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Reproductive Organs and Hormones
Unit 2
What you should know
• The structure and function of reproductive organs and gametes and their role in fertilisation.
• Gamete production in the testes. The roles of seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells, testosterone, prostate gland and seminal vesicles.
• Gamete production in the ovaries to include maturation of ova and the development of a follicle. Site of fertilisation in the oviduct and zygote formation.
Reproductive Organs and Gametes
• Prior Knowledge– Reproductive organs produce gametes– Male gamete- sperm– Female gamete- egg/ova– Male reproductive organ- testes– Female reproductive organ-ovary
Production of Gametes
• A germ line is the sex cells (eggs and sperm) that are used by sexually reproducing organisms to pass on genes from generation to generation.
• Gametes are produced by germline cells
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
PUBIC BONE
BLADDER
URETER
RECTUM
PENIS
ERECTILE TISSUE
URETHRA
TESTIS SCROTUM
EPIDIDYMIS
VAS DEFERENS
COWPER’S GLAND
SEMINAL VESICLE
PROSTATE GLAND
TESTES
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE
INTERSTITIAL CELLS
TESTES• Seminiferous tubules – produce sperm
• Interstitial cells– secrete testosterone
Interstitial cells
Accessory Glands• Seminal vesicles and the prostate gland
• Semen consists of 10% sperm and 90% fluid and as sperm pass down the ducts from testis to penis, (accessory) glands add various secretion
• The prostate gland and seminal vesicles secrete fluids that maintain the mobility and viability of the sperm. This fluid is called semen
– Seminal vesicles secrete a fructose rich liquid, which provides energy for the mobility of the sperm
– The liquid also contains hormone like compounds (Prostaglandins) which stimulate contractions of the female reproductive tract
– Prostate gland secretes a thin lubricating liquid containing enzymes which regulate the viscosity of semen
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
VAGINA
CERVIXUTERUS
ENDOMETRIUMOVARY
OVIDUCT
THE OVARIES
• The ovaries contain immature ova in various stages of development
• Each ova is surrounded by a follicle that protects the developing ovum and secretes hormones
• Mature ova are released into the oviduct where they may be fertilised by sperm to form a zygote
GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
You should know
• The structure and function of reproductive organs and gametes and their role in fertilisation.
• Gamete production in the testes. The roles of seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells, testosterone, prostate gland and seminal vesicles.
• Gamete production in the ovaries to include maturation of ova and the development of a follicle. Site of fertilisation in the oviduct and zygote formation.
Hormonal Control
What You Should Know• Hormonal onset of puberty. Pituitary gland releases follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH) or interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) via the hypothalamus
• Hormonal control of sperm production. FSH promotes sperm production and ICSH stimulates the production of testosterone. Testosterone also stimulates sperm production and activates the prostate gland and seminal vesicles. Negative feedback control of testosterone by FSH and ICSH.
• Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle. Development of a follicle and the endometrium in the uterus. Roles of FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle. Development of a follicle, the corpus luteum and the endometrium. Follicular and luteal phases. Blastocyst implantation. Negative feedback control through pituitary gland, FSH and progesterone, leading to menstruation.
•
Hormones• Hormones are chemical messengers produced by cells that bind to
receptors on the plasma membrane of other cells or enter other cells and alter the metabolic function of these cells.
• In response to a signal from the brain, hormones are secreted directly into the blood by the glands that produce and store them. These glands make up what is known as the endocrine system
• The testes and ovaries, or "gonads", are endocrine glands. – In males, testes produce sperm and secrete the male sex hormone
testosterone; – in females, ovaries produce eggs and the female hormone oestrogen.– It is these hormones that determine secondary sex characteristics like
muscle mass and facial hair. They also help to orchestrate sperm production, menstruation and pregnancy.
Hormonal Onset of Puberty• At puberty the hypothalamus
secretes a releaser hormone that targets the pituitary gland
• Releaser hormones cause the release of other hormones to start and stop
• The pituitary gland is stimulated to release– follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)– Luteinising hormone (LH) in women– Or interstitial cell stimulating hormone
(ICSH) in men– These hormones control the onset of
puberty
Hormonal Control of Sperm Production
Male Hormones• FSH (follicles stimulating hormones)
promotes spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules
• ICSH (Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone) stimulates interstitial cells to produce male hormones (eg testosterone)
• Testosterone also stimulates sperm production and activates the prostate gland and seminal vesicles
• FSH and ICSH exhibit negative feedback control on the pituitary gland decreasing the level of testosterone produced by the interstitial cells
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL
• High levels of testosterone have an inhibitory effect on the pituitary gland
• Inhibits secretion of FSH and ICSH
• Thus, levels of testosterone fall
• Inhibitory effect on pituitary ceases
• FSH and ICSH secretion increases
• Levels of testosterone increase
SELF REGULATION OF TESTOSTERONE
Testosterone
PITUITUARY GLAND
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES INTERSTITIAL CELLS
FSH ICSH
StimulatesInhibits
Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
• Takes on average 28 days• Menstruation is day 1 to 5 of
the cycle• Endometrium starts to repair• Ovulation day 14• Endometrium thick and spongy• Menstruation in absence of
fertilised egg• Consists of 32 phases-
Follicular phase & Luteal phase
• FSH– Causes development of follicles in ovary– Stimulates secretion of oestrogen by the
follicle
• oestrogen stimulates proliferation of the endometrium preparing it for implantation and affects the consistency of cervical mucus making it easier for sperm to penetrate
Follicular Phase
Luteal Phase
• LH– Peak levels of oestrogen stimulate a surge in
the secretion of LH which triggers ovulation– Causes Graafian follicle to rupture (ovulation)– Causes development of the corpus luteum
from the follicle– Stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete
progesterone
• Progesterone promotes further development and vascularisation of the endometrium preparing it to receive a blastocyst if fertilisation occurs
• Ovum dies after 36 hours
Negative Feedback Effect of Ovarian Hormones on the Pituitary
• High levels of oestrogen and progesterone have an inhibitory effect on the pituitary gland
• Decrease the levels of FSH and LH which prevents further follicles from developing
• The lack of LH leads to degeneration of the corpus luteum
• A drop in progesterone leads to menstruation
Menstrual Cycle
FERTILISATION
FERTILISATION