigation and drainage possibilities identification of river flow and flooding conditions inventory of water resources assessment of water requirements selection of irrigation areas formulation of design criteria preliminary design of irrigation and drainage schemes formulation of possible solutions for flood protection works preliminary estimate of costs

In principle, the following factors determine the suitability of an area for irrigation development: soil type, topography and the availability of sufficient water. The nett area is then further limited by the land configuration. The soil survey will, in the first instance, indicate the suitability of the land for irrigation. The topography, which can be sufficiently assessed form aerial photo­graphs, at this stage, further dictates the command area. Hydrological data must provide information about the availability of water for irrigation throughout the year. Water requirements will be calculated from the data available at pre­sent, applying calculations methods which are commonly used in Kenya. The following basic data will be used:

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cropping pattern chosen water needs because of évapotranspiration and percolation irrigation efficiency (distinction between water losses in primary/ secondary systems and at tertiary level, taking into account opera­tional procedures) dependable rainfall nett irrigable area water needs for other purposes

Prior to the actual preliminary design work basic design criteria will be formulated including such items as method of hydraulic calculations and standards for flow velocity, free board, drainage requirements, loadings, material strengths and other basic values for outlets, weirs, diversion structures, bridges, inverted siphons, checks, drops, cul­verts, drain inlets, spillways, protective structures and discharge measuring devices. Standardization must be aimed at to enable effective operation and maintenance.

In general the following aspects and measures to improve drainage should be considered:

rehabilitation of river embankments separation of areas with a different hydroligic regime combination of small outlets into one outlet channel improvement of existing drains

The general layout for the drainage control works will be made after field visits and study of maps made of the aerial photographs. In irrigated areas the secondary drains are the key collectors of excess water and should be aligned as much as possible according to the exist­ing drainage channels to minimise the cost of earthwork.

4.9. Agriculture

The agronomist on the Consultant's team shall present a design of the irrigation, drainage and road systems within the tertiary irrigation unit, and indicate suitable field sizes and shapes of individual hold­ings (the latter in cooperation with the foodcrops expert, the agro-economist, the sociologist and the regional planner). These presentations will be based on a evaluation of climatic data, soil characteristics and topography of the project area as well as of farm facilities, farm sizes and other relevant data obtained from other comparable irrigation projects in Kenya.

He shall also, in close cooperation with the foodcrops expert and the economist, prepare a land utilization plan which is based on the land suitability map provided by the soils experts and taking into considera­tion the pro's and cons of various possible crop rotations.

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The agronomist shall furthermore give an indication of the set-up and of required facilities of an "Agricultural Service" which provides such services as extension, provision of high.quality seed and other agri­cultural inputs etc. This indication will be based on visits to compar­able irrigation schemes in Kenya. This shall be done in cooperation with the foodcrops experts, the organization and management expert and the sociologist.

Two visits, one in the period February-March and one in August-September, are planned to the project area and to existing agricultural settlements in or near the project area for an assessment of climatic and soil conditions of the project area and of crops and agricultural activities.

The rice and foodcrop expert shall present all relevant agricultural details of rice and foodcrop growing at the project area (such as physical inputs and outputs, crop calendar, crop rotations) and of processing and storage facilities on the basis of an evaluation of climatic data, soil characteristics and existing agricultural activities in the project area and an assessment of comparable irrigation projects in Kenya.

He shall provide the agronomist with all relevant information re an "Agricultural Service" which has a bearing on rice and foodcrop growing by smallholders. This information will be based on an appraisal of existing agricultural activities in the project area as well as an evaluation of comparable irrigation schemes in Kenya.

Two visits of the rice expert are planned (February-March and August-September) to the project area and to existing agricultural settlements in and near the project area are planned for an assessment of climatic and soil conditions of the project area and of crops, agricultural activities and labour standards.

During these trips visits will be paid to comparable irrigation projects in Kenya for an assessment of standards and methods of rice and foodcrop growing and the related role of an "Agricultural Service".

4.10. Organization and management

The Consultant shall present a design of the organizational set up for proposed development of the project area. This design will emphasize the importancy of establishing a strong and adequate management body which will arrange the start up and subsequent progress of planned production by small holders. At present it is envisaged that this body will consist of a planning department, an agricultural service and administration section.

The design includes an organizational chart, description of tasks and responsibilities and total manpower requirements in terms of number, functional classification and skills.

34

Consideration of the start-up and subsequent development will also in­volve determination of manpower availability planning in conjunction with project implementation schedules, a drafting outline of a practical training programme on the basis of available skills and functional requirements, as well as an assessment whether and if so, in which form, foreign assistance will be needed for the management, supervision on operations and training of local personnel.

Special attention in the design shall be given to initial management structure and requirement during start-up and possible alterations when the farmers have become more experienced.

The presentation will be based on evaluation of local human resources and conditions, outcome of project recommendations of the study, success­ful organizational practices applied at similar agricultural schemes in Kenya and will be worked out in close cooperation with the Client and other team members, in particular the sociologist and regional planner.

One trip to Kenya is planned for the expert (August/September) in order to visit:

the project area to assess the local situation and conditions regarding human resources similar existing agricultural settlements to observe and discuss organizational practices adopted and labour conditions relevant government departments to collect information on labour market and conditions, resp. educational and training systems and facilities.

4.11. Marketing and financial analysis

The Consultant shall investigate the internal and external demand for project outputs.

The financial expert shall in close collaboration with and based upon the findings of other team members, and taking into account data collected from relevant local sources, make a calculation pertaining to devel. opment and recurrent costs, thereby separating foreign and local components.

He shall calculate annual sales proceeds at prices assumed for the various crops (mainly rice) on the basis of the local and foreign market investigations as indicated above.

Furthermore he shall prepare a benefit/cost analysis showing the econo­mic justification of the project using relevant economic indicators incl. internal rate of return and discounted nett present value.

In collaboration with other team members he shall propose a time frame for the proposed development. Also the implied investment schedules will be prepared.

35

Two visits to the project area and to existing agricultural settlements in and near the project area are planned for the collection of relevant data.

During these trips visits will be paid to government and private organi­zations as well as to comparable irrigation projects in Kenya, among others to collect information required for an assessment of the demand for the project output.

36

SECTION 5 COMMENTS ON TERMS OF REFERENCE

In this section the Consultant shall discuss a number of items of the Terms of Reference which in his view require some explanation.

Project area

The project area is located within the triangle formed by the Malindi-Garsen and Garsen-Witu-Lamu roads and the Indian Ocean. This area, of about 100,000 ha, can be reduced by discarding a stretch of land along the sea having a width of 5-7 km and the high-lying areas along the western and northers limits of the area indicated in the beginning of this paragraph. The area that remains covers approximately 40,000 ha. A map showing the "triangle" and the project area thus delineated is shown on the next page. The final project area of 10,000 ha should be selected out of the 40,000 ha mentioned above.

Irrigation system

The irrigation system to be designed shall as much as possible comprise one area or two areas. The employer favors a gravity supply of irrigation water which might be possible against rather low cost due to the fact that the river is, in its lower reaches, fairly steep. The canal intake, however, will be situated north of the Garsen-Witu road. The drainage of the land should also, preferably take place by means of gravity. In this way no installa­tion and running of pumping stations will be required.

Organization of project

The future project shall be run by an independent organization owned by the Tana River Development Authority (TRDA) and the National Irrigation Board (NIB). In making proposals for the organization structure the di­rective in this respect to be issued by the Government of Kenya shall be taken into account by the Consultant. It was made clear to the Con­sultant during his discussuons with TRDA in Nairobi that the project shall consist of a great number of small holders each having 1-2 ha. A demonstration farm of about 20 ha shall form part of the project.

Sociological implication

At present the area is used rather extensively by people belonging to different tribal/linguistic groups. For roving pastoralists the flood plains provide valuable grazing during the dry season. Near the edges of the flood plains several farming villages are located and a number of farmers uses small patches in the flood plains to grow some rice and other crops. In and around the project area stretches of (permanent) water occur which are used for fishing. Despite a very low population density in the area itself, it cannot be said that the available re­sources are not used at present.

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37

The study should, therefore, pay attention to two crucial issues: to what extent losses will occur as a result of the establishment of the irrigation project and how these losses can be avoided, or at least minimized for the present users of the delta's resources since there are few permanent inhabitants in the project area and its immediate vicinity, who will be the new settlers and how will they be selected and trained

The establishment of a large irrigation scheme almost invariably causes losses to the former users of the area and pastoralists are a particular vulnerable group in this respect- The mouth of the Tana river has long been a meeting place for people from the north (Bajun and Swahili) and the south (Giryama) as well as from the interior (the riverine Pokomo). During the dry season the area provides much needed grazing for their herds and it is clear that a major intendification of land use which irrigation implies, with probably several harvests per year, means a threat to the traditional livelihood of these pastoralists. It should be kept in mind that it is the areas of dry season grazing which determine the possible size of the herds. Reduction of the dry season grazing land will in the short run probably lead to overgrazing of the remaining land, but on a longer time perspective lead to a greater mortality among the herds (especially after an extremely dry year) and a reduction of the number of cattle.

In many similar situations elsewhere stockowners have suffered losses as a result of the development of irrigated agriculture. Social justice demands that development does not take place at the expense of others, or at least that everything is done to prevent this from happening and/or to avoid or minimize the damage. In part the solution(s) to this problem will be technical in nature. Hence the livestock expert in the team and the agronomist will have to pay a great deal of attention to this problem. The same holds true for the planning of the scheme and of the settlements (e.g. in relation to the existing stock routes). It is obvious, however, that the problem has also a major sociological component. For this reason a (Kenyan) socio­logist has been added to the study, team.

In much the same way there may be problems related to (inland) fisheries which must be studied. If, for instance, permanent water occurs in the area selected for the project, it might be possible to itensify exploi­tation of this resource, e.g. in relation with the introduction of spe­cific Tilapia species which feed on snails and mosquito larvae etc. This could increase the availability of much needed protein, raise the income of the fishermen and contribute towards prevention of shistosomiasis and malaria at the same time. Another important issue which merits intensive study is the recruitment of the new settlers. Rather than recruiting immigrants from other regions in Kenya, it is preferred to select settlers from among people living in the vicinity of the project. Are the farmers living in the surrounding areas interested in this opportunity to improve their living conditions; is this the case also with the Bajun, for whom farming is often only a part-time occupation (in addition to fishing and/or animal husbandry) or even the true pastoralist groups who will lose part of their dry season grazing?

38

Most of the new settlers will require special training, perhaps already before they join the scheme, since they are not accustomed to intensive irrigated agriculture on a commercial scale. At the same time, some kind of selection will be necessary, to minimize the risk that the consider­able investment which a project of this size and nature represents will be wasted. There are of course technical aspects here too, but a solid sociological study will provide at least part of the many answers needed to solve these problems.

Soil physical determination in clay soils

Many standard soil physical methods have been developed for application in homogenous, non-swelling soils. The study of water movement in clay soils is very complicated and cannot be characterized adequately with existing soil physical flow theory. In recent years, alternative proce­dures have been developed at the Netherlands Soil Survey Institute. They have been published in International Journals and results have been pre­sented at various International Conferences. In clay soils, water does not infiltrate as a horizontal plane but follows vertical cracks. This implies rapid downward movement of water which does not adequately wet the soil between the cracks. Upon wetting, the soil will gradually swell and this, in turn, may result in closing of the cracks, allowing very little vertical movement during wet condi­tions . Water transmitting properties of the soil govern the suitability of the various soil types for irrigated agriculture. To asses adequately these properties, some tests are needed a.o. study of the specific effect of cracks. In dry, cracked soils infiltration rates are initially very high. These rates will be measured with standard infiltration-rate measurements. In addition, it is necessary to establish the depth of penetration of water along the cracks and the degree of wetting of surface soil. As stated, the latter may be limited due to the downward flow along the cracks. A dye (methylene-blue) will be added to the in­filtrating water at some selected locations and a pit will be dug after­wards to observe the patterns of water infiltration along the cracks and the depth of infiltration.

Experience with similar soils in the Netherlands suggests that wetting of the surface soil can be achieved most efficiently by applying trickle or sprinkling irrigation rather then by ponding. The lower application rates allow better up take by the surface soil and less downward flow along the cracks. An attempt will be made for some selected soils to define application rates and quantities which will not result in signi­ficant downward flow along the cracks. Techniques for determining these have been developed and tested. The soils will be wet after the period of flooding. The vertical hydraulic conductivity (K ) is very important now because it determines the maximum infiltration rate at the soil surface.

39

A test was devised (column method) to measure this value in large, undisturbed columns which are carved out in situ. Experience with similar soils in the Netherlands suggests that K may not be very low after swelling because the cracks do not close completely. K values should be measured in some major soils with the method discussed, which is suitable for measurements above the water table. The Hooghoudt auger hole method will be used to asses K . below the water table.

40

Dfl. 1,507,700

Dfl. 126,500

Dfl. 215,800 Dfl. 92,500

Dfl. 170,900 Dfl. 35,500 Dfl. 20,300 Dfl. 32,200 Dfl. 8,600 Dfl. 70,000

SECTION 6 CONSULTANTS' REMUNERATION

The fee for consulting services as described in this proposal amounts to Dfl. 2,280,000 specified as follows:

a. professional services b. mobilization, demobilization and international

air travel c. daily subsistance allowance and camping

facilities d. local transport e. aerial photography, grond control and topo­

graphical mapping f. local personnel g. topographical and soil survey equipment h. local office and communications expenses i. soil analysis j. reporting, mapping and reproduction

Total Dfl. 2,280,000

The calculation of the Consultant's fee is based on the following assump­tions :

The Consultant and their personnel will be exempted from payment of any taxes, charges, duties, rates, levies, revenues and fees of what ever nature. In case any of the above taxes, charges etc. have to be paid in accordance with the law of Kenya, such payments will be reimbursed to the Consultant by the client upon submission of the vouchers. In compliance with the wish expressed by the Client to start the study early 1981 it has been assumed that the starting date will not be later than February 1, 1981 which would permit the execution of at least the major part of the reconnaissance surveys before the flooding season of April-June. In case no contract can be concluded on or before February 1, 1981 because of procedural reasons, the Consultant is nevertheless prepared to start the reconnaissance surveys on the basis of a provisional agreement to be reached on or before February 1, 1981 provided the contract would be signed on or before May 1, 1981. A draft provisional agreement has been included as an example. The Client will make available all aerial photographs of the pro­ject area taken in 1978 and any other material and data collected and published in Kenya, the cost of which shall be born by the Consultants.

41

PRATT

TANA DELTA IRRIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY PROVISIONAL AGREEMENT TO PROCEED WITH INITIAL OPERATIONS

The Tana River Development Authority of Kenya and DHV Raadgevend Ingenieursbureau BV (DHV Consulting Engineers), Amersfoort, the Nether­lands, representing the consortium of DHV Consulting Engineers BV, HVA International BV and the Netherlands Soil Survey Institute:

having agreed on the principles contained in the draft contract for the Tana Delta Irrigation Feasibility Study intending to draw up a contract in order to formalise the said agreement are nevertheless desirous to start the execution of the project before the next flooding season

Agree that the consortium will start initial operations pending the signature of the contract under the following conditions:

parties hereby declare that they are adequately acquainted with the principle contents of the draft contract so that further details need not be included here the initial operations include:

the reconnaissance topographical and soil surveys including data collection, interpretation of aerial photographs, field surveys soil analysis, mapping and reporting the recruitment of the required local personnel, the installa­tion and operation of a base camp in the project area the purchase or rent of the required vehicles, instruments, equipment and other necessary materials

Within six weeks after the date of signature of this provisional agree­ment the Tana River Development Authority will send or arrange for payment instructions to the Nederlandse Investerings Bank voor Ontwik­kelingslanden (NIO) for the payment of an amount of Dfl. 457,500 as payment to the consortium for the afore mentioned initial operations.

Parties intend to sign the contract on or before May 1, 1981. This provisional agreement does not bind the Tana River Development Authority to accept in part or in whole the draft contract referred above.

Nairobi, 1981

for: Tana River Development for: the Consortium Authority DHV Consulting Engineers

Curricula Vitae

CURRICULUM VITAE

W.A. IN 'T VELD

Family name:

First names;

Year of birth:

Nationality:

Education:

1951

Languages :

Professional affiliations:

Present position:

since 1974

IN 'T VELD

Willem Arie

1928

Netherlands

B.Sc. degree in Civil Engineering, College of Advanced Technology, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

Main subject: Construction

Special subject: Hydrology

English, French, German, Dutch

Member of the Netherlands Institute of Registered Engineers (NIRIA)

Regional Manager for Asia and The Middle East, Overseas Projects Department, DHV Consulting Engineers, Amersfoort, The Netherlands

Employment record:

1951-1973 Project Engineer DHV Consulting Engineers

2

W.A. IN 'T VELD

Professional experience;

1959-1961 Tunisia: Design Engineer, Technical Assistance Project (Ministry of Public Works, Tunis) - Design and supervision of road construction and bridges

1963 Chad: In charge of supervision of land levelling and land preparation for industrial development

1963-1964 Iran: Design engineer, Dez Pilot Irrigation Project - Supervision of construction

. earthworks, canals

. lining and compacting

. hydraulic structures and water control structures

1964-1965, 1968 Burundi: Hydrological study for two hydro-power stations - Collection, measuring and ela­boration of hydrological, clima-tological and topographical data.

- Preparation of preliminary report and tender documents

1967 Jordan: Member of a Nedeco team engaged in an Agro- and Socio-Economic Study for the Yarmouk and Jordan Valley Project - Hydrological, irrigation and drainage studies for an area of 50 000 ha

- Engineering design for lined canals, drains, structures and erosion control works and reha­bilitation of existing irriga­tion system

- Preparation of cost estimates in order to determine the economic feasibility of the project

3

W.A. IN 'T VELD

1969

1969-1970

1970-1974

Iraq: Member of a FAO-team, engaged in the planning and the preparation of a pilot project for soil and water management and in training for irrigated land development and settlement in the Greater Mussayib Project

Afghanistan: Member of a team engaged in the evaluation of small scale irri­gation projects Preparation of basic design for two selected projects

Indonesia: Team leader for the Prosida B, Irrigation Rehabilitation Project comprising: - the Pemali Comal Project

(Central Java, 125 000 ha) - the Ciujung Project

(West Java, 25 000 ha) - the Sadang Project

(South Sulawesi, 50,000 ha)

1974-1977 Korea: Project director for the Nagdong River Basin Delta Study

1974-1980 Iraq: Project sponsor for the Hilla Diwaniya Irrigation Project (300 000 ha)

1975-1980 Indonesia: Project director for the Luwu Irrigation Project (Sulawesi, 100 000 ha)

1975-date Iraq: Project director for the Abu Ghraib Regional Development Project (160 000 ha)

September 1980

CURRICULUM VITAE

F .J .W. KAPPERS

Family name: KAPPERS

First names: Filippus Jacob Wolfgang

Year of birth: 1947

Nationality: Netherlands

Education:

1968

1969

Diploma assistant surve

PBNA diploma in surveyi

1972

Languages :

Present position:

since 1969

Employment record:

1963-1966

1966-1968

1968-1969

Professional experience:

1969-date

Course in the Technique of Geodesy

Diploma Technical College

English, French, German, Dutch

Surveyor, Survey and Mapping Section DHV Consulting Engineers, Amersfoort, The Netherlands

Design engineer, Provincial Electricity Company

Design engineer and surveyor, DHV Consulting Engineers, Amersfoort, The Netherlands

Military Service

Surveyor, DHV Consulting Engineers - Topographical surveys for

cadastral and infrastructural works

- Calculation and mapping

2

F.J.W. KAPPERS

1974-1975 Kenya: Chief surveyor, Study for the development of the Tana River Basin Topographical survey of the road network

1975 Brazil: . hydrographie and morphological survey of the Rio Capim for the transport of bauxite by push-tow barges

1977-1978 Zambia: Chief surveyor for the Kafue Flats Hydrological Study - Execution of hydrological measure­ment programme

- Topographical survey of inundated areas

1979 Zambia: Topographical survey of the Chama-Muchota cause-way through the marshes in Southern Zambia

August 1980

CURRICULUM VITAE

M.M. SCHENKEVELD

Family name:

First names:

Year of birth:

Nationality:

Education:

Languages :

Professional affiliations:

1967

1975

Present position:

since 1972

SCHENKEVELD

Maarten Matthias

1941

Netherlands

M.Sc.degree in Civil Engineer­ing, Delft University of Tech­nology Special subjects: Irrigation, drainage, hydrology and steel construction

Postgraduate course in Industrial economics

English, French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Bahasa Indonesia

Member of the Royal Institution of Engineers in the Netherlands (KIVI)

Senior Hydrologist, Hydraulics, Port and Road Engineering Department, DHV Consulting Engineers, Amersfoort, The Netherlands

2

M.M. SCHENKEVELD

Employment record:

1965

1966-1967

1968-1969

1969-1971

1971-1972

Professional experience :

1972

Assistant supervisor with EDOK, Athens for the construction of an earthfill dam in Greece, to be used for river control in a rehabilitation and irrigation project

Engineer, Department of Public Works of the Province of Zuid-Holland, The Hague Design of a movable steel bridge

Staff member of FAO mission to Uganda (East Africa). Appraisal of various watersheds and their resources. Reconnaissance of ir­rigable land possibilities in these watersheds. Design of the Nyamugasani irrigation scheme

Staff member of FAO. Hydrology expert of a mission to Greece studying the water resources and their exploitation for ir­rigation in Eastern Crete. Col­lection, processing and evalu­ation of hydro-meteorological data Statistical studies on long term and extreme values of floods with the aid of computers

Hydraulic engineer, DHV Consulting Engineers

Masterplan for Water Supply and Sewage, Dakar, Senegal

1972 Shinyanga Rural Water Supply Project, Tanzania: Feasibility study

3

M.M. SCHENKEVELD

1972 Senegal: Irrigation Engineer, Design and supervision of irri­gation schemes for a sugar project at Richard Toll

1972-1973 Colombia: Resident Hydraulic Engineer, Rio Magdalena Flood control project. Hydrology study, collection of data, selection of stations, design of hydrological model of river basin in view of flood control

1974 Algeria: Feasibility study for a new port east of Algiers. In charge of hydrological studies for the de­sign of a detour of the river Isser around the projected port

1975 Kenya: Lower Tana River Basin roads pro­ject. In charge of hydrological studies to estimate design discharges of the Tana River and its seasonal tributaries with a view to de­signing road-crossing structures

1975 Tanzania: Mtibwa Irrigation Scheme Project leader, in charge of the hydrological studies, of the design and of the preparation of tender do­cuments The project includes a pumping station, sandtrap and a main canal and will serve a sprinkler system for a sugar estate

1976-1978 Indonesia: Project manager, Six Cities Water Supply Project Preparation of masterplans of wa-tersupply systems in six cities throughout Indonesia.

4

M.M. SCHENKEVELD

The masterplans included sociological, hydrological, engineering, economical and financial studies. The project was extended to include preparation of detailed designs and tender documents

1978

1978-1980

Mozambique: Maputo Urban Drainage Project. Hydrological studies to estimate rainfall and runoff volumes. Design of main drainage canal

Tanzania: Project Manager, Msolwa Irrigation Project. Rehabilitation of the sprinkler irrigation on a sugar estate. Supervision of fieldwork, design of canals, structures and pressure pump stations Coordination of supervision of execution

1979

1979-1980

1980

Laos: Houei Vang-Hé Irrigation Project. Pre-investment mission to evaluate Government plan of the project in view of UNDCF financing. Pre-investment mission for the UNDCF for funding of irrigation brigades and resettlement projects in the Province of Xieng Khouang

Yemen Arab Republic: Project manager, Wadi Rima Irrigation Project Pre-selection of tenders, evaluation of tender bids and supervision of execution

Somali Dem. Rep.: Pre-investment mission for the UNCDF for funding of rehabilitation of water reservoirs and implementation of a flood-irrigation project

5

M.M. SCHENKEVELD o

Special studies; - Trials of a mathematical water­shed model (co-author) Technical note of the Eastern Crete Project

- Watershed model of Messara basins Working Document of the Eastern Crete Project

- Computer Programmes on Hydrology Working Document of the Eastern Crete Project

- Computer Programme on costs and benefits including the rate of return for development proposals in Messara Working Decument of the Eastern Crete Project

June 1980

Curriculum vitae: J.Stolp

Family name

First name

Year or birth

Nationality

Education

Languages

Professional affiliations

Present position

Employment record 1967-1974

Stolp

Jaap

1940

Netherlands

1966 M.Sc. degree in Soil Science and Agroche-

mistry, State Agricultural University,

Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Main subjects: Regional Soil Science and

Fertilizers

Special subjects: Plant production and

statistics.

19.76 Post-graduate course in management and

operations research.

Dutch, English, German, French.

Member of the Netherlands Institute of Agri^

cultural Engineers-.

Member of the Royal Netherlands Agricultural

Society.

Member of the Dutch Soil Science Society.

Scientific supervisor in the Department of

commissioned and systematical surveys of the

Soil Survey Institute, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Regional study soils-landscape in pleistocene and

holocene areas in the northern part of the

Netherlands; soil evaluation in this region;

soil survey of this area on scale 1:50,000

(systematic Soil Map of the Netherlands).

1974-1975: Soil survey and soil survey interpretations on

scale 1:10,000/25,000 of an area in the marine

district (Friesland) for a land reclamation

project. ,

1975-now : Supervising scientific and technical aspects

of projects on soil survey and interpretations

for a varied number of commissioned surveys on

different scales for agricultural (hydrological)

purpose, mainly concerning surveys in marine

and rivierine areas.

- 2 - .

Continuation curriculum vitae: J.Stolp.

Special assignments 1962: Syria: Soil survey in the Euphrates valley

and surroundings (Tabqua dam project).

Survey sample areas and reconnaissance survey.

1976: Zambia: Evaluation mission to the Luena Flats

Self Help Drainage project (Zambia).

o

Curriculum vitae: J.J.Vleeshouwer

Family name : Vleeshouwer

First name : 'Jan

Year of birth : 1924

Nationality : Netherlands.

Education : 1948 B.Sc.College for Tropical Agriculture,

Deventer, The Netherlands.

1977 Post-graduate course in management and

operations research.

Languages : Dutch, English, German, French.

Professional affiliations : Member of the Dutch Soil Science Society

Member of the Royal Netherlands Geographic

Society.

Present position : Head of the Department of Systematic Surveys

of the Netherlands Soil Survey Institute,

Wageningen.

Employment record 1948-1960: Soil surveyor and soil survey party chief of

the Netherlands Soil Survey Institute, Wage­

ningen.

1960-1962: Soil survey specialist in the FAO Soil Survey

Project of the desert fringes in Egypt.

1962-1968: Soil Survey Party chief of the Netherlands

Soil Survey Institute, Wageningen.

1968-1969: Soil survey specialist in the FAO Pre-Investment

Survey of the North-Western coastal zone of

Egypt.

1969-1972: Soil correlator for Systematic Surveys of the

Netherlands Soil Survey Institute, Wageningen.

1972-1976: Soil Survey Specialist in the Kenya Soil Survey

Project.

. . 1976: Zambia: Evaluation mission to the Luena Flats

Self Help Drainage project (Zambia)

1976: Head of the Department of Systematic country

wide surveys of the Netherlands Soil Survey

Institute, Wageningen.

Curriculum vitae: J.Mulder

Family name

First name

Year of birth

Nationality

Education

Languages

Present position

Employment record

Mulder

John

1948

Netherlands

1968 Diploma Horticultural College, Nijmegen,

The. Netherlands

1976 Course on Soil Science, Wageningen, The

Netherlands.

: Dutch, English, German, working knowledge of

French.

: Soil surveyor. Department of commissioned sur­

veys.

Soil Survey Institute, Wageningen, The Netherlands

1970: Soil survey and soil survey interpretations on

scale 1:10,000/50,000 in holocene and pleistocene

areas in the Netherlands. As party-chief respon­

sible for the soil survey and the reporting of

a marine area north of Amsterdam and recently

of the riverine area of the Over-Betuwe-Oost

(near Arnhem).

Curriculum vitae: G.van der Veen.

Van der Veen

Gerben

1948

Netherlands

1971 B.Sc.Agricultural College, Leeuwarden,

The Netherlands.

1971 Certificate of Training Course, Netherlands

Volunteers, Royal Institute for the Tropics

Amsterdam.

Language : Dutch, English, German, French. Elementary wor­

king knowledge of Kiswhahili.

Present position : Since 1974 soil surveyor (soil survey engineer).

Department of commissioned surveys of the Soil

Survey Institute, Wageningen. The Netherlands.

Employment record 1971-1973: Agricultural Adviser in Zambia with the Organi­

zation of Netherlands Volunteers, Min. of Foreign

Affairs, The Hague, The Netherlands.

1974: Soil Survey and soil survey interpretations on

scale 1:10,000/25,000 in various regions in the

Netherlands, mainly in the holocene (marine)

district.

Special duty: the estimation of hydraulic

conductivity due to differences in texture and •

structure of soil material.

Family name

First name

Year of birth

Nationality

Education

page 1 of 2

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name of Firm

Name of Person

Date of Birth

Nationality

Profession

Position in Firm

Specialization in Firm

Years with Firm (a)

(b)

H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL B.V.

Cornelis M.R. Draijer

July 21, 1926

Dutch

Agronomist

Senior Consultant

Agricultural Consultancy in (sub) tropical crops

as permanent full-time staff member: 27

as part-time specialist :

KEY QUALIFICATIONS

M.i§£i_<tegj:ee_and_2 7_year^_of_e^p^riençe

agricultural development planning

general agricultural production

water use for irrigation

gravity irrigation

sprinkler irrigation

farm mechanization

agricultural research

agriculture of tropical crops

sugar cane

sisal

vegetables

Degree_ofResponsibility

1968 to present

\ 1953 - 1968

at head office Amsterdam

responsible for the agronomic aspects of (pre)-feasibility

studies and detailed studies of sugar cane projects in

African countries; follow-up of projects under implementation; onsaltant to. sugarcane projects.

at sugar estates "Wonji","Shoa", Metahara", Ethiopia and. "Kilom-bero", Tanzania as agronomist and agricultural adviser.

EDUCATION

Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

1950 : B.Sc. in Tropical Agriculture

1952 : M.Sc. in Tropical Agriculture

EXPERIENCE

client/secondment/project commodity/industry activity country

196 8 to present

Min. of Agriculture

Min. of Agriculture

Min. of Agriculture

Min. of Agriculture

Min. of Agriculture

H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL, Amsterdam; senior agronomist: advisory, design,

management services in (sub) tropical agriculture

sugar cane

sugar cane

sugar cane

sugar cane

cotton

feasibility study

feasibility study

feasibility study

feasibility study

feasibility study

Ghana

Tanzania

Sudan

Yemen Arab Rep.

Yemen Arab Rep.

EXPERIENCE (continued)

C.M.R. Drainer page 2 of 2

client/secondment/project commodity/industry activity country

Min. of Agriculture

Min. of Agriculture

vegetables

sugar cane

various projects

feasibility study Kenya

implementation Sudan

identification various

projects Africa and

Middle East

1953 - 1968 H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL, Amsterdam; agronomist: permanent overseas

assignment.

H.V.A.-Ethiopia S.C.

H.V.A.-Ethiopia S.C.

H.V.A.-Metahara S.C.

Kilombero Sugar Company

sugar cane

cotton, sisal

sugar cane

sugar cane

crop management

soil management

furrow irrigation

pest and disease control

test fields, various subjects

field mechanization Ethiopia

crop management

test fields, various subjects Ethiopia

crop management

furrow irrigation

soil management

field mechanization

disease control

test fields, various subjects Ethiopia

crop management

soil management

field mechanization

sprinkler irrigation Tanzania

LANGUAGE

English

Speaking good

Reading good

Writing good

French German Dutc

poor poor exc.

fair fair exc.

poor poor exc.

DATE: May 1980 SIGNATURE:

CURRICULUM VITAE

C A . DE VRIES

Family name;

First names;

Year of birth;

Nationality;

Education:

1951

1967

Languages ;

Present position;

1968-date

DE VRIES

Cornells Anthonie

1925

Netherlands

B.Sc. degree in Tropical Agriculture College for Tropical Agriculture Deventer, The Netherlands

M.Sc. degree in Agriculture Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands

English, French, German, Bahasa Indonesia, Dutch

Senior Scientific Officer Department of Agricultural Research Royal Tropical Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands

The duties include: - coordination of the education

activities of the Department - providing consulting services and

information on the production of tropical and subtropical crops, in particular on food crops and rural extension

- evaluating development projects and participating in feasibility studies for the Institute, The Netherlands Government, private companies and international organizations

2

C A . DE VRIES

- collecting, processing and dis­seminating data on tropical and subtropical agriculture and related fields

- teaching tropical crops and agri­cultural extension in courses for Netherlands agriculturists going to the tropics, in international courses, and in courses in The Netherlands for Indonesian parti­cipants

- advising the Organization of Netherlands' Volunteers on agri­cultural matters

Employment record;

1952-1959

Special task: - Director of the NUFFIC International

Course on Agro-based Industries

Indonesia: Head, Section for Land and Water Management, Agricultural Experimental Station Kota Nica, West Irian

1959-1962 District supervisor Extension Service Manokwari, West Irian

1964-1968 The Netherlands: Scientific officer International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI) Wageningen

Professional experience:

1969-1971 India: Studies on possibilities of improve­ment of nutrition and agriculture in Andhra Pradesh State (Indo-Dutch Project for Child Welfare)

3

C A . DE VRIES

1972 Nigeria: Study on opportunities for assistance by Netherlands Volunteers in agri­cultural projects in Northern Nigeria (Netherlands Government)

1973 Study of the performance of Nether­lands Volunteers in agriculture in relation to agricultural planning in Northern Nigeria (Netherlands Government)

1974 Thailand: Implementation study of a Rainfed Upland Crop Pioneer Project in North East Thailand (ILACO, Netherlands/IBRD)

1974 Cameroon: Evaluation of Volunteers Services at Rural Training Centre, (DNV, Netherlands/Inspection visit School Farm at Ndoungé) (Board of Missions of The Netherlands Reformed Church)

1975 Nigeria: Feasibility study on the production of crops (Government East Central State Nigeria)

1975 Colombia: Study of agricultural potentialities of the Nechi and Mompos regions (Netherlands Government)

1976 Nigeria: Project leader pre-feasibility study on the production, processing and storage of agricultural products (Government of East Central State Nigeria)

1976 Kenya: Feasibility study irrigation project Loyapat (Board of Missions of The Netherlands Reformed Church)

4

C A . DE VRIES

1976 Nigeria: Project leader feasibility study on the production, processing and storage of agricultural products (Government East Central State Nigeria)

1976 Brazil: Reconnaissance study on the production and supply of cassava for the proces­sing industry in several States of Brazil (Koninklijke Scholten-Honig Ltd., The Netherlands)

1977 Nigeria: Final reporting feasibility study on the production, processing and storage of agricultural products, including cassava, maize and rice (Nigerian Government, East Central State) .

1977 Tanzania: Consultant in feasibility study on establishment of sugar cane and rice estates in the Mtware/Ruvuma Region (HVA, The Netherlands)

1979 Philippines: Consultant in pre-feasibility study on cassava processing (Alpha Engineering, The Netherlands)

1979 Cameroon: Feasibility study of production of cassava for processing into starch and glucose in East Camroun (HVA/HAI, The Netherlands)

1980 Sao Tomé: Evaluation study of the project on research of food crop production (Netherlands Government)

5

C A . DE VRIES

1980 Angola: Identification study of possibilities for development of root and tuber crop production and processing (FAO)

December 1980

A

CURRICULUM VITAE page 1 of 3

Name of Firm

Name of Person

Date of Birth

Nationality

Profession

Position in Firm

Specialisation in Firm

Years with Firm (a)

(b)

H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL B.V.

Arnold J.S. Looijen

July 14, 19 39

Dutch

Industrial Engineer

Senior Officer

Training Projects Engineering

as permanent full-time staff member

as part-time specialist

KEY QUALIFICATIONS

Mechanical/Industrial Engineer Graduate (B.Sc.) and 19 yearsof experience

training management

project engineering and co-ordination of agro-industrial training schemes

project management of centralized in-company".training schemes

coordination and liaison of aircraft production projects

supervision of operation and maintenance in cane sugar factories

sales engineering of pneumatic and hydraulic control systems

Degree_of .responsibility.

1977 to present at head office Amsterdam as co-ordinator of projects

responsible for the co-ordination and development of

an extensive training project at Zuenoula in Ivory

Coast

involved in the training and engineering aspects of

development and feasibility studies pertinent to H.V.A.'s

management and consultancy activities in African and

Latin-American countries

1974 1977

1968 - 1974

at head office Fokker VFW-Amsterdam/Schipol

liaison officer

responsible for production planning and control thereof

at sugar estate Shoa , Ethiopia

manager Centralized Training Centre

responsible for the complete organization and

implementation of industrial training schemes for the

Ethiopian Sugar Industry

EDUCATION

Technical College, The Hague, The Netherlands

1961 : B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering

Business Administration College, Nijenrode, The Netherlands

1964 : Graduate, Business Administration and Industrial Engineering

Management and Administration, I.M.D.I. - U.S.A.

1973 : Certificate; decision making, management of organizational

changes and behaviour

A.S.J. Looijen

page 2 of 3 EXPERIENCE

client/secondment/proj ect oommodity/industry activity country

1977 to present : H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL B.V., Amsterdam; training engineer; responsible

for the planning, organisation and coordination of training requirements,

pertinent to agro-industrial projects in (sub)-tropical crops countries

Sodesucre

Government

Government

sugar industry (Zuenoula project)

sugar industry

sugar industry

development and implementation of training

study

.study

Ivory Coast

Congo

Ecuador

1974 - 1977 Fokker, VFW, B.V., Amsterdam* liaison officer:

Fokker, VFW B.V. aircraft industry" production planning

coordination The Netherlands

1970 - 1974 : H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL B.V., Amsterdam; training manager: permanent

overseas assignment

H.V.A.-Ethiopia S.C. Wonji, Shoa Metahara sugar estates

in charge of centralised training centre Ethiopia

1968 - 1970 : H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL B.V., Amsterdam; mechanical engineer: permanent

overseas assignment

H.V.A.-Ethiopia S.C. Shoa sugar estate in season factory operations, off season factory maintenance, on the job training of technical staff Ethiopia

1965 - 1968

F.B. West N.V.

F.B. West N.V., The Hague; sales engineer

pneumatic and hydraulic control systems

acquisition and sales, design and implementation The

Netherlands

1964 - 1965

van Swaay B.V.

van Swaay B.V., The Hague; project engineer

air conditioning systems, dehumidifying equipment

design, contracting, implementation The

Netherlands

1961 - 1963 : Vereenigde Ijzerhandel N.V., Utrecht; technical manager

Ver. Ijzerhandel N.V. scrap iron processing industry

processing of scrap iron, maintenance; buildings/plant procurement; machinery/ materials development The

Netherlands

A.S.J. Looijen

page 3 of 3

LANGUAGES

Speaking

Reading

Writing

English

good

exc.

good

French

fair

fair

fair

German

good

good

fair

Dutch

exc.

exc.

exc.

DATE: September 1980 SIGNATURE:

page 1 of 2

Name of Firm

Name of Person

Date of Birth

Nationality

Profession

Position in Firm

Specialisation in Firm

Years with Firm (a)

(b)

CURRICULUM VITAE

H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL B.V.

George Stegwee

November 28, 1920

Dutch

Economist

Senior Consultant

Financing, Costing and Budgeting

as permanent full-time staff member

as part-time specialist

33

KEY QUALIFICATIONS

l£222Si£§_§£Ëây§È§_l?îi§£il_aS£_13_Years_of_exp_eriençe

agro-industry economics

agro-industry financing

agro-industry project design/planning

financial analysis

social cost/budget analysis

business administration

financial management

Degree of responsibility

1952 to present

1947- 1952

at head office, Amsterdam

as financial advisor seconded to the H.V.A.-management

at H.V.A. head office, Surabaya, Indonesia

as financial and organisational controller for H.V.A.-sugar,

sisal, tapioca and rubber estates in Java

EDUCATION

University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

1947 : M.Sc. (Economics)

EXPERIENCE

client/secondment/pro j ect commodity/industry activity country

1976 to present : H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL B.V..Amsterdam; senior economist/financial advisor:

responsible for financing, costing, budgeting, planning, consulting and

management services in tropical agro-industry and co-ordination technical

assistance agreement with - nationalised - Ethiopian sugar companies

Government

Sudeco

Ministry of Agriculture

Ministry of Agriculture

Ministry of Agriculture

( nationalised

( H.V.A.-interests

sugar cane

rice

sunflower

sugar cane

( technical ( assistance ( agreement

feasibility study

feasibility study

feasibility study

Ethiopia

Tanzania

Tanzania

Tanzania

(pre) feasibility study Costa Rica

G. Stegwee

page 2 of 2

EXPERIENCE (continued)

client/secondment/project commodity/industry activity country

1952 - 19?6 : H.V.A.-INTERNATIONAL B.V., Amsterdam; economist/financial adviser:

responsible for financial analysis, budgeting, accounting, planning for

H.V.A.'s Ethiopian agro-industrial projects, including sugar, tea, fruit

and vegetables, confectionery, utilisation of molasses etc.

H.V.A.-International B.V. (sub) tropical agro-industry The Netherlands

1947 - 1952 : H.V.A.-Group of Companies, Amsterdam; economist: permanent overseas

assignment

H.V.A.-Indonesia sugar estates sisal estates tapioca estates rubber estates

estate organisation administration accounting

Indonesia

LANGUAGES

Speaking

Reading

Writing

English

good

good

good

French

good

good

good

German

fair

fair

fair

Dutch

exc.

exc.

exc.

DATE: September 1980 SIGNATURE:

CURRICULUM VITAE

J.D. HEIJNEN

Family name:

First names;

Year of birth:

Nationality:

Education:

Languages :

1964

1968

HEIJNEN

Johannes Daniël

1936

Netherlands

M.Sc. degree in Geography, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands

Ph.D. degree in Economic-Geography, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands

English, French, German, Dutch, Bahasa Indonesia, Swahili

Professional affiliations :

Present position:

since 1977

Employment record:

1964-1967

1967-1977

Member of the Netherlands Geographic Society (KNAG)

Senior Regional Planner, Department of Urban and Regional Planning DHV Consulting Engineers, Amersfoort, The Netherlands

Research Fellow, Institute of Anthropology, University of Utrecht

Senior Lecturer, Economic Geography in the developing countries Institute of Geography University of Utrecht

2

J.D. HEIJNEN

Professional experience:

1961-1962

1964-1967

1967-1968

1968-1970

Indonesia: Demographic fieldwork and regional plan evaluation in the Nimboran region, Irian Barat

Tanzania: Multidisciplinary study in the Mwanza Region for the Dutch Study Centre of Education in developing countries concerning migration and employment generation in agriculture

The Netherlands: Preparation of Ph.D. degree Institute of Geography, University of Utrecht

Tanzania: Research fellow at the Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning (BRALUP) at Dar as Salaam. Studies concerning: - district planning in Nzega District - water supply in the Iringa Region - diamond production in the Mwadui Mines, Shinyanga Region

- preparation of regional plans for the national Second Five years plan

1970-1971

1971

Tanzania: Evaluation/participation in the Lushoto Integrated Development Project (health, water supply, low-cost housing, horticulture, marketing)

The Netherlands: Teaching assignment at the Geographic Institute, University of Utrect, concerning: rural development, research methodology, project preparation and evaluation, aerial photo interpretation and mapping

3

J.D. HEIJNEN

1972-1973

1973

1974

1975-1976

1976-1977

1977

Kenya: Demographic and farm-economic study-in two areas in Machakos District, for the Royal Dutch Institute for the Tropics

Ethiopia: Pilot study in South-West Ethiopia for the Ethiopian Coffee Board, con­cerning the possibilities for diver­sification of coffee production

Kenya: Evaluation of three development projects in Western-Kenya for NOVIB The Hague

Indonesia: Study on production and marketing of vegetables in West-Java and Bali for the Dutch Technical Assistance Programme

Kenya: Feasibility study for "multi-purpose co-operatives in Western Kenya for NOVIB, The Hague

Lesotho: Preparation of course on the use of aerial photography in farm-economic surveys for the University of Lesotho

1977-1979 Suriname : Teamleader regional development plans for Eastern and Central Suriname

1978 Indonesia: Preparation of a detailed transmi­gration project in the province of Jambi, Sumatra, sponsored by the IBRD, - Overall socio-economic and finan­cial evaluation of proposed settlement projects

4

1978-1979

1978-1980

1980

1980-date

J.D. HEIJNEN

S.E. Asia: Teamleader for the preparation of a manual on rural centre planning in ESCAP countries, sponsored by ESCAP

Chad-Cameroon-Nigeria-Niger : Project manager of an international group of experts for the preparation of a long term development plan for the conventional lake Chad Basin, sponsored by UNDP

The Netherlands: Preparation of detailed proposals for the evaluation of the Dutch Inter­national Education Programme

Indonesia: Project Director, S.E. Sulawesi Transmigration and area development project. Sponsored by the Asian Development Bank

Publications:

1967

1968

1974

1975

Results of a Job Preference Test administered to pupils in St. VIII, Mwanza, Tanzania. In: Sheffield J.R. (Ed.): Education, Employment and Rural Development E.A. Publishing House, Nairobi

Development and Education in the Mwanza District (Tanzania), a case study of migration and peasant farming. Dissertation Published by Bronder, Rotterdam

National Policy, Foreign Aid and Rural Development. A case study of LIDEP's vegetable component in Lushoto District (Tanzania) Published by G.I., Utrecht

Tanzania: Published by Romen, Bussum

J

J.D. HEIJNEN

1976 African Agriculture, an uncertain perspective Geographic Magazine X

1978 Chapter in course book on agro-economic Surveys in Leshoto

1979 Editor of "Guidelines for Rural Centre Planning", ESCAP, New York

1980 Contribution to "Zicht op de Landbouw" Chapter on Agriculture in Developing Countries Published by Romen, Bussum

July 1980

CURRICULUM VITAE

P.G. BLOK

Family name;

First, names;

Year of birth;

Nationality;

Education:

1973

1975-1976

1978

Languages :

Present position;

since 1979

Employment record:

1973-1975

1977

BLOK

PETER GERARD

1944

Netherlands

M.Sc. in Human Geography University of Amsterdam Main subject: Planning Special subjects: Demography, Modern History of China

Course in demographic analysis Institute d'Etudes Démographique Sorbonne, Paris

Ph.D. in Social Sciences University of Utrecht thesis: some demographic data col­lecting methods as applied in rural Kenya

English, French, German, Dutch

Regional p1anner/Demographer/ Health planner Department of Urban and Regional Development DHV Consulting Engineers Amersfoort, The Netherlands

Demographer Medical Research Centre Nairobi, Kenya

Demographic Adviser World Health Organization Geneva Switserland

2

P.G. Blok

Manpower Planner NEDECO/DHV office Paramaribo, Suriname

1979 Demographic Adviser World Health Organization Switzerland, Sudan and Mauritius

1979 Research Fellow Department of Social Scientific Research University of Leiden

1975 Kenya: Demographer for the Joint Project Machakos, an epidemiological study of the Machokos district - analysis of the population develop­ment (40 000 inn)

- execution and coordination of field censuses for set-up of control system

- training of census-takers - evaluation of effectiveness of the Kenyan Civil Registration Scheme for the Office of the Registrar General

- social-economic studies for agri­cultural development planning

- interpretation and photogrametric mapping for demographic and agri­cultural purposes

- assistance to the set-up of a data processing system

- preparation of a regional develop­ment plan for the Machakos district and a local water supply project

Nigeria: Advice to the staff of the Malumfashi Project A joint project of the Liverpool School of Tropical Hygiene and the ABU University of Kano

3

P.G. BLOK

1977 Organization of a "Family Health Monitoring System" for the World Health Organization

1977 Suriname : Manpower planner for the regional development plans of East and West Suriname and the Pad van Wanica area with special attention to the. demo­graphic and agricultural aspects of these plans and training of students of the University of Suriname as field interviewers

1978-1979 Studies in Geneva and Sudan for the World Health Organization on: The medical and non-medical factors affecting the level and pattern of infant mortality for the sedentary and non-sedentary population in urban and rural areas of the Sudan

1979

Mauritius: Study of cooperation between World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health on infant mortality

Research on demographic data collect­ing methods and definition of the most suitable method to establish the number of migrants from Suriname in the Netherlands

Publications:

1978 "Some demographic data collecting methods as applied in rural Kenya" Published in: Utrechtse Geografische Studies

1979

1979

Infant and Childhood mortality in Sudan

Demography of Surinamers in the Netherlands

June 1980

H.V.A.-International B.V.-Amsterdam (Holland)

MINNE MEINDERT VELDMAN

Date of birth March 31 1929

Nationality Dutch

Education Agricultural University, Wageningen,

M.Sc.

Major subjects: Animal husbandry, Farm

management, Economics.

Member of the Zootechnical Society.

EE2£e.Eüi22§I_e.2EE£ie.D2e.

Present appointment Managing Director of the Cooperative

for Artificial Insemination in Cattle

"Zuid-West Nederland", Gouda, Holland.

1969 - 1975 Project Manager/Livestock Economist

for projects carried out in Africa and

Latin America on behalf of the Ministry

of Foreign Affairs, The Hague.

1956 - 1969 Provincial Director of the Animal Hus­

bandry, Livestock and Extension Service

of the Ministry of Agriculture.

Fields _of_sp_ecial_comDetence

Farm management and economic aspects of

livestock production;

training in agriculture and animal hus­

bandry .

H.V.A.-International B.V.-Amsterdam (Holland)

List of_2ublications Dairy Farming in Ethiopia (1961)

Dairy Farming in Algerian Coastal

Areas (F.A.O. 1964)

Jersey Cattle in Scandinavian countries

(1965)

Large scale farming in Scandinavia (1966

Farmers training in Kenya (1974)

Dairy development in Nigeria (1975)

Project developments in Columbia (1975)

Dairy economics in Zambia (1976)

Sudanese Dairy Prospects (1977)

Dairy developments in Sri Lanka (1978)

Languages Dutch, English, French, German, Swahili.

J