Report - Rainfall Triggered Landslide Hazard Zonation in Cox’s Bazar & Teknaf Municipalities - 2012

Rainfall Triggered Landslide Hazard Zonation in Coxs Bazar & Teknaf Municipalities as well as Introducing Community-based Early Warning System for Landslide Hazard Management

April 2012

And

Submitted by

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center SM Tower , 24 th F loor , 979 /69 Paho lyoth in Road , Samsen Na i Phaya tha i , Bangkok 10400 , Tha i land

Data Experts (Pvt . ) Limi ted House 25 /3 , Road 15 (o ld 28) Dhanmond i , Dhaka-1209 , Bang ladesh

Joint Venture of

ComprehensiveDisasterManagementProgramme(CDMPII)MinistryofFoodandDisasterManagement(MoFDM)DisasterManagementandReliefDivision(DMRD)GovernmentofthePeople'sRepublicofBangladesh

Final Report

Main Report

April 2012

And

Submitted by

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center SM Tower , 24 th F loor , 979 /69 Paho lyoth in Road , Samsen Na i Phaya tha i , Bangkok 10400 , Tha i land

Data Experts (Pvt . ) Limi ted House 25 /3 , Road 15 (o ld 28) Dhanmond i , Dhaka-1209 , Bang ladesh

Joint Venture of

ComprehensiveDisasterManagementProgramme(CDMPII)MinistryofFoodandDisasterManagement(MoFDM)DisasterManagementandReliefDivision(DMRD)GovernmentofthePeople'sRepublicofBangladesh

PART 1

RainfallTriggeredLandslideHazardZonationinCoxsBazaarandTeknafMunicipalitiesaswellasIntroducingCommunitybasedEarlyWarningSystemforLandslideHazardManagement

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TableofContent

PageNo

ExecutiveSummery 01

1. Introduction 02

1.2ObjectivesofthisReport 02

2. DevelopmentofCommunitybasedlandslideearlywarningmechanismandinstallingearlywarningdevicesforidentifiedvulnerablelocations.

03

3. ConductAwarenessProgramsforDifferentStakeholders 06

4. Landslideriskreductionstrategy 08

References 11

FinalReportRainfallTriggeredLandslideHazardZonationinCoxsBazaarandTeknafMunicipalitiesaswellasIntroducingCommunitybasedEarlyWarningSystemforLandslideHazardManagement

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ExecutiveSummery

InrecentyearsmanylandslideeventshavebeenexperiencedinhillydistrictsofBangladeshsuchasChittagong,CoxsBazaar,andTeknaf. Itshows thatasignificant landslidehazardexists for suchurban centersandmany communitiesarevulnerable to thisnewlyknowntype of hazard in Bangladesh, which may result in severe damages and severe socioeconomic consequences in future in many other areas too. The urban centers which arethreatenedbythelandslideeventsintherecentpastarefastgrowingandwithconsiderableinfluence in the economicdevelopmentsof the country. It is therefore essential tohavearealistic understanding of the nature, severity and consequences of likely damages andlosses that possible future landslide events could cause on the vulnerable communitiesliving near the landslide hazard prone areas and to develop a model for landslide riskmanagement.

The key to success in future is the study of the events occurred in the past and takesappropriate proactive actions using the lessons learned. It is necessary to have a criticalevaluationofthefactsassociatedwithpastlandslidesandmoreimportantlywhythereisasudden increase in number of landslides and their magnitude in the two targetmunicipalities.Also the findingsof such studywill serveas thebasis for studies inothercitiessuchasChittagongwheresimilarescalationoflandslideeventshavetakenplace.

This report is prepared to summarize the Mechanism for establishing landslide earlywarning at community level, community awareness programme at different level andlandslide hazard mitigation strategies for Coxs Bazaar and Teknaf Municipalities .Thisreportissupportedwithatrainingmanualdevelopedandusedforprovidingtrainingtothecommunityvolunteers.


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1. IntroductionTheincidentsoflandslidesarebecomingaveryfrequentdisasterinmanycountriesinAsia.Landslidesusuallydonotbringsignificantnegativeimpactsonthedevelopmentinitiativeslike othermajor disaster events such as earthquakes and floods and the area affected iscomparativelynotverylarge.ThereforelessattentionhasbeengiventolandslideproblemsinmanyofthecountriesinAsia.Howeverduringpastfewyearswehaveseenescalationinnumberandmagnitudeof landslideevents incountries suchasBhutan, India, Indonesia,Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The latest addition to this list may beBangladesh.UsuallyBangladesh isregardedasa flatcountrywhichgetsaffectedoftenbyflood and cyclone events.However in addition to such frequent hazards; landslides alsocontinuetoresultinhumansufferings,propertylossesduringrecentyearsespeciallyinthesouthern hilly areas of Bangladesh. As population increases and societies become morecomplex, theeconomicand societal lossesdue to sucheventsmaycontinue to riseunlessproper attention is given at early stages as increasing anthropogenic activities in themountainareascanaddtotheexistingvulnerabilityofcommunitiesfurther.Bangladeshishighlyvulnerabletoseveralnaturaldisastersandeveryyearnaturalcalamityupset humans lives and livelihood in some part of the country.Amongmajor disastersconcerned inthecountry,fatal landslidesevents intherecentyearscanbenoted.Exposedsoftsedimentaryrocks inthevasttractofmountainousandhillyterrains(18%ofthetotalarea of the country) and interventions of human activities across the slopes caused fatallandslidestriggeredbythetorrentialmonsoonrainfall.Thehillyterraininthesoutheasternpart of the country has the long history of slope instability. The landslides hazard inChittagongCityareaanditssurroundingsoccurredonJune11,2007wasaphenomenalonethat took the lifeof127peopleandcaused injury tohundredsofpeopleandmademanypeoplehomeless.Thelandslidesweretriggeredbyuncommonheavydownpourwhichwasestimated348mmforaperiodofaround12hours.Fatal landslidessubsequentlyoccurredin 2008 and 2009 atChittagong city aswell asCoxsBazar andTeknaf (GolamMahabubSarwar2008).In2010, landslidesagain tookplace inCoxsBazarandTeknafandtook thelife of around 60 people. Considering the potential rainfall induced landslide hazard inBangladesh and recent landslide events, attempt has been taken in CDMPII to developlandslidehazardmappingofCoxsBazarandTeknafMunicipalareas.1.2 ObjectivesofthisReport

ThisreportisasubmissionasapartoftheassignmentbeingcarriedoutjointlybydatExandADPC. This report is prepared to describe the process of establishing community basedearly warning system in the most vulnerable communities in Teknaf and Coxs BazarMunicipalities as identified during this study. This report also presents the awarenessprogrammeandtrainingconductedunderthisprojectandlandslideriskreductionstrategyasappearedfromtheoutcomeoftheresearch.


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2.0DevelopmentofCommunitybasedlandslideearlywarningmechanismandinstallingearlywarningdevicesforidentifiedvulnerablelocations.CommunityBasedEarlyWarningSystemforthemunicipalitiesofCoxsBazarandTeknafhasbeendevelopedfollowingseveralsteps.Firststepwastheconsiderationofthelandslidehazardzonationmapping and the existingvulnerabilityof the communities.Thebasic criteriaused for identifyingmostvulnerablecommunitiesare,

i. Previouslandsliderecordii. Lossesoflivesiii. Damagesofassetsiv. Frequencyofhillcuttingv. Mostvulnerablehousesinthehillyareavi. Highlydensityofpopulationinthehillyareavii. Underprivileged,mostvulnerablepeopleinthecommunitylikeelderly,

child,differentlyableetc.

Inthesecondstep,communityvolunteerswereidentifiedfromeachofthevulnerablecommunitiestoorienttheThresholdValues,differentlevelsandactionstobetakenforthesafetyandpreparednessofthecommunity.CommunityBasedearlyWarningisasystematicandparticipatoryprocesstoinstall,monitor,record,communicateby the communitybasedvolunteersonbehalfof community.EarlyWarningSystemwillbegenerated&maintainedby thecommunity,of thecommunityand for thecommunity.Thecommunity Volunteers were also oriented with the reading and setting of Rain Gauses in therespectivecommunity.AthreestepalertingsystemdevelopAlert75mmrainfallfor24hoursIncreasevigilanceandobserveappearanceofanysymptomsofslopedestabilizationoncriticalslopes.GetreadyforEvacuationtosaferlocationfromhighrisklocationson100mmrainfallfor24hoursEvacuation200mmrainfallfor24hoursWarningforevacuationtosaferplacesFollowingisthedetailofreadingtheThresholdValuesasinstalledatcommunitylevel.Theseraingaugeshavethreedifferentcolorcodesasshownbelow:Colorcode Level ThresholdValues Actions Evacuate 101200mmrainfallrecordedwithin24hr EvacuatetoSaferPlace Ready 76100mmrainfallrecordedwithin24hr GetReady Alert 075mmrainfallrecordedwithin24hr GetAlertAtotalnumberof43and15volunteershavebeenselectedandtrainedrespectivelyfromCoxsBazarandTeknafMunicipality1.However,inCoxsBazarandTeknafrespectively5and3volunteershavebeenassignedwithRainGaugeintheirlocality.Moreover,StandardOperatingProcedures(SOP)hasbeen developed for Volunteers, Community and Municipality for assigning more specificresponsibilitiesatdifferentperiodoflandslidehazard.FollowingistheSOPofdifferentgroups. 1 List of Community Volunteers are attached as Annex-A. The Training Manual used to Train the Volunteers is also available as a separate

Document prepared under this Project.


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Figure:LandslideinducedearlywarningsystemRainguageobservation:

1. Daily observation andmonitoring of rainfall through rainguage and criticalslopesinthearea;

2. Dailydocumentationandmaintenanceoftheobservesdataintoasimplelogbook;3. Communicate to other clusters and rainguage observers, community ,

municipalityandotheragencies;4. Maintenanceandsecuretherainguage;

Community:1. Maintains a list of socially vulnerable groups/people (e.g. children, elderly,

pregnant,disable,womenetc.);2. Observes settlements andOperation&Maintenance of critical slopes in the

area;

TrainingofVolunteers

GroupFormationfromCommunities

Rain Gauge Installation at Community Level

Monitoring Record and Dissemination of Daily Rainfall

RainfallMonitoringandSituationObservation

IdentificationofLandslideProneAreasandVulnerableCommunities

Landslide Inventory, Hazard Zonation and Vulnerability Study

PrecipitationThresholdLimitEstablished


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3. Make enhanced use of local knowledge for traditionally practiced landslidealertingmeasures(e.g.usingdogsforobservingcriticalslopesandheavyrainfall);

4. Raising awareness for communitybased landslide monitoring and earlywarningthroughyouth,students,religiousleaders,teachers,volunteergroupsandothers;

5. Maintaining a sustainable Community based Landslide Forums in eachcommunity

Pourashava/Municipality:

1. Takes decision on the evacuation and coordination for wards and respectivecommunitiesforlandslideriskmanagement;

2. MaintainsthecoordinationbetweentheDistrictDisasterManagementCommittee(DDMC)andrelatedDDMCmemberagencies;

3. FollowthenationallyapprovedStandingOrderonDisaster(SOD)oftheGoBforlandslide

RainGaugeInstalledinaCommunityatCoxsBazar AVolunteeratTeknafMunicipalitywithhisassignedRainGauge

andLogBookListofVolunteerswithResponsibilitiesofRainGaugeMonitoring

SL RainGaugesCodeNameofRainGaugesMonitors NameofCommunity Recordstime

1 C1 Md.Jalil(DuduBhai) S.MJadiPahar,Ward#08 10:302 C2 Mr.AnilDottoh S.MJadiPahar,Ward#08 10:303 C3 NejamUddinTushar KoborsthanPara,Ward#11 13:004 C4 MdShahidullah MohajerPara,Ward#09 08:005 C5 Md.Faraz MohajerPara,Ward#09 08:006 T1 LukmanHakim FakirerMoora/UrumerChara 21:007 T2 Mr.PulinChandraDas Ward#2,MaymunaPrimarySchool8 T3 NurSamadMullah AmerAhmedsJoom 21:00RecordingandDocumentationofRainfall:Eachof thecommunityVolunteers takereadingof thedailyrainfallfromtheirrespectivecommunitiesandkeeprecordinthelogbookassignedforthem.AtthesametimeeachofthevolunteerssendtherecordofrainfallthroughmobileSMStoacentralMobile where all the records are stored and being observed for monitoring for landslide earlywarning.ForthetimebeingtherainfallisbeingmonitoredbyADPCBangladeshofficeonPilotBasis.


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3.0ConductAwarenessProgramsforDifferentStakeholdersAnumber of initiativeswere taken for the awarenessdevelopment of the communities and otherstakeholders of Teknaf and Coxs Bazar Municipalities. The awareness development programsincluding town level stakeholder meetings, Rapport building with the vulnerable communities,arrangementoforientationandtrainingprogram,communityriskassessmentthroughinvolvingtherespective communities, Simulation Exercise for Landslide Early warning and Preparedness.Followingisabriefondifferentinitiativesofawarenessdevelopmentinthemunicipalities. Municipal levelmeetingsandworkshopsMunicipality levelworkshopswereorganized from theinitialstageof theproject. In the firstorientationmeetingwith themunicipal levelstakeholder,allrelatedtownlevelagencieswereinvitedtosharetheobjectives,activitiesandoutcomesoftheproject.Thetownlevelmeetings2wereheldwiththerespectivemunicipalitymayorsinChair.Theothertownlevel stakeholders present in the meeting including the elected councilors, PDMC3 members,representatives from metrological department, CPP, Fire service & Civil Defense, civil surgeon,Women and Children affairs department, department of environment. During the workshop, theconsensuswasdevelopment that,municipalitywould take lead role in the implementation of theproject.Itwasalsodiscussedthattheelectedcommissionerwouldbeachangeagent inthisprojectandmobilizescommunityonlandslideriskreduction.

Town Level ConsultationMeeting on 5thMarch, 2011 atCoxsBazarMunicipality

Town Level ConsultationMeeting on 5th April, 2012 atCoxsBazarMunicipality

Rapport building with vulnerable communities With the identification of the vulnerablecommunities,volunteers and community facilitatorswere identified in each selected communities.Thesevolunteersandcommunityfacilitatorswouldactasachangeagentforlandslideriskreduction.Orientation and Training Program for Volunteers and Community facilitators With theidentificationofthecommunitybasedfacilitatorsandvolunteers,trainingonearlywarningsystemwas organized to orient. In this training, the focus was to discuss the basics of early warningcomponents such as risk knowledge,monitoring andwarning,dissemination and communicationand response capability. The training also covered the process of community based disaster riskreduction(CBDRR)andhowtomobilizevulnerablecommunity.

2 First Meeting at Coxs Bazar and Teknaf held on 5th March 2011 at Coxs Bazar Municipality. 3 PDMC- Pouroshava Disaster Management Committee


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Community Risk Assessment (CRA) After conducting the training, the communities werefacilitatedwith theprocessofcommunity riskassessment.Under thisactivity, riskmapping,earlywarningactionplanningandimplementationwerefacilitatedthroughtheidentifiedvolunteersandcommunity based facilitator.Risk and resourcemapswere developed for each of the community(mostvulnerable)level.

SimulationExerciseforLandslideEarlywarningandPreparedness

People centric Communitybased Landslide Early Warning Simulation was conducted in CoxsBazarMunicipalityon28thFebruary,2012inthehonorofthevisitinghighleveldelegationfromtheSriLanka.H.E.Mr.MahindaAmaraweera,theHonbleMinisterofDisasterManagement,SriLankaalongwith sixotherhigh levelofficialshasvisitedwardno. 9 and 8ofCoxsBazarmunicipalitywhere a simulationon communitybased landslide earlywarningwas carriedout.The simulationwascarriedoutat theGhonarparaKaderiaPrimarySchoolpremise.H.EwasaccompaniedbyMr.NerthesingheNanayakkaraDouglas,AdditionalSecretary,MinistryofDisasterManagement,Gen.Gamini Hettiarachchi, from Disaster Management CentreSri Lanka, Mr. Lalith Chandrapala, ofDepartmentofMeteorology,Mr.N. I.C.Peiris, fromNBRO,andDr.AnandaMallawatantri, fromUNDPSri Lanka. The officials from the UNDPBangladesh, CDMPII program and Coxs Bazardistrict administrationhave also observed the event.Moreover, similar exercisewas conducted inTeknaf Municipality at Mymuna Registered Primary School Premises on 5th April 2012. NationalProjectDirectorofCDMP2Mr.AbdulQuiyumwaspresentduring thesimulation.Amongothers,UNO Teknaf, Officials from CDMP, Representative from GSB also were present during thesimulation.

SimulationExerciseatCoxsBazaron28thFebruary2012

ThecommunityhasexpressedthatthistypeofcommunitybasedearlywarningsysteminitiatedbyCDMPIIprogramoftheMoFDMhasgiventhemagoodopportunitynowtomonitorlandslidesintheir respective communities and take systematic measures to reduce the landslide risks in aneffectiveway.Thecommunityhasappreciatedthisengaging initiativeandgivenastrongemphasisonexpansionofsuchcommunitybasedearlywarningsystemandriskreductionmeasure inallthevulnerableareasofthedistrictandbeyond.


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4.0LandslideriskreductionstrategyItisimportanttotakeinitiativesformitigatinglandslidehazardsanditseffectsonthecommunitiesthrough implementationof theprocessbeing carriedoutduring thisproject.However, it requiresmotivation and understanding by the stakeholders working at the municipality level forimplementationofthestrategies.FollowingistheLandslideMitigationinitiativesinHongKongasanexamplefollowedbythelandslideriskreductionstrategiesproposedfortheMunicipalitiesbasedontheexperiencefromthisstudy.SpecialfeaturesintheLandslideMitigationSystemadoptedinHongKong The Governments objective and vision on landslide risk management is to meet Hong

Kongsneedsforthehigheststandardsofslopesafety. To achieve this objective and vision, a comprehensive Slope Safety System has been

formulatedunderthepolicydirectionofthethenWorksBureau. TheSlopeSafetySystem ismanagedby theGeotechnicalEngineeringOffice (GEO)of the

CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartment(CEDD),withtheoveralltargetofachievingfurtherreductioninrisktothewholecommunityasquicklyaspossible

SinceMay1995,aSlopeSafetyTechnicalReviewBoard(SSTRB)hasbeenappointedtoadvisetheGovernmentontechnicalaspectsofslopesafety.

The threeBoardMembershavebeenselectedbasedon theirhigh internationalstanding inthe geotechnical engineering profession, possession of appropriate knowledge andexperiencerelatedtoslopesafety,andnoinvolvementincommercialprojectsinHongKong.

Slope Safety System is reviewed regularly and benchmarked internationally through theSSTRB.

Improveslopesafetystandards,technology,andadministrativeandregulatoryframeworks Enhancingourgeotechnicalcontrolstrategyonbuildingandinfrastructuredevelopments Publishingslopesafetystandardsandprofessionalguidancedocuments Investigating the causes of significant and serious landslides to continuously improve the

SlopeSafetySystemandforforensicpurposes Undertakinggeotechnicalresearch,includingthestudyofnaturalterraininstability.

Ensuresafetystandardsofnewslopes

auditingthedesignandsupervisionofconstructionofnewslopes providinginputtolanduseplanning.

RectifysubstandardGovernmentslopes

implementationoftheLPMProgrammetoupgradehighpriority,largesubstandardGovernmentslopes

improvingthestabilityofGovernmentslopesnotcoveredbytheLPMProgramme. MaintainallGovernmentmanmadeslopes

updating, maintaining and disclosing the Catalogue of Slopes which containsinformationofsome57,000sizeablemanmadeslopes

updating,maintaining anddisclosing the register ofmaintenance responsibility ofmanmadeslopes

periodicEngineerInspectionandroutinemaintenanceofallGovernmentslopes systematic inspectionand repairofallGovernmentundergrounddrainsandwater

pipeswhichmayaffectthestabilityofadjacentslopes.


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Ensurethatownerstakeresponsibilityforslopesafety safetyscreening of old private slopes and enforcing statutory action to require

owners to investigate and carry out necessary upgrading works to substandardslopes

initiating and enforcing statutory action to require owners to repair undergrounddrainsandwaterpipeswhichmayaffectthestabilityofadjacentslopes

Promotepublicawarenessandresponseinslopesafetythroughpubliceducation,publicity,informationservicesandpublicwarnings

publiceducationcampaigns warningandemergencyservices informationandcommunityadvisoryservices identifyingsquatterhutsathighriskfromlandslidessothatclearanceactionscanbe

taken. Enhancetheappearanceandaestheticsofslopes

improvingthetechnologyingreeningslopes improving the aesthetic aspects of all newly formed and upgraded Government

slopes encouragingprivateslopeownerstoimprovetheappearanceoftheirslopes

Risk assessment calculations indicate that the overall landslide risk arising from oldsubstandardmanmadeslopestothewholecommunityofHongKonghasbeenreducedtoabout50%oftheriskthatexistedin1977.

DemandingbutachievableobjectiveofHKGovernmentistofurtherreducethelandslideriskfromoldmanmadeslopestobelow25%ofthe1977levelbytheyear2010.

Generalaspectsofimplementationstrategy:ThegeneralapproachforimplementationoftheprojectonRainfallTriggeredLandslideHazardZonationinCoxsBazaarandTeknafMunicipalitiesaswellasIntroducingCommunitybasedEarlyWarningSystemforLandslideHazardManagementbythestudyteamissummarizedasfollows: A.Operationalizationofprojectactivities

TheeffectivenessofthesupportprovidedunderthisProjectforRainfallTriggeredLandslideHazardZonationinCoxsBazarandTeknafMunicipalitiesaswellasforIntroducingCommunitybasedEarlyWarningSystem forLandslideHazardManagementunderCDMP IIwilldependon the aspectofoperationalizationandstrategyadopted for transferofknowledge toGovernmentofBangladesh ingeneralandrelevantstakeholdersinparticularduringandaftertheproject.Alsoitisconnectedwithinstitutional arrangements, legal framework and policy environment created for utilization of theproject outputs, institutionalization of the outcome of theproject and exit strategy for subsequenthandingovertoGovernmentofBangladesh.

B.Connectednessandcomplementarities

Itisimportantthattheactivitiesundertakenthroughthetasksimplementedunderthisprojecttotakeinto account for incorporating in thepreviousandongoing related activitiesbeing carriedoutbydifferentstakeholdersaswellas futuredirectionsemerging in thedisastermanagementsectorandassociatedsectors.ThiswillhelptoconsolidatethelongtermdisasterriskmanagementobjectivesoftheGovernmentofBangladesh.ThelongtermdisasterriskmanagementobjectivesofBangladeshingeneralandlandslidevulnerabilityreductioninparticularcanbeachievedthroughintegrationoftheoutputof theprojectwith theupcoming related initiatives.Forexample, theLandslideVolunteersGroups developed under this project can be linked up with the current Cyclone Preparedness


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Program (CPP) initiatedactivitiesandcanbe linkedupwith the local fireserviceandcivildefensedepartmenttoincludeintheirregulartrainingprograms.C.ContinuationofSimilarActivitiesthroughNationalAgencies

During implementationoftheTechnical forRainfallTriggeredLandslideHazardZonation inCoxsBazarandTeknafMunicipalities,GeologicalSurveyofBangladesh(GSB)wasactivelyinvolvedwiththeprocess.Moreover,theMunicipalityofTeknafandCoxsBazarwasinvolvedinallstagesoftheprojectfor implementationoftheproject.Atthisstage,forcontinuationofsimilaractivitiesandforsustainabilityofthelandslideearlywarningmechanism,CDMPshouldtakeinitiativefordevelopingagroupofVolunteerslikeCPPprogramundertheministryoffoodanddisasterManagement.

D.OwnershipbytheExecutingAgency

Thesuccessoftheoutcomeoftheprojectwilldependonthedegreeofownershipbyanylocalagencythat will be continuing the process in the future. During the implementation of the project, therespectivemunicipalitiesofCoxsBazarandTeknafwere involvedwith theprocess.However, it isnot ensured that the municipalities will continue the same process in the future. Therefore, it isrecommended that CDMP2 should take initiative for continuation of the process through themunicipalitiesastheexecutingagencyoflandslidemonitoring&mitigationmeasures.E.PossibilityforReplicationandbasisforplanningstrategyforlossreduction

The activities implemented during this project were designed with the aim of identifying keyinterventionswhichcanbepilotedordemonstratedtootherswithinoroutsideBangladeshasagoodpracticesoastoserveasasuccessfulmodelforwiderreplicationinthefuture.ThestudywasintegratedinGeographicalInformationSystem(GIS)platformandtheanalysiswereusefulformunicipalitygovernmentofficials,planners,engineers,emergencyprofessionalsandotherstakeholder who deal with the potential consequences of landslide hazard in the targeted urbancenters.Theresultspresented in the formofmapsandotherdeliverablesmayserveasaneffectivemeansoftransferringinformationfromthescientificcommunitytothedecisionmakersinvolvedinvulnerabilityreductionaturbanlocalgovernmentlevel.Thelandslidehazardzonationmapscanbeapplied in preparation of urban development plans, review of development applications,planning/sitting/designofpublicfacilities/utilities,emergencymanagement facilities,EWSbasedonprecipitationthresholdlimitsandabasisforcityauthoritiestoguidethedevelopmentwithultimateaimofvulnerabilityreduction.F.Flexibilityinoperationstoallowchangesandmodifications

Landslidehazardassessmentiscollaborativeworkofdifferentsubjectexperts/professionalsandwasdependedonthesurveyedresults.Withinthegeneralprocedureframework,differentmethodshavebeenadoptedforeachofthestepsinundertakinghazardandvulnerabilitymappingandsettinguplandslideEWS (like rainfall threshold etc.).However, success in thisdependson the extentof thescientificinformationandanalyticalresourcesavailableandwilinessoftheagenciestosharethesamewithprojectstaff.Initiativesshouldbetakenfornecessarychangesandmodifications inoperationswhenandwherenecessaryinconductingthesimilarprojectsinthefuture.E.LanduseplanningorzoningregulationsIt is recommended that the landslide hazard maps developed for the municipalities should beintegrated with the landuse plans of the areas. This will help to ensure proper landuse controlmechanismsandthehillyareaswillbecomeunderproperconservation.


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References:

1. ScientificCommittee report on guidelines for landslide susceptibility and hazard and riskzoning for landuseplanning,under JTC1, the joint ISSMGE, IAEGand ISRMTechnicalCommitteeonLandslidesandEngineeredSlopes,EngineeringGeology102(2008):8384doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.03.009

2. MultihazardRiskAssessmentGuidebook,ITC,March2009

3. Hutchinson,J.N.(1988).Morphologicalandgeotechnicalparametersoflandslidesinrelation

togeologyandhydrogeology.InCh.Bonnard(Ed.):Landslides.Proceedings5thInternationalConferenceonLandslides.Lausanne.Vol.1:

4. Fell,R.,Ho,K.K.S.,Lacasse,S.andLeroi,E.(2005).Aframeworkforlandslideriskassessment

andmanagement.InLandslideRiskManagement,EditorsOHungr,R

5. Fell,RCoutureandEEberhardt,TaylorandFrancis,London,

6. Cruden, D.M., and Varnes, D.J. (1996), Landslide Types and Processes, in Landslides.Investigation and Mitigation, Editors AK Turner. and RL Schuster. Special Report 247,TransportResearchBoard,NationalResearchCouncil,WashingtonD.C.

7. NGI Publication(2004) Landslide Hazard and Risk Assessment in Nepal, a desk study

200412391,dated,Oslo,Norway

8. Bhandari.RK,NimalHerath,Thayalan.N,(2004),LandslideHazardMapping inSriLankaAHolisticApproach,NationalSymposiumonLandslides,NBROPublication,Colombo.

9. Cees j van Westen, Enrique A Castellanos Abella.(2008)Multiscale Landslide Risk

Assessment:AContributiontothenationalSystemofMultiHazardRiskinCuba,TheFirstLandslideForum,Tokyo

10. GolamMahabubSarwar,(2008),landslideTragedyofBangladesh,TheFirstLandslideForum,

Tokyo

11. VanWesten,C.J.,VanAsch,T.W.J., Soeters,R., 2005.Landslidehazard and risk zonation;whyisitstillsodifficult?BulletinofEngineeringgeologyandtheEnvironment

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Report - Rainfall Triggered Landslide Hazard Zonation in Cox’s Bazar & Teknaf Municipalities - 2012