Reproduction Study Guide

Reprod-dev outline

Topic

Asexual Reproduction

One parent produces genetically identical offspring

Types of asexual reproduction

Binary Fission (mitosis)

one cell divides into 2

from RegentsPrep.org

Budding

One parent divides genetic material equally, but cytoplasm unequally

Example: yeast


Sporulation

One parent makes spores which develop into offpsring

Example: bread mold


Topic

Asexual Reproduction

Types of asexual reproduction

Budding

Sporulation


Regeneration

Part of an organism can grow a new individual

Examples: planaria, starfish

Cloning

Using the genetic material from one organism to make a genetically identical offspring.

Vegetative Propagation

Part of plant becomes a new plant

Runners (stems extend from existing stems)

Bulbs - underground stems

Tubers - understand stems

Rhizomes - stems that grow under the soil

Cuttings - pieces of roots, stems, or leaves that develop into new plants

Grafting - a cutting from one plant is attached to the main body of a rooted plant

Sexual Reproduction in Plants

from users.rcn.com—Angiosperm.html

Sexual reproduction happens in plants when the pollen and eggs combine to make a new plant

2 parents create a genetically original offspring

Female Plant parts

pistil/carpel

all the female parts -- ovaries, stigma, style

ovaries

contain ovules, which make the eggs

Male Plant parts

Stamen (name for all of the male parts)

Filament

Holds up the anther so the pollen can be dispersed

Anther

contains pollen grains

Topic

Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Male Plant parts

Stamen (name for all of the male parts)

Anther

contains pollen grains

Parts that are neither Male or Female

petals

sepals

Sexual Reproduction in Humans

Two parents create genetically unique offspring


Made possible by meiosis

The process where sex cells are made

1 round of meiosis makes 4 sperms cells

1 round of meiosis makes 1 egg cell and 3 polar bodies

Male Reproductive System


testes

produce sperm

scrotum

a sac that holds the testes

sac hangs just outside the man's body

creates a slightly cooler environment which is better for sperm

vas deferens

tube carrying sperm away from testes

prostate gland

gland that adds lubricating and other fluids to sperm

combination of sperm and other fluids is called semen

urinary bladder

holds the urine produced by the kidneys

urethra

tube carrying sperm to the outside of the body

penis

tube that delivers sperm to the female reproductive system

Female Reproductive System

from wikipedia.org

Topic Female Reproductive System

from wikipedia.org

Ovaries

produce eggs

secrete 2 hormones -- estrogen and progesterone

Fallopian tubes

site of fertilization

transport tube from ovary to uterus

Uterus

Baby room

Embryo will implant in uterine wall

Cervix

connects the uterus and vagina

expands to allow the baby's head to fit through during bith

Vagina

The tube in which sperm is delivered from the male into the female reproductive system

Menstrual Cycle

4 parts of the the menstrual cycle

Follicular

Follicles develop

8 days

Follicle cells produce estrogen

Ovulation

3-4 days

Egg is released from follicle

Triggered by release of LH

Luteal

14 days

Follicle cells become corpus luteum

Topic

Menstrual Cycle

4 parts of the the menstrual cycle

Luteal

Follicle cells become corpus luteum

Luteal cells make progesterone

Menstrual

4-5 days

Uterine lining broken down and sloughed off

Role of Hormones in the menstrual Cycle

Estrogen-progesterone

thicken uterine wall

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

stimulates the production of follicles

LH (luteinizing hormone)

stimulates the production of corpus luteum cells

Fertilization

Topic

Fertilization

External Fertilization

Sperm and egg "meet" in water environment outside the organism (example: fish, amphibians)

Each parents deposits large number of sperm or eggs in the water at the same time.

Internal Fertilization

Sperm and egg "meet" inside the organism (example: humans, mammals)

Mother's reproductive system provides an internal "watery" environment

Development

External Development

New organism develops outside the mother (example: birds--eggs)

Internal Development

New organism develops inside the mother (example: mammals)

Embryonic Development

Embryo develops from less complex to more complex

Involves two key processes

Simple Mitosis

Making good copies

Differentiation

Making specific cells (example: skin cells, liver cells, bone cells)

Happens in stages

Fertilized egg (zygote)

Occurs when sperm and egg combine their genetic material

from pregnancy-calendars.net

Forms the beginning of the new organism

Single cell divides into ball of cells through process called cleavage

Fertilized egg must travel from the fallopian tubes to the uterus

Morula (#1 below)

4-16 cells

3-4 days after fertilization

Starts to travel toward uterus

Derived from word for mulberry (lots of bumps)

from wikipedia.org

Blastula (#2 below)

Hollow ball of cells

About 100 cells

Reaches uterus by Day 5 after fertilization

Topic

Blastula (#2 below)

Reaches uterus by Day 5 after fertilization

derived from word for "bud"

Gastrula

Hollow ball develops 3 layers of cells

Will implant on the wall of the uterus 8-10 days after fertilization

Derived from word for "belly"


These 3 layers develop/differentiate into specific types of cells

3 layers

ectoderm - becomes nervous system, skin, hair, nails

mesodern - becomes muscles, circulatory system, skeleton, excretory system, testes/ovaries

endodern - becomes lining of digestive and respiratory tracts, parts of liver, pancreas

Embryo

Developing organism weeks 0-8


Yolk Sac

Initial source of nutrition for embryo

Develops into gut

Fetus


Topic

Fetus



Placenta

Fluid-filled sac containing developing embryo/fetus

from wikipedia.org

Baby is connected to mom's blood supply by umbilicial cord

Part baby's, part mom's

Documents

Reproduction Study Guide