Reported Speech

Indirect Speech (also referred to as reported speech) refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said.1. If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause will be in a past form. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original.. For example: He said the test was difficult. She said she watched TV every day. Jack said he came to school every day. 2. If simple present, present perfect or the future is used in the reporting verb (i.e. says) the tense is retained.For example: He says the test is difficult. She has said that she watches TV every day. Jack will say that he comes to school every day.3. If reporting a general truth the present tense will be retained. For example:The teacher said that phrasal verbs are very important.Changing Pronouns and Time SignifiersWhen changing from direct speech to indirect speech, it is often necessary to change the pronouns to match the subject of the sentence.For example: She said, I want to bring my children. BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children. Jack said, My wife went with me to the show. BECOMES Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show. It is also important to change time words (signifiers) when referring to present, past or future time to match the moment of speaking. For example: She said, I want to bring my children tomorrow. BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children the next day. Jack said, My wife went with me to the show yesterday. BECOMES Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show the day before.Indirect QuestionsWhen reporting questions, it is especially important to pay attention to sentence order. When reporting yes/ no questions connect the reported question using if. When reporting questions using question words (why, where, when, etc.) use the question word. For example: She asked, Do you want to come with me? BECOMES She asked me if I wanted to come with her. Dave asked, Where did you go last weekend? BECOMES Dave asked me where I had gone the previous weekend. He asked, Why are you studying English? BECOMES She asked me why I was studying English. 1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimatJika kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik (). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect.Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata that atau to (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya:NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01He said, I have a present for you in my bag. He said that he had a present for me in his bag.

02He asked me, why do you come late.He asked me why I came late.

03He orderd me, dont bring a bag.He ordered me to didnt bring a bag.

Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya yes-no question maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01They asked me, Do you want to join us to play football?They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football.

02He asked me, Does she want to mary me? He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01He asked me, why do you come late?He asked me why you came late.

02He asked me, what does she eat?He asked me what she ate.

03He asked me, when did you come?He asked me when I came.

04He asked me, who are you?He asked me who I was.

05He asked me, who is she?He asked me who she was.

2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.

Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01Simple PresentSimple Past

02Present ContinuousPast Continuous

03Present FuturePast Future

04Present PerfectPast Perfect

05Present Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous

06Simple PastPast Perfect

07Past ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous

Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01V1 (eat)V2 (ate)

02V2 (ate)Had + V3 (had eaten)

03Am/is/areWas/were

04Do/doesDid

05Do/does notDid not

06Did notHad not + V3

07Was/wereHad been

08Am/is/are + V-ingWas/were + V-ing

09Was/were +V-ingHad been + V-ing

10Has/have + V3Had + V3

11Will/shall/can/may/mustWould/should/could/might/had to

12Could/might/should/would + V1/beCould/might/should/would + have+ V3/been

3. Perubahan PronounPerubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01He said, I am busy.He said that he was busy.

02She said, I am unwell.She said that she was unwell.

03I said, I will be late.I said that I would be late.

04They said, We will not permit this.They said that they would not permit that.

05We said, We need to buy some clothes.We said that we needed to buy some clothes.

Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01He said to me, You have to come with me.He told me that I had to go with him.

02She said to me, You can go.She told me that I could go.

03She said to him, You can go.She told him that he could go.

Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01He said, She is a good girl.He said that she was a good girl.

02She said, They have invited us.She said that they had invited them.

03They said, He does not have the necessary qualifications.They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.

4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)

Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01NowThen

02To dayThat day

03TomorrowThe next dayThe day afterThe following dayA day later

04Next The afterThe following

05Last The beforeThe Previous

06 ago before earlier

07YesterdayThe day beforeThe previous dayThe preceeding day

08The day before yesterdayTwo day before

09HereThere

10ThisThat

11TheseThose

Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.Direct SpeechIndirect Speech

(+)He said, I have a present for you in my bag. hereHe said that he had a present for me in his bag there.

(-)He said, I do not have a present for you in my bagHe said that he did not have a present for me in his bag.

(?)He asked, Do I have a present for you in my bag?He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag.

(?)He asked me, Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag?He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.

(!)He ordered/commanded me, Bring my bag here now!He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then.

(!)He ordered me, Dont bring your bag here!He ordered me not to bring my bag there.