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Israeli Palestinian Conflict

-A Report on the History of the war & the

current issues in dispute

By

Abhas Bhargava(204/CO/08)

Anura Gupta(226/CO/08)

Anurag Gulati(228/CO/08)

Anushree Ghosh(231/CO/08 )

Date: 30th

April, 2010

To: Dr. Duru Arun Kumar

Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology

Dwarka Sec-3, New Delhi

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction and General Overview 1

2. Major Events 2

2.1 Geography and Early History of Israel and Palestine 2

2.2 British Mandate for Palestine 2

2.3 Partition 3

2.4 The Arab Invasion 3

3. The War in the Modern World 4

3.1 The 1967- 6 day War 4

3.2 The First Intifada 4

3.3 The Oslo Peace Process 53.4 Camp David 5

3.5 Security Barrier 6

3.6 Arab Peace Initiative 6

4. The Remaining key Issues 7

4.1 Jerusalem 7

4.2 Refugees 8

4.3 Occupation, Land and Settlements 8

4.4 Israeli Security 9

4.5 Water 9

5. Recent Events 10

6. Summary 11

7. Sources 12

8. Acknowledgments 12

9. Index 13

10. Glossary 14

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1. Introduction and General Overview

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a part of the greater Arab Israeli conflict, is an ongoing

conflict between the State of Israel and Palestinian Arabs. The Palestine problem became

an international issue towards the end of the First World War with the disintegration of

the Turkish Ottoman Empire. It was among the several former Ottoman Arab territories,

which were placed under the administration of Great Britain under the Mandates System

adopted by the League of Nations pursuant to the League's Covenant (Article 22).

All but one of these Mandated Territories became fully independent States. The

exception was Palestine where, instead of being limited to "the rendering of

administrative assistance and advice" the Mandate had as a primary objective the

implementation of the "Balfour Declaration" issued by the British Government in 1917,

expressing support for "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish

people".

Many attempts have been made to broker a two-state solution, which would entail the

creation of an independent Palestinian state alongside an independent Jewish state or

next to the State of Israel (after Israel's establishment in 1948). As recently as 2007, a

majority of both Israelis and Palestinians, according to a number of polls, prefer the two-

state solution over any other solution as a means of resolving the conflict. Moreover, a

considerable majority of the Jewish public sees the Palestinians' demand for an

independent state as just, and thinks Israel can agree to the establishment of such a

state. A majority of Palestinians and Israelis view the West Bank and Gaza Strip as an

acceptable location of the hypothetical Palestinian state in a two-state solution. However,

there are significant areas of disagreement over the shape of any final agreement and

also regarding the level of credibility each side sees in the other in upholding basic

commitment. An alternative is the one-state or binational solution, whereby all of Israel,

the Gaza Strip, and West Bank would become a bi-national state with equal rights for all.

Within Israeli and Palestinian society, the conflict generates a wide variety of views and

opinions. This highlights the deep divisions which exist not only between Israelis and

Palestinians, but also within each society.

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2. History

The different perceptions of history are perhaps the most important factors in the Arab-

Israeli conflict. Accounts of history, interpreting history in different ways, are used to

justify claims and to negate claims, to vilify the enemy and to glorify "our own" side.

2.1 Geography and Early History of Israel and Palestine

The land variously called Israel and Palestine is a small, (10,000 square miles at present)

land at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. During its long history, its area,

population and ownership varied greatly. The present state of Israel occupies all the land

from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean ocean, bounded by Egypt in the south,

Lebanon in the north, and Jordan in the East. The recognized borders of Israel constitute

about 78% of the land. The remainder is divided between land occupied by Israel since

the 1967 6-day war and the autonomous regions under the control of the Palestinian

autonomy. The Gaza strip occupies an additional 141 square miles south of Israel, and isunder the control of the Palestinian authority.

In the nineteenth century, new social currents animated Jewish life. The emancipation of

European Jews signalled by the French revolution, brought Jews out of the Ghetto and

into the modern world, exposing them to modern ideas. The liberal concepts introduced

by emancipation and modern nationalist ideas were blended with traditional Jewish ideas

about Israel and Zion. The marriage of "love of Zion" with modern nationalism took place

first among the Sephardic (Spanish and Eastern) Jewish community of Europe. There, the

tradition of living in the land of the Jews and return to Zion had remained practical goals

rather than messianic aspirations, and Hebrew was a living language. Emancipation of

Jews triggered a new type of virulent anti-Jewish political and social movement in

Europe.

2.2 The British Mandate for Palestine

2.2.1 The Balfour Declaration - In November 1917, before Britain had conquered

Jerusalem and the area to be known as Palestine, Britain issued the Balfour Declaration.

The declaration was a letter addressed to Lord Rothschild, based on a request of the

Zionist organization in Great Britain. The declaration stated Britain's support for the

creation of a Jewish national home in Palestine, without violating the civil and religious

rights of the existing non-Jewish communities. After the war, the League of Nationsdivided much of the Ottoman Empire into mandated territories. The British and French

saw the Mandates as instruments of imperial ambitions. US President Wilson insisted

that the mandates must foster eventual independence. The British were anxious to keep

Palestine away from the French, and decided to ask for a mandate that would implement

the Jewish national home of the Balfour declaration, a project that would be supported

by the Americans. The Arabs opposed the idea of a Jewish national home, considering --

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that the areas now called Palestine were their land. The Arabs felt they were in danger of

dispossession by the Zionists, and did not relish living under Jewish rule. In 1920, Britain

received a provisional mandate over Palestine, which would extend west and east of the

River Jordan. The area of the mandate given to Britain at the San Remo conference was

much larger than historic Palestine.

2.2.2 Arab Riots and Jewish immigration - In the spring of 1920, spring of 1921 and

summer of 1929, Arab nationalists opposed to the Balfour declaration, the mandate and

the Jewish National Home, instigated riots and pogroms against Jews in Jerusalem,

Hebron, Jaffa and Haifa. The violence led to the formation of the Haganah Jewish self-

defence organization in 1920. The riots of 1920 and 1921 reflected opposition to the

Balfour declaration and fears that the Arabs of Palestine would be dispossessed, and

were probably attempts to show the British that Palestine as a Jewish National home

would be ungovernable.

2.3 Partition

The United Nations Special Commission on Palestine (UNSCOP)

recommended that Palestine be divided into an Arab state and

a Jewish state. The commission called for Jerusalem to be put

under international administration The UN General Assembly

adopted this plan on Nov. 29, 1947 as UN Resolution (GA 181).

The Jews accepted the UN decision, but the Arabs rejected it.The resolution divided the land into two approximately equal

portions in a complicated scheme with zigzag borders (see map

at right).

It soon became evident that the scheme could not work. Mutual antagonism would make

it impossible for either community to tolerate the other.

2.4 The Arab Invasion

The governments of neighbouring Arab states were more reluctant than is generally

assumed to enter the war against Israel, despite bellicose declarations. However, fear of

popular pressure combined with fear that other Arab states would gain an advantage

over them by fighting in Palestine, helped sway Syria, Jordan and Egypt to go to war.

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2.4.1 The Arab defeat and the birth of the refugee problem - Despite initial setbacks,

better organization and intelligence successes, as well as timely clandestine arms

shipments, enabled the Jews to gain a decisive victory. The Arabs and Palestinians lost

their initial advantage when they failed to organize and unite. The UN arranged a series of

cease-fires between the Arabs and the Jews in 1948 and 1949. UN GA Resolution 194

called for cessation of hostilities and return of refugees who wish to live in peace. SecurityCouncil Resolution 62 called for implementation of armistice agreements that would lead

to a permanent peace. The borders of Israel were established along the "green line" of

the armistice agreements of 1949.

3. The War in the Modern World

3.1 The 1967 6-Day War

Tension began developing between Israel and Arab countries in the 1960s. Israel began to

implement its National Water Carrier plan, which pumps water from the Sea of Galilee to

irrigate south and central Israel. The project was in accordance with a plan proposed by

US envoy Eric Johnston in 1955, and agreed to by Arab engineers. Arab governments

refused to participate however, because of the implied recognition of Israel. The newly

formed Palestinian Fatah movement seized on the Israeli diversion as an "imperialist

event" that would catalyze their revolution. The Syrians, who had broken with Nasser's

pan-Arabism, countered by supporting Fatah and attempted to take over the Fatah

group. They recruited terrorists and attacked the water carrier on January 14 and

February 28. This ferment is considered the catalyst of the events that brought about the6-day war. In several summit conferences beginning in 1964, Arab leaders ratified

the establishment of the PLO, declared their resolve to destroy Israel, and decided to

divert the sources of the Jordan River that feed the Sea of Galilee, to prevent Israel from

implementing the water carrier plan.

3.2 The First Intifada

While the fortunes of the PLO waned, Palestinians in the occupied territories took their

fate into their own hands. Beginning in 1987, a revolt called the Intifadeh began in the

Gaza Strip and the West Bank. The revolt was initiated by local residents and involved

mostly low-level violence such as rock throwing, winning sympathy for the struggle of the

Palestinians against the Israeli occupiers. By 1991 however, the Intifadeh had all but

ended.

http://www.mideastweb.org/IsraelScNotes.htm

http://www.mideastweb.org/IsraelScNotes.htm

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3.3 The Oslo Peace Process

Following the Gulf war, US pressure, the ongoing breakup of the USSR and favourable

international opinion made it possible to convene negotiations toward settlement of the

Palestinian problem. In 1993 and 1995, Israel and the PLO signed the Oslo Declaration of

Principles and The Oslo Interim Agreement which created the Palestinian NationalAuthority (PNA), a supposedly temporary entity having the power to negotiate with Israel

and to govern areas of the West Bank and Gaza evacuated by Israel. Israel and Jordan

signed a peace treaty in 1994. The peace process with the Palestinians led to the

withdrawal of Israeli troops from the Gaza Strip and most cities and towns of the West

Bank by early 1996. In January 1996, Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian-

controlled parts of the West Bank elected a legislature controlled by the Fatah faction,

with Yasser Arafat as Chairman (titled "Rais" - "President" by the Palestinians) to

administer these areas. As the Israelis withdrew, Palestinians took control of these areas.

About 97% of the Palestinians in these areas were nominally under Palestinian rule, but

the area controlled by the Palestine National Authority amounted to about 8% of theland. Israel embarked on an accelerated settlement program, building thousands of

housing units in the West Bank, and doubling the number of settlers there by

2004. Though the PLO had agreed to end forego violence in the Oslo declaration of

principles, attacks on settlers continued.

3.4 Camp David Summit

Another attempt to make peace between the two countries was made in 2000 at

ANSHU9Camp David Summit. However, negotiations for a final settlement ended in

deadlock. Palestinians insisted that refugees should have the right to return to Israel,

which would produce an Arab majority in Israel. Israel insisted on annexing key

portions of the Palestinian areas and on leaving most settlements intact, and offered

only a limited form of Palestinian statehood. Both sides agreed on Israeli withdrawal

from Gaza. Palestinian violence erupted on September 28, 2000, triggered by a visit of

Ariel Sharon to the Temple mount in Jerusalem. This location, called the Haram as

Sharif in Arabic, is also the site of the Al-Aqsa mosque, holy to Muslims. False rumors

spread that Sharon had entered the mosque, helping to fan the unrest. The US called

a summit conference in Sharm-El Sheikh in October, in order to bring about an end to

the violence. Both sides vowed to put an end to the bloodshed and return to

negotiations. At the conference, it was also agreed to set up a US led investigative

committee that would report on the causes of the violence and makerecommendations to the UN. This eventually resulted in the Mitchell Report. Shortly

thereafter, however, Arab leaders and Yasser Arafat met in an extraordinary Arab

League Summit in Cairo, and issued a belligerent communique praising the Intifada

and calling for an international investigative commission rather than the one agreed

upon in Sharm El Sheikh. About two weeks later a suicide bombing in Jerusalem put an

end to the truce.

http://www.mideastweb.org/meoslodop.htm


http://www.mideastweb.org/meosint.htm

http://www.mideastweb.org/Israjordan.htm

http://www.mideastweb.org/bio-arafat.htm

http://www.mideastweb.org/sharm2.htm

http://www.mideastweb.org/mitchell_report.htm

http://www.mideastweb.org/Arab_Summit_2000.htm




http://www.mideastweb.org/mitchell_report.htm

http://www.mideastweb.org/sharm2.htm

http://www.mideastweb.org/bio-arafat.htm

http://www.mideastweb.org/Israjordan.htm




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3.5 The Security Barrier ("Security Fence" or "Apartheid Wall")

A major issue of the 2003 Israel election campaign had been the erection of a security

barrier (fence, wall) advocated by dovish Israel Labor party. The barrier was to be erectedalong the Green line and would help to prevent suicide attacks in Israel. A similar barrier

in Gaza had reduced infiltration to zero. During 2003, PM Ariel Sharon adopted and

adapted the barrier concept, changing the route to include major Israeli settlements and

including a projected eastern portion that would envelope the Palestinians in two

enclaves. As the barrier went up, it became evident that it would trap many Palestinians

who would be cut off from their fields and places of work, some on the Israeli side of the

1948 armistice Green Line, and some on the Palestinian side. On December 8, 2003, the

UN General Assembly met in Emergency session and adopted resolution ES-10/14, which

asked the International Court of Justice (ICJ) at The Hague for an advisory opinion on the

legality of the barrier. The ICJ began its hearings on February 24. Israel boycotted thehearings, but submitted a brief saying that the court should not rule on the matter. About

30 other countries ,including the United States and several EU countries, submitted briefs

saying that the court should not rule on the matter because it was a political question

rather than a legal one, and likewise did not attend the hearings. Most of these countries

also criticized the barrier as illegal or a hindrance to peace negotiations. Zionist and

Israeli groups organized demonstrations at the Hague, and Palestinians organized counter

demonstrations. The Israelis brought a bombed out bus and stressed that the wall

prevents suicide attacks. The Palestinians used the hearings as a platform for de-

legitimizing the occupation.

On July 9, the International Court of Justice delivered its advisory opinion on the Israelisecurity barrier. The court ruled that the barrier violates human rights and that Israel

must dismantle it. Israel announced that it would not abide by the court decision, but it

did plan changes in the route of the barrier to satisfy requirements of the Israeli High

Court.

3.5.1 Security situation in 2004 - During the spring and summer of 2004 there were no

successful major terror attacks within Israel. Israelis and Palestinians attributed the

relative quiet to the partially constructed separation barrier and better Israeli

intelligence. Israel continued to arrest and kill Palestinians belonging to terrorist

organizations, and to occupy Palestinian cities in the West Bank. In October 2004 Israelconducted operation Days of Repentance to overcome Palestinian rocket fire on Israeli

towns. The operation killed many civilians.

3.6 Arab Peace Initiative

The Arab Peace Initiative was first proposed by Crown Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia in

the Beirut Summit. The peace initiative is a proposed solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict

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as a whole, and the Israeli –Palestinian conflict in particular. The initiative was initially

published on March 28, 2002, at the Beirut Summit, and agreed upon again in 2007 in the

Riyadh Summit. The peace initiative achieved the unanimous consent of all members of

the Arab League, including both the Hamas and Fatah Palestinian factions. It spelled out

final-solution borders based explicitly on the UN borders established before the 1967 Six-

Day War. It offered full normalization of relations with Israel, in exchange for thewithdrawal of its forces from all the Occupied Territories, including the Golan Heights, to

recognize "an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital" in the

West Bank and Gaza Strip, as well as a "just solution" for the Palestinian refugees.

Although the proposal was rejected outright by Israel when it was first proposed in 2002,

the Arab League continues to raise it as a possible solution, and meetings between the

Arab League and Israel have been held. According to Haaretz, Arab leaders had

threatened in February 2008 to withdraw their proposal unless Israel explicitly expressed

an acceptance of the initiative.

4. The Remaining Key Issues

Many Palestinians nowadays believe that Israel is not really interested in reaching an

arrangement, but rather interested in continuing to control the entire territory from the

Mediterranean Sea to the Jordan River. On the other hand, many Israelis nowadays

believe that the Palestinians’ true intentions are to conquer the Palestine region entirely

and that their official claims are only a temporary strategy. Due to the large number of

opinions and interpretations, the question of the true demands of the parties is a political

issue by itself, about which many Israelis and Palestinians disagree.

4.1 Jerusalem

The border of Jerusalem is a particularly delicate issue, with each side asserting claims

over this city. The three largest Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—

include Jerusalem as an important setting for their religious and historical narratives.

Israel asserts that the city should not be divided and should remain unified within Israel's

political control. Palestinians claim at least the parts of the city which were not part of

Israel prior to June 1967. As of 2005, there were more than 719,000 people living in

Jerusalem; 465,000 were Jews (mostly living in West Jerusalem) and 232,000 were

Muslims (mostly living in East Jerusalem).

The Israeli government, including the Knesset and Supreme Court, is centered in the "new

city" of West Jerusalem and has been since Israel's founding in 1948. After Israel captured

the Jordanian-controlled East Jerusalem in the Six-Day War, it assumed complete

administrative control of East Jerusalem. In 1980, Israel issued a new law stating,

"Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel.”

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Israel has grave concerns regarding the welfare of Jewish holy places under possible

Palestinian control. When Jerusalem was under Jordanian control, no Jews were allowed

to visit the Western Wall or other Jewish holy places, and the Jewish cemetery on the

Mount of Olives was desecrated. Palestinians have grave concerns regarding the welfare

of Christian and Muslim holy places under Israeli control. They point to the several attacks

on the Al-Aqsa Mosque since 1967, including a serious fire in 1969 which destroyed thesouth wing.

4.2 Refugees

Palestine refugees are persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine between

June 1946 and May 1948, who lost both their homes and means of livelihood as a result

of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. UNRWA's services are available to all those who meet

this definition, who are registered with the Agency and who need assistance. UNRWA's

definition of a refugee also covers the descendants of persons who became refugees in

1948. The number of registered Palestine refugees has subsequently grown from 914,000in 1950 to more than 3.8 million in 2001, and continues to rise due to natural population

growth.

The war that ensued after the mandate expired was won by Israel, creating a large

number of Arab refugees. Estimates vary from about 520,000 (Israeli sources) to 726,000

(UN sources) to over 800,000 (Arab sources) refugees, Palestinian Arabs who fled or were

forced out of their homes during the fighting. This number has grown to include over 4.6

million displaced persons, about 3.7 million of whom are currently registered as refugees

with the UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees). Of

these, somewhat over a million live in camps run by the UNRWA. Generally, refugees

living in the camps live in conditions of abject poverty and overcrowding. The refugees of

the 1948 Israeli war of independence and the lesser number of refugees of the 1967 war

constitute a real monumental humanitarian and political problem, and no resolution of

the conflict can ignore them. The refugee problem has been at the heart of peace

negotiations ever since 1949.

In addition to those who fled Israeli territory, about 100,000 Arabs in Israel were

displaced from their own villages. Many left willingly and were assured that the eviction

was a temporary security measure. In addition to refugees of 1948, several hundred

thousand refugees fled in the 1967 war, and were not allowed to return. As part of the

peace negotiations, a special committee was set up to deal with the issue, but the

committee has made no progress.

4.3 Occupation, Land & Settlements

Israel has occupied the West bank and Gaza Strip (about 2,200 square miles) since the

1967 -6-day war, and has built settlements with a population of about 220,000, mostly in

the West Bank. Palestinians demand withdrawal from all of the land conquered in the

1967 and evacuation of the settlements. Israel continued to expand settlements

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throughout the peace process that began in 1993 and continues to do so today. In the

final status negotiations at Camp David and Taba, Israel offered to turn over 97% of the

land in the West Bank and all of Gaza, as well as Arab sections of Jerusalem. The

Palestinians turned down this offer

4.4 Israeli Security

The area of Israel within its pre-1967 armistice borders is slightly less than 8,000 square

miles. The distance from Tel Aviv to the green line border of Israel (West Bank) is about

11 miles Tel Aviv, Jerusalem and other Israeli cities are within artillery range of any

Palestinian state. Israel therefore insists on guarantees that a Palestinian state would be

demilitarized. The West Bank has enormous strategic importance to any country wishing

to invade Israel. Israel therefore insists on guarantees that the Palestinian state would

not allow a foreign army to enter its borders, and has insisted on bases within the West

Bank

4.5 Water

Water is a cardinal issue in the Middle East. A 1995 ENCOP survey by Stephan Libiszewski

documented the distribution of water resources in the Jordan River Basin: Israel,

Palestine and neighbouring countries. There is not much water, and what there is, is

claimed by all countries.

Attempts to use the water for different projects by different countries have resulted in

constant friction. The dispute between Israel and Jordan was settled in the peace

agreements, which provide for supply of water by Israel to Jordan, and joint development

of water resources. Israel pumps water from the Sea of Galilee through its Movil Artziwater carrier to be used for irrigation of the Negev and other areas.

There has almost always been a water crisis in the Middle East. Population growth always

expanded to the limits of the scarcest available resource, which was usually water.

Existing settlements throughout history were also threatened by climactic changes. The

problem was met successfully by ingenuity and adaptation.

Whenever other conditions permitted, the water supply has always expanded to meet

population requirements. Throughout the period of the British Mandate, experts were

convinced that the land between the Jordan and the sea could not comfortably supportany great population increase. As the population increased, the standard of living went up

however.

Feasible peaceful solutions to the water problem are at hand, but political considerations

and lack of investment capital prevent their implementation. Desalination programs or

import of water from neighbours such as Turkey would cost a small fraction of the Gross

National Product of Israel. Below is a graph of current water resources and water use .In

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Israel and Palestine and in Jordan, as well as in Egypt, water demand is as great as supply.

Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq have a supply that considerably exceeds demand.

Nonetheless, Syria for example, has a water shortage in the areas where water is needed.

The water is there, but it is in the wrong place, and moving it is not feasible without

investment. Turkey cannot sell water easily to Israel, because the pipes would have to go

through Syria.

Water is a parable for all the problems of the Middle East conflicts. It is a political

problem more than an objective resource problem. If there is a water war, it will not be

the water that caused the war, but rather a war that was in search of an issue, and found

water. The technical solutions exist, if only our hearts would accept them.

5. Recent events

In December 2009, the Israeli government ordered a 10-month lull in permits for new

settlement homes in the West Bank. The restrictions, which Israeli politicians and mediahave referred to as a "freeze", do not apply to East Jerusalem (whose annexation by Israel

is not recognised internationally), municipal buildings, schools, synagogues and other

community infrastructure in the settlements. About 3,000 homes already under

construction will be allowed to proceed. The Israeli government said the move was aimed

at restarting peace talks, but Palestinian officials said it was insufficient. Palestinian

officials have refused to rejoin peace talks unless a total building halt is imposed,

including in East Jerusalem. The announcement followed calls by the US government for a

total freeze in settlement building. The US government, the European Union, Russia and

the UN have criticized Israel's plans to continue building in East Jerusalem but both the US

and the EU have stated that neither the Palestinians nor Israel should have preconditions

for resuming the suspended peace talks.

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Summary

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a part of the greater Arab Israeli conflict, is an ongoing

conflict between the State of Israel and Palestinian Arabs. Many attempts have been

made to broker a two-state solution, which would entail the creation of an independent

Palestinian state alongside an independent Jewish state or next to the State of Israel

(after Israel's establishment in 1948).

The present state of Israel occupies all the land from the Jordan River to the

Mediterranean ocean. In November 1917, before Britain had conquered Jerusalem and

the area to be known as Palestine, Britain issued the Balfour Declaration. The declaration

stated Britain's support for the creation of a Jewish national home in Palestine but the

Arabs opposed the idea

Tension began developing between Israel and Arab countries in the 1960s. In 1987, a

revolt called the Intifadeh began. In 1993 and 1995, Israel and the PLO signed the OsloDeclaration of Principles and The Oslo Interim Agreement which created the Palestinian

National Authority (PNA).Another attempt to make peace between the two countries was

made in 2000 at ANSHU9 Camp David Summit.

The number of registered Palestine refugees has subsequently grown from 914,000 in

1950 to more than 3.8 million in 2001, and continues to rise due to natural population

growth. Israel has occupied the West bank and Gaza Strip (about 2,200 square miles)

since the 1967 -6-day war, and has built settlements with a population of about 220,000,

mostly in the West Bank.

In December 2009, the Israeli government ordered a 10-month lull in permits for new

settlement homes in the West Bank. After all these years of war, one thing is clear that

violence is not the solution and if we want peace to prevail in these regions we need to

adopt different methods. It is the governments or ruling parties that fight but the

common people are those who suffer.







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7. Sources

1. http://www.mideastweb.com

2. http://www.wikipedia.com

3. http://www.un.org

4. http://www.unimaps.com

5. http://www.truth-and-justice.info

6. http://www.freemuslims.org

8. Acknowledgements

I would like to sincerely thank my teacher Dr. Duru Arun Kumar for her constant support,

interest and help in making this project.

http://www.mideastweb.com/

http://www.wikipedia.com/

http://www.un.org/

http://www.unimaps.com/

http://www.truth-and-justice.info/

http://www.freemuslims.org/

http://www.freemuslims.org/

http://www.truth-and-justice.info/

http://www.unimaps.com/

http://www.un.org/

http://www.wikipedia.com/

http://www.mideastweb.com/

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INDEX

AANSHU9Camp David Summit 5

Apartheid Wall 6

Arab Invasion 3

Arab Peace Initiative 6

Arab Riots 3

B

Balfour Declaration 2

British Mandate for Palestine 2

C

Camp David Summit 5

D

David Summit 5

F

First Intifada 4

G

Geography 2

H

History 2

I

Israeli Security 9

J

Jerusalem 7

Jewish immigration 3

O

Occupation 8

Oslo Peace Process 5

P

Partition 3

R

Refugee problem 4,8

S

Security Barrier 6

Settlements 8

W

Water 9

Z

Zion 2

1967 6-Day War 4

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GLOSSARY

Haganah

The underground military organization of the yishuv in Eretz Yisrael from 1920 to 1948... In

June 1920, the Haganah was founded. In the spring of 1947, David Ben-Gurion took it upon

himself to direct the general policy of the Haganah, especially in preparation for impending

Arab attack. On May 26 1948, the Provisional Government of Israel decided to transform the

Haganah into the regular army of the State, to be called 'Zeva Haganah Le-Yisrael'[Israel

Defence Force]

Intifada

Arabic word stands for shaking off or shivering because of fear or illness. It also means abrupt

and sudden waking up from sleep or unconcerned status. Politically, the word came to

symbolize the Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation.

Knesset The Knesset is the House of Representatives (the parliament) of the State of Israel

Mandate

An order or commission granted by the League of Nations to a member nation for the

establishment of a responsible government over a former German colony or other conquered

territory.

PLO Executive Committee

The "government in exile" of the State of Palestine; Executive body of the Palestine Liberation

Organization (PLO), consists of eighteen members elected by the Palestine National

Committee (PNC)

Synagogue

The synagogue is the Jewish equivalent of a church, more or less. It is the centre of the Jewish

religious community: a place of prayer, study and education, social and charitable work, as

well as a social centre.

Zionism

An international movement originated for the establishment of a Jewish national or religious

community in Palestine and later for the support of modern Israel.

Documents

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