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Reproductive System (Genitalia)
Reproductive System (Genitalia)
• Not vital, but essential for producing offspring
• Primary sex organs: • testis & ovary make gametes and secrete sex hormone
• Accessory sex organs:• Male:
• Ducts: epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
• Glands: seminal vesicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral gl….
• Others: penis, scrotum…
• Female:
• Ducts: oviduct (uterine tube), uterus, vagina
• Glands: uterine gl., bulb of vestibule, greater & lesser vestibular gl.
• Others: clitoris, labia major & minor, mammary gl…
The Male Reproductive System
The Male Reproductive System
• The scrotum • skin and superficial fascia surrounding the testes
• Positioning provides an environment 3˚ C cooler than body temperature; muscles for elevating the testes
• Dartos muscle – layer of smooth muscle
• Cremaster muscle – bands of skeletal muscle surrounding the testes
• The spermatic cord consists of
• Ductus (vas) deferens
• Testicular a. & v. (pampiniform plexus for countercurrent heat exchange); varicocele
• Autonomic nerve fiber.
The Testis and Seminiferous Tubules
• Are enclosed in a serous sac – the tunica vaginalis
• Tunica albuginea • fibrous capsule of the testes divides each testis into 250-300 lobules
• Lobules contain 1-4 coiled seminiferous tubules and epithelium consists of
• Spermatogenic cells – sperm-forming cells
• Columnar sustentacular cells – support cells (Sartoli cells)
• Spermatogenesis – sperm formation• Begins at puberty – 400 million sperm per day
The Scrotum – Containing the Testes and Spermatic Cord
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Spermiogenesis is controlled by ant. lobe of pituitary gl.
→FSH Leydig cell → Testosterone
The accessory ducts• The Epididymis: • About 6m long duct; store sperms
• Dominated by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia (immotile, long microvilli ) • Reabsorb testicular fluid• Transfer nutrients and secretions to sperms
• 20-day journey for sperm to move through• Gain the ability to swim and to fertilize an egg (maturation)
• The Ductus Deferens: about 45 cm; rapidly propel sperms• Inner mucosa; middle muscularis; outer adventitia• Joint with duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct• Vasectomy for sterility
• The Urethra:• Consists of 3 parts: prostatic, membranous and spongy• Urethral gl. lubricates urethra
Accessory Glands (I)
• The Seminal Vesicles • Lie on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder
• Secretes about 60% of the volume of semen contains:
• Fructose: nourish sperm with autofloresces
• Other substances to enhance fertilization• Prostaglandins: contraction of uterus
• Suppress immune response in female
• Substances enhance sperm motility
• Clot and liquefy semen in vagina (fornix)
• The Bulbourethral glands• Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate gland
• Produce mucus enters spongy urethra prior to ejaculation
• Cleanses urethra and enhances pH for fertilizations
Accessory Glands (II)
• The prostate gland• Fibromuscular stroma encircles the prostatic urethra• Consists of 20-30 compound tubuloalveolar glands
secretes about 25-30% of semen from • Contains substances that enhance sperm motility and
clot & liquefy semen• Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate-
specific antigen (PSA, prostatic cancer maker)• Prostate cancer
• Slow-growing – arises from peripheral glands• Risk factors
• Fatty diet• Genetic predisposition
Prostate Glands
BPH: benigh prostatic hyperplasia
PSA: prostate-specific antigen
Prostatitis
The Penis
Figure 24.8a, b
Circumcision
The Female Reproductive System
• Produces gametes (ova)• oogenesis
• Prepares to support a developing embryo• Ovulation and fertilization• Implantation (pregnancy) and labor
• Undergoes changes according to the menstrual cycle (28 days)• Ovarian cycle• Uterine cycle
Female Internal Reproductive Organs
The Uterine Ducts and Ligaments
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24.11a
The Ovaries
• Small, almond-shaped organs• Contain 400 million ova• Ovarian cycle controlled by FSH and LH
(ovulation)• Held in place by ligaments and mesenteries
• Broad ligament• Suspensory ligament – contains ovarian arteries • Ovarian ligament
The Ovarian Cycle
• Ovulation• occurs about halfway through each ovarian cycle
• Controlled by LH
• Oocyte exits from one ovary• Enters the peritoneal cavity, then is swept into the uterine
tubeEctopic pregnancy
• Luteal Phase – occurs after ovulation• Remaining follicle becomes a corpus luteum
• Secretes progesterone
• Acts to prepare for implantation of an embryo
Ovary
Oogenesis
• Includes chromosomal reduction division of meiosis
• Takes many years to complete
The Female Reproductive System
The Uterus
Anteverted U.
Retroverted U.
Prolapse U.
Surrogate Mother
The Uterine Wall
Functional layer
Basal layer
The Uterine Cycle
• Series of cyclic phases of the endometrium• Phases coordinate with the ovarian cycle• Endometrial phases directed by FSH and LH• Phases of uterine cycle
• Menstrual phase – days 1-5 • Stratum functionalis is shed
• Proliferative phase – days 6-14 • Secretory phase – days 15-28
The Menstrual Cycle
The Vagina
• Consists of three coats• Adventitia – fibrous connective tissue• Muscularis – smooth muscle• Mucosa – marked by transverse folds
• Consists of lamina propria and stratified squamous epithelium• Cervical gland: anti-bacteria, anti-sperm
• Hymen: an incomplete diaphragm • Fornix: recess formed at the superior part of the vagina
• Store semen
• Cervical cancer – slow-growing, arises from epithelium at the tip of the cervix• Papanicolaou smear (Pap): cervicle smear test
The Vagina
The External Genitalia and Female Perineum
Anal triangle
Genital triangle
The Mammary Glands Breasts – modified sweat glands
Glandular structure – undeveloped in non-pregnant women Milk production – starts after childbirth Breast cancer – mammogram, radical mastectomy or lumpectomy