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Reproductive Health Issues
It refers to the diseases, disorders and
conditions affecting the function of male
and female reproductive systems.
It includes birth defects, developmental
disorders, teenage pregnancy and
abortion.
This is also concerned with environmental
pollutants that can cause infertility to both
men and women.
Environmental Pollutants
Lead (Pb)
• Main component in paints, gasoline and
cosmetic products. It can also be present in
contaminated food and water.
• It is also present in spermicides.
• Spermicides are contraceptive substances that
destroys sperm.
Effects of Lead Decreased sperm count and increased
sperm abnormalities.(Alexander et al.1996; Gennart et al. 1992; Lerda 1992; and Lin et al.).
Effects may begin at 40 (lethal dose).
Long-term lead exposure also may diminish sperm concentrations, total sperm counts, and total sperm motility (Alexander et al. 1996 as cited in ATSDR 2000).
Study shows that increasing dosage or
exposure to lead may cause placenta
disintegration which can treat life in the
womb.
It can also cause adverse effects to fetus
development that often results to birth
defects and abnormalities.
Mercury
Mercury can affect fertility is well known
since mercury has been commonly used
as a spermicide in birth control products.
Present in batteries, electronic appliances.
And fluorescent lamps.
Effects of mercuryPositive association was found between
elevated mercury levels and incidence of
malformations and aborted
pregnancies..
Mercury exposure have been implicated in
birth defects, autism, attention deficit
disorders, impotency, and significant
reduction in sperm motility and sperm
count leading to infertility.
Sperm Motility
Sperm motility describes the ability of
sperm to move properly through the
female reproductive tract (internal
fertilization) or through water (external
fertilization) to reach the egg.
Semen Analysis
A semen analysis (plural: semen
analyses) evaluates certain characteristics
of a male's semen and the sperm
contained therein.
It is done to help evaluate male fertility,
whether for those seeking pregnancy.
History of Abortion
Since the start of civilization, abortion was
widely practiced by primitive man.
They used herbs to perform abortion.
Some resort to abortion as last choice to
save mother’s life.
Because of booming population, abortion
is sometimes driven by social pressures.
Abortion: A Closer LookSpontaneous abortion, also known as
miscarriage, is the unintentional expulsion
of an embryo or fetus.
References: Harlap and Davies, "Late Sequelae of Induced Abortion:
Complications and Outcome of Pregnancy and Labor", American Journal of Epidemiology (1975), vol.102,no.3.
Heath,"Psychiatry and Abortion",Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal (1971), vol.16, pp55-63)
Hilgers, "The Medical Hazards of Legally Induced Abortion," in Hilgers and Horan, eds., Abortion and Social Justice(New York: Sheed and Ward, 1972).
Hogue,"Impact of Abortion on Subsequent Fecundity", Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology (March 1986), vol.13,no.1.