Reproduction - Review Sexual Reproduction Reproduction using 2 parents Half of the genetic information (genes) come from each parent___ The offspring has

Reproduction - Review

Sexual Reproduction

•Reproduction using 2 parents

•Half of the genetic information (genes)

come from each parent___

•The offspring has a different genetic

makeup than parents – creating variety

•This type of reproduction is best for

evolution


Asexual Reproduction

•Reproduction using only one parent

•Offspring gets all of its DNA from parent

•Offspring looks identical to the parent

(will have all its strengths and flaws)

• Creates little variation within a

population

•What kills one will kill them all


Male Parts and Functions

•Designed to put sperm into a females virgina

•Sperm transports male genes (1/2) to the female

•Testes make sperm, and the hormone

Testosterone

•Sperm ducts transports sperm to the penis; if

these tubes are blocked or cut- No sperm will

reach the penis.


Female Parts and Functions

•Design to hold the embryo until developed.

•Ovaries produce the egg and the hormones

Estrogen and Progesterone

•The fallopian Tubes is where fertilization takes

place – If one fallopian tube is block, it will be

harder to get pregnant

•The uterus holds and protects the embryo till birth

•The reproductive system is regulated by hormones


Fertilization to Birth

•Fertilization occurs when an egg (23) and sperm

(23) combine forming a zygote (46 chromosomes)

•The zygote will implant into the wall of the

uterus

•The zygote divides by mitosis forming and

embryo then a fetus.

•The dividing cells first start identical, then begins

to differentiate into specialized cells

Genetics - Review

DNA•DNA is found in the nucleus

•DNA is a huge double-helix molecule

•It contains all the genes to make an entire

organism.

•It is made up of 4 nucleic bases – A, T, G, C

•A binds with T, G binds with C

•DNA cannot leave the nucleus, so it makes RNA to

carry its code to the ribosome.

Genetics - Review

RNA

•RNA is a single strand molecule

•It is made by the DNA

•RNA is made with 4 nucleic bases – A, U, C,

G: A goes with U and C goes with G

•Rna is small enough to leave the nucleus

•The ribosome reads the RNA code 3 letters at a

time: each 3 letter codes for an amino acid

Genetics - Review

Mutations

•Mutations are any change in the DNA code

•Mutations include: Adding a nucleic base to

the DNA; Deleting a nucleic base to the DNA; or

substituting a nucleic base to the DNA;

•Change the DNA code can change the

protein being made

•Mutation rates increase with increase

radiation

Genetics - Review

Gel Electrophoresis

•GE is a technique use to see comparisons

between different DNA

•It is in fraternal testing, solving crimes,

tracing ancestry and determining evolution.

•DNA is cut into small pieces (bands) using

enzymes

•Small pieces move fast through the gel

while large pieces move slow

Genetics - Review

Selective Breeding

•It is an old technique used by farmers and

scientists

•Mating two parents with desired traits to

get an offspring with both traits.

•Not always guaranteed.

•Done with dogs, horses and crops.

Genetics - Review

Cloning•It is new technique used by scientists

•Clones occur natural in nature (twins and asexual

reproduction)

•Cloning involves taking a body cell from one

parent and creating an offspring that is identical

to the parent.

•Cloning creates little or no variation.

•Clones cannot reproduce with each other

because they are the same sex.

Genetics - Review

Genetic Engineering

•It is a very new technique used by scientists

•Used to create new organisms.

•G. E. involves taking a gene from one organism

and inserting it in the DNA of another individual.

•Usually 2 different species are involved.

•Clones cannot reproduce with each other

because they are the same sex.

Evolution- Review

Evolution•Evolution is a change in a population over time

•Evolution explains how different species appeared

on the planet.

•Species that are able to adapt to their environment

will reproduce and pass on their genes.

•Species that are not able to adapt to their

environment will become extinct.

•Survival of the fittest – (best adapted to its

environment.

Evolution- Review

Survival of the fittest

•Variation within a population gives some individuals

advantages in survival over others

• Mutations causes variations.

•If the mutation helps the individual survive, it will be

passed on to it offspring.

•If the mutation hurts the individual’s chances to

survive, the mutation will die with the individual and

not be passed on to it offspring.

•Natural selection – Nature selects who lives or dies

Evolution- Review

Variation•Variations are small differences between

individuals of a population.

•Variations a caused by: mutations,

different gene combinations for sexual

reproduction

•Some variations are good for an individual,

while other are harmful.

Evolution- Review

Evidence of Evolution

•Many organisms use similar body designs (4 limbs,

2 eyes, mouth in front)

•Although their function is different, bone

structures are similar.

•During Embryo development, embryos of different

species look the same.

•Different species share similar band patterns in

electrophoresis.

Ecology- Review

Ecology•It’s the study of how living things interact with

non-living things

•Population – a group of the same species

•Community – A group of different species

living in an area

•Ecosystem – All the living and non-living things

in an area

•Biosphere – all the ecosystems on the planet

Ecology- Review

Abiotic

•Abiotic are all the non-living things in an ecosystem

•Only works with small sized molecules

•They include: air, water, shelter, minerals,

temperature, the Sun

•Abiotic factors are important because

without them, living things would die.

•Abiotic things can regulate the size of a

population.

Ecology- Review

Biotic

•Biotic refers to all living things in an ecosystem.

•It includes: plants, animals and fungus.

•It also include the living thing’s niche (job): Auto

troph, heterotroph, producer, consumer,

decomposers.

• It also includes living things relationships: Mates,

predator/prey, population, symbiosis

Ecology- Review

Energy Pyramid

•The E.P. shows how energy moves through an ecosystem.

•All energy originates from the Sun.

•The Sun’s energy enter at the bottom of the pyramid

through plants.

•Plants (on the bottom level)convert the Sun’s energy into

glucose.

•Herbivores (2nd level) eat the plants, taking in the

glucose.

•Carnivores (3rd & 4th levels) than eat the herbivores.

Ecology- Review

Energy Pyramid

Proportion

•The largest level are the plants – they have the

most energy and largest population.

•The 2nd largest level are the herbivores – they have

the most energy of the animal and the 2nd largest

population.

•Carnivores have the smallest population and the

lowest amount of energy.

•If the proportion of the pyramid is disturbed then

the ecosystem will collapse.

Ecology- Review

Producers

•Producers are all the green plants in an ecosystem.

•The are found on the bottom of an energy pyramid.

•They are always the first organism in a food chain or web.

•They convert the Sun’s energy into chemical energy (glucose)

•Without producers, no energy could enter an ecosystem. Everything would die.

Ecology- Review

Consumers

•Consumers are all the animals in an ecosystem.

•The are found on levels 2, 3 and 4 of an energy pyramid.

•Consumers need to eat other organisms in order to get energy.

•Herbivores only eat plants

•Omnivores eat both plants and animals.

•Carnivores only eat meat.

•Top predators are always carnivores.

Ecology- Review

Decomposers

•Decomposers are all the fungus, mushrooms, and

bacteria in an ecosystem

•Decomposers are not found on the energy

pyramid because the exist everywhere.

•Decomposers breakdown dead organisms

and recycle the nutrients back into the

ecosystem so plants can use it.

Ecology- Review

Predator / Prey

•Predators are hunters

•Prey are the hunted.

•When there are a lot of prey, that means there is a

lot of food for the predators – Predator populations

rise.

•When there are a small amount of prey, that

means there is little food for the predators –

Predator populations decrease.

Human Impact - Review

Limiting factors

•Limiting factors regulate the size of

populations

•If there are a lot of food, water, mates then

populations will grow.

•If there is a little amount of food, water, mates

then populations will decrease.

•Populations that are too large for their

ecosystem will have a lot of competition


Fossil Fuels

•Fossil fuels are any fuels that originated from

prehistoric organisms.

•These are considered “dirty Fuels” because

they make a lot of population.

•They are infinite fuels meaning that we will

run out of them

•Fossil fuels where first used in large quantity

during the industrial revolution


Air Pollution

•Air pollution is the result of burning fossil fuels and using aerosol cans.•Greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere, creating a gas blanket – causing global warming.

•Global warming is melting the ice caps – raising sea levels

•Aerosol cans release CFC’s into the atmosphere – destroying the ozone.

•The Ozone protects us from radiation.


Water Pollution

•Water pollution from factors make fish harmful to eat. Water plants absorb the toxins, fish eat the plants, we eat the fish we get cancer.•Fertilizers from farms enter streams and lakes causing the algae to glow quickly.

•This algae blocks out the Sun from reaching the plants from the bottom of the lake – killing them and the fish who eat those plants


Land Pollution

•Toxins are place in or on the ground.

•These toxins seep into the ground entering the

ground water that we drink.

•When it rain, some of the toxins move as

runoff into lakes and streams affecting the fish

and aquatic plants.


Deforestation

•Deforestation is the removal of large amount of

trees in a area.

•Trees provide homes for many organisms, gives

us oxygen and helps clean air pollution.

•Cutting down forest also reduce the about of

biodiversity in the area. Less tree means less

animals or extinction.

•Destroying forest can destroy are chances of

finding new drugs.


Overhunting / over fishing

•O.H. and O.F. is when large amounts of

organisms are harvested for food.

•Technology allows humans to kill more than

we need- whole species could be wiped out.

•This creates a shortage of food for other

organisms – causing a stain on their population


Invasive Species

•I.S. are organisms that are accidentally placed

into an ecosystem

•Because they have no predators (limiting

factor) to keep their population down, their

population explodes.

•The eat everything in the ecosystem and out

compete the native species – killing them off.


Human Population

Growth

•Because of medicine and technology humans

are living longer that before.

•Because less people are dying than are being

born, the human population is increasing.

•More people means more homes, food and

water they need.

•Humans change their environment to suit their

needs – also destroying habits of all the other

organisms.


Alternative Fuels

•A.F. are fuels created by technology

•They are considered “clean fuels”

•Since they use natural resource it is said that

they will never run out.

•Solar, water and wind can create electricity.

•They are expensive to start up, but cheep in

the long haul.


Good Government

Environmental Programs

•To combat all the bad things humans have

done to the environment, governments have

put program in to affect to help.

•Rebates is money given to people to convert

their homes or businesses for fossil fuels to

alternative fuels.

•Hunting permits, national parks, Heavy fines

for pollution, endangered species list.


Refostation

•Reforestation is when trees are replanted

where a tree has bee cut down.

•Rebuilds and strengthen old forest.

•Provides ne homes for organism.

•Increases biodiversity in an area.


Zoos and Parks

•Zoos and Parks protect organisms from being

hunted or killed

•Zoos help increase the population of certain

organisms that may be on the endangered

species list or near extinction.

Labs- Review

NYS Lab-Diffusion Through

a Membrane

•Shows how some molecules can move through a membrane while others cannot

•Starch is too big to move through

•Glucose and iodine are small enough to move through.

•Benedicts is used to test for glucose – it is blue but turn orangey red when heated.

•Iodine test for starch – it is amber but turns blue-black

Labs- Review

NYS Lab-Making Connections

•Shows how body systems work together

•As you do exercise, your muscle need more energy-

you start to breath faster and your heart pumps

faster.

•This is because more CO2 enters your blood from

the cells as the perform respiration. Your body

needs to get rid of the CO2.

•When you stop exercising you breathing and heart

rate returns to normal.

Labs- Review

NYS Lab-Finch Lab

•Shows how competition can lead to extinction

or finding new niches to occupy

•Variations in beak size gave some individual

advantage over others, making them successful

•Those that where not successful would need

to find another food source or face extinction.

Labs- Review

NYS Lab-Biodiversity

•Shows students how to do tests that allows

you to make accurate comparisons between

different organism.

The Body Systems - Review

Diabetes

•Diabetes is a disease where the pancreas does

not make enough insulin.

•Insulin regulates blood sugar (lowers).

•A person who has diabetes are at risk of strokes

and poor blood flow.

•Diabetics need to take insulin shots and be on

a restricted diet to regulate their blood sugar.

The Body Systems - Review

Important Hormones

•Insulin –regulates blood sugar

•Testosterone – regulates sperm production

and male characteristics

•Estrogen – regulates egg production and female

characteristics

•Progesterone – used during pregnancy

Chemistry- Review

Important Proteins

•Enzymes – Speed up chemical reactions

•Hormones – communication between body

parts

Neurotransmitters – Communication between

nerves

Receptor molecules – receivers of messages

Antigens – tells the body if something belongs

Antibodies – made by WBC to fight pathogens.

Documents

Reproduction - Review Sexual Reproduction Reproduction using 2 parents Half of the genetic information (genes) come from each parent___ The offspring has