report on wireless blackbox testing for vehicle monitoring

7/25/2019 report on wireless blackbox testing for vehicle monitoring

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYJNANA SANGAMA, BELGAUM - 590018.

An Internship ReportOn

ADVANCEMENTS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMSSubmitt ed in parti al ful fi lment for the award of degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGYIN

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

Submitted By

SARVESH VEERAPPA ARAHUNASI

[1JB14LDE14]

I nternship carr ied out

AtRV-VLSI DESIGN CENTER, JAYANAGAR 4

THT BLOCK,

Bangalore- 560041.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

S. J. B INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYB G S HEALTH AND EDUCATION CITY

Kengeri, Bangalore-560060.2015-2016

External guideMs. SANGEETHA C

Embedded Engineer

RV-VLSI DESIGN CENTER,Jayanagar 4thT block,

Bangalore-560041

Internal guide

Mrs. CHETANA RAssociate Professor

ECE Dept., SJBIT


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II Jai Sri Gurudev II

Sri Adichunchanagiri Shikshana Trust

S. J. B INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYBGS Health & Education City, Kengeri, Bangalore - 560060.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Internship work entitled ADVANCEMENTS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

carried out by SARVESH VEERAPPA ARAHUANSI [1JB14LDE14]is bonafide student of

S J B Institute of Technology in DIGITAL ELECTRONICS BRANCH as prescribed by

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM during the academic

year 2015-2016. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessmenthave been incorporated in the Report deposited in the Departmental library. The Internship report

has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Internship work

prescribed for the said Degree.

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

[Mrs. CHETANA R] [Dr. NATARAJ K R] [Dr. PUTTARAJU]

Associate professor Professor & Head Principal

Dept. of ECE Dept. of ECE SJBIT, Bangalore


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Declaration

I, Sarvesh Veerappa Arahunasi, student of Third semester M.Tech, Digital Electronics, SJB

Institute of Technology, Bangalore, hereby declare that the Internship entitled Advancements

in Embedded Systems has been independently carried out by me, and submitted in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for award of Master of Technology degree in Digital Electronics

by Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the academic year 20152016.

Further the mater embodied in the dissertation has not been submitted previously by anybody for

the award of any degree or diploma to any other university.

Place: Bangalore SARVESH VEERAPPA ARAHUNASI

Date: 1JB14LDE14


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction & euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task

would be incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible because

Success is the abstract of hard work & perseverance, but steadfast of al l is

encouragement guidance. So I acknowledge all those whose guidance and encouragement

served as a beacon light & crowned our efforts with success.

I am grateful to His divine soul Sri Sri Sri Jagadguru Dr. Balagangadharanatha Maha

Swamiji and I am grateful to His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sri Sri Nirmalanandanatha Maha

Swamiji for providing me an opportunity to complete my academics in this esteemed college.

I would like to express my profound grateful to his holiness Reverend Sri Sri

Prakashnath Swamiji, Managing Director, SJBIT for providing an opportunity to complete my

academics and present this Internship.

I am grateful to Dr. Puttaraju, Principal for his kind co-operation and encouragement.

I am extremely grateful to Dr. NatarajK R , Head of the Department of Electronics

and Communication Engineering, for his co-operation and encouragement.

I express my deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to Mrs. CHETANA R, Associate

professorfor the valuable guidance throughout my Internship.

I express my deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to Ms. SANGEETHA C

Embedded Engineer, RV-VLSI DESIGN CENTER, for her valuable guidance during the

course of this internship and continuous suggestions to make the project successful.

I am highly indebted to Mrs. Uma S & Mrs. Rekha S, Project Coordinators who have

been source of inspiration to me and have extended their fullest support throughout the internship

duration.

I also thank all the staff members of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Department for their help during the course of my internship.

Last but not the least I thank my parents, family members & friends, for their

continuous and great support and encouragement throughout my internship

Regards,

SARVESH VEERAPPA ARAHUNASI


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SUMMARY

The Embedded Systems Internship Programme instituted by the RV-VLSI Design Center aims at

developing the skills of Professional students to contribute to the development of the embedded

sector. The summary gives an overview of my four months internship which includes the

activities, meetings and experiences. Below is a summary of my experience.

During my four months of internship in RV-VLSI, the department in which I worked is

embedded domain. We are concentrated on embedded software domain which involves software

development by coding in C in Keil and dumping on the microcontroller. The tools used to

develop the embedded software are KEIL MICROVISION AND FLASHMAGIC.

The main role of the intern is to develop coding in c and simulating those codes onto

microcontroller and check the results. I also assisted in organising and coordinating activities for

the Institute, (Personal Productivity Skills, Resource Mobilisation and Proposal Writing)

Reflecting on my experience at RV-VLSI, the internship programme has made immeasurable

impacts in my aptitude in varied fields such as: Team work, Report writing/Analytical writing,

Organisational and intercultural competence, Programme Organisation and Coordination. The

internship programme has broadened my knowledge base.

It has been a wonderful experience in RV-VLSI and I recommend the institute organizes more of

such programs to widen its sphere of operation. It will be of much benefit to the institute if it

continues to create similar platforms for young people in embedded who have dedication as a

way of building their capacity and bringing them to appreciate the embedded sector and share in

the vision.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES i

LIST OF TABLES iii

CHAPTER 1 ABOUT THE ORGANISATION1

CHAPTER 2 ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT 6

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO KEIL 6

2..2 INTRODUCTION TO FLASHMAGIC 14

CHAPTER 3 TASKS PERFORMED 18

3.1 WIRELESS BLACK BOX USING SENSORS AND

GPSTRACKING FOR ACCIDENTAL MONITORING OF

VEHICLES

19

3.2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW 21

3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 23

3.3.1 Power Supply For Arm Controller 23

3.3.2 16x2 LCD Display 23

3.3.3 Interfacing Peripherals With LPC 2148 24

3.4 HARDWARE COMPONENTS 25

3.4.1 Accelerometer Sensor 253. 4.2 Arm7 Lpc2148 27

3.4.3 GSM Module 30

3.4.4 GPS Module 36

3.4.5 Temperature Sensor 39

3.4.6 Moisture Or Humidity Sensor 40

3.4.7 Fire Sensor 42

3.4.8 Buzzer 423.4.9 16x2 LCD Display 43

3.4.10 DC Motor 45

3.5 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS 47

3.5.1 KEIL VERSION 4 47


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3.5.2 Flash Magic 48

3.6 FLOWCHART 49

3.7 RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 51

CHAPTER 4 REFLECTION ON THE INTERNSHIP 54

4.1 INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE IN LEARNING THE GOALS 54

4.2 NON-TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES 57

4.2.1 Communication Skills 57

4.2.1.1 Verbal Communication 57

4.2.1.2 Non-Verbal Communication 58

4.2.1.3 Written Communication Skills 59

4.2.2 Interpersonal Skills 60

4.2.3 Time Management 61

4.3 CONCLUSION 66

REFERENCES


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LIST OF FIGURES

FIG TITLE PAGE

2.1 Creating a project 8

2.2 Select a device 8

2.3 Copying startup.sto project folder 9

2.4 Add or create source files 9

2.5 Choose target option 10

2.6 Create HEX file 10

2.7 Write .C code or .ASM code by choosing a new page 11

2.8 Debug the code 11

2.9 Check the results 12

2.10 Window to select peripherals and to see the results 13

3.1 Proposed system 18

3.2 Overall schematic of the proposed system for 20

Monitoring vehicular accidents

3.3 Block diagram of proposed system 21

3.4 Power supply for ARM Controller 23

3.5 16X2 LCD Display 24

3.6 Interfacing peripherals with LPC2148 24

3.7 ADXL accelerometer sensor 25

3.8 ARM7 LPC2148 architecture 28

3.9 SIM300 GSM modem 31

3.10 SIM300 hardware description 34

3.11 VK16U6 GPS Module 37

3.12 LM35 Temperature sensor 39

3.13 Moisture 413.14 Fire sensor 42

3.15 Buzzer 43

3.16 16X2 LCD Display 44

3.17 Dc motor 46

3.18 Flowchart of the system 49

i


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3.19 Prototype of the system 51

3.20 LCD Display 52

3.21 Accident alert message 52

ii


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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITTLE PAGE

3.1 AT Commands for SMS services 33

3.2 VK16U6 Pin description 37

3.3 16X2 LCD Display pin description 44

iii


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ADVANCEMENTS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Dept. of ECE, SJBIT, Bangalore Page 1

CHAPTER 1

ABOUT THE COMPANY

RV-VLSI DESIGN CENTER

FOUNDER & CEO: MR. VENKATESH PRASAD

He finished his school in St. Josephs Boys High School, Bangalore and his B.E in R.V

Engineering College, Bangalore. Currently he is the CEO of RV-VLSI DESIGN

CENTER, Bangalore and Director of Nanochip Solutions Pvt. Ltd.

He previously worked as a Director of Conexant Systems India Pvt. Ltd, Sr. Engineer at

Conexant Systems Inc., Mentor Consulting at Mentor Graphics, Principal Engineer at

AMCC, Sr. Applications engineer at Synopsys, Deputy Engineer at Bharat Electronics.

His goals are to bridge the industry academia gap by being an interface between

academia and industry facilitating meaningful interactions between professional

institutions and industry on curriculum development, UG and PG projects, faculty

enrichment programs and many similar activities which will help grow the VLSI and

Embedded ecosystem.

HISTORY

RV-VLSI Design Center is a VLSI and Embedded system skill development

center.

Established in 2006, by RV group of educational institutions with Nanochip

solutions Private Limited.

RV-VLSI is part of the RSS Trust and one among the 28 RV institutions in

Bangalore.


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This is a unique combination of a design center, VLSI finishing school and an

educational institute to make budding engineers industry ready.

Through the partnership with EDA vendors, foundries and industry experts they

have established a benchmark for skill development programs in VLSI and

Embedded Systems in India.

Specialties

ASIC VLSI, FPGA Training, Embedded Systems Training, Corporate Training,

RTL Verification Using System Verilog and UVM, ASIC Physical Design.

VISION

The main vision of the organization is to be the pioneer in providing nanometer

technology solutions to address mega challenges.

To provide a steady stream of employable and productive engineers and create a

talent pool for the Electronics and Semiconductor in the country.

To prepare students to learn new methods and adapt changes quickly.

To provide a holistic approach to skill development in embedded domain. The

sessions carried out in class, lab and live projects are designed to gain industry

experience.

MISSION

The main mission of the organization is to be the leader in providing innovative

solutions to its customers by employing passionate, dedicated and professional

engineers who strive to consistently exceed the expectations set by the customers.

Make available to the industry a steady stream of highly skilled solution experts.

To work with industry and build a long term strategic alliance by employingethical and innovative business models.

OBJECTIVE

To make Budding Engineers industry ready in VLSI and Embedded domain.


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SERVICES OFFERED BY ORGANISATION

Nanochip is pleased to provide services in the area of embedded systems. Our experts

come with many years of industry Experience and have worked in reputed companies on

complex projects. We are pleased to offer our services in the area of RTOS, device

drivers development, software engineering, program management, QA and testing.

The experts in the organization have knowledge in the Telecom, Mobile communications,

Networking, Network Security, Automotive electronics, Aerospace, Renewable energy

and consumer electronics.

SUPPORT

Value added partners1. Nanochip Solutions

Our partnership with Nanochip Solutions, multiple EDA vendors and foundry

enables us to conduct our programs in an industry like environment.

2.

Altera

Altera Authorized Training Partner, instructor led Altera certified programs in

FPGA Design.

3. VTU

Jointly offer skill development programs leading to advance diploma.


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4. IEEE

RV-VLSI and IEEE jointly offer blended learning programs in VLSI.

5. Mentor Graphics

Higher education partner

6. IESA

Industry member and skill develop partner.

7. Towerjazz

Foundry partner

8. Synopsys

Higher education partner


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INDUSTRY EXPOSURE

By Learning to Solve Industry Level Design Challenges through the modules of our

programs and live projects students acquire good exposure to mid-level and complex

design scenarios. This gives an ability to ramp up with a short TTP- Time to be

Productive when hired by companies.

INDUSTRY INFRASTRUCTURE

Spread over 10,000 Sq. ft., the industry modeled campus features modern rooms,

Exclusive lab and cubicle work spaces with scribble boards for team discussions.

High End EDA tools from multiple international EDA vendors, which are used in the

industry extensively. Access to Semiconductor Fab Technology for multiple processes

nodes and design flows.

INTERNSHIP OPPORTUNITIES

Students get the opportunities to apply for internships inside RV-VLSI to assist the

project managers in academic research and design.


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CHAPTER 2

ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT

The department in which we are carrying out as intern is embedded domain. We are

concentrated on embedded software domain which involves software development by

coding in C on the microcontroller. The tools used to develop the embedded software are

KEIL MICROVISION AND FLASHMAGIC.

The main role of the intern is to develop coding in c and simulate the codes onto

microcontroller and check the results. The responsibility of the intern is to thorough with

the technologies growing in the industry.

2.1 INTRODUCTION OF KEILThe Keil Software LPC2148 development tools listed below are programs you

use to compile your C code, assemble your assembly source files, link and locate object

modules and libraries, create HEX files, and debug your ta rget program. Vision for

Window is an Integrated Development Environment that combines project management,

source code editing, and program debugging in one single, powerful environment. The

ARM7 ANSI Optimizing C Compiler creates re locatable object modules from your C

source code. The ARM Macro Assembler creates re locatable object modules from your

LPC21XX assembly source code. The Linker/Locator combines re-locatable object

modules created by the Compiler and the Assembler into absolute object modules. The

Library Manager combines object modules into libraries that may be used by the linker.

The Object-HEX Converter creates Intel HEX files from absolute object modules.

Development Tools

The Keil development tools for ARM offer numerous features and advantages that help

you quickly and successfully develop embedded applications. They are easy to use and

are guaranteed to help you achieve your design goals. The Vision IDE and Debugger is

the central part of the Keil ARM development tools. Vision offers a Build Mode and a

Debug Mode. In the Vision Build Mode you maintain the project files and generate the

application. Vision uses either the GNU or ARM ADS/Real View development tools.


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In the Vision Debug Mode you verify your program either with a powerful CPU and

peripheral simulator that connects the debugger to the target system. The ULINK allows

you also to download your application into Flash ROM of your target system.

Getting Started

The Vision IDE from Keil combines project management, make facilities, source code

editing, program debugging, and complete simulation in one powerful environment. The

Vision development platform is easy-to-use and helping you quickly create embedded

programs that work. The Vision editor and debugger are integrated in a single

application that provides a seamless embedded project development environment. The

Vision IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is the easiest way for most

developers to create embedded applications using the Keil development tools.

To launch Vision, click on the icon on your desktop or select Keil Vision which

version you are using from the Start Menu

Create a Project

Vision includes a project manager which makes it easy to design applications for an

ARM based microcontroller. You need to perform the following steps to create a new

project:

Start Vision and select the toolset

Create a project file and select a CPU from the device database.

Create a new source file and add this source file to the project.

Add and configure the startup code for the ARM.

Set tool options for target hardware.

Build project and create a HEX file for PROM programming.

Start Vision

Vision is a standard Windows application and started by clicking on the program icon.

The Step-wise procedure for KEIL is showing below in screenshots.


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Step 1: Creating a Project

Fig 2.1: Creating a project

Step 2: Select the Device

Fig 2.2: Select a device


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Step 3: Click Yes if you want to create .C file and No to create .ASM file

Fig 2.3: Copying startup.s to project folder.

Step 4: Add/Create Source Files

Fig 2.4: Add or create source files


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Step 5: Choose OPTIONS For Target Device

Fig 2.5: Choose target option

Fig 2.6: Create HEX file


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Step 6: Write The .C/.ASM code And Compile the code

Fig 2.7: Write .C code or .ASM code by choosing a new page

Step 7:Debug the Code

Fig 2.8: Debug the code


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Fig 2.9: Check the results


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Step 8:See the simulated results using peripherals:

Fig 2.10: Window to select peripherals and to see the results


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2.2 INTRODUCTION OF FLASH MAGIC

NXP Semiconductors produce a range of Microcontrollers that feature both on-chip Flash

memory and the ability to be reprogrammed using In-System Programming technology.

Flash Magic is Windows software from the Embedded Systems Academy that allows

easy access to all the ISP features provided by the devices.

These features include:

Erasing the Flash memory (individual blocks or the whole device)

Programming the Flash memory

Modifying the Boot Vector and Status Byte

Reading Flash memory

Performing a blank check on a section of Flash memory.

Reading the signature bytes

Reading and writing the security bits

Direct load of a new baud rate (high speed communications)

Sending commands to place device in Boot loader mode.

Flash Magic provides a clear and simple user interface to these features. Under Windows,

only one application may have access the COM Port at any one time, preventing other

applications from using the COM Port. Flash Magic only obtains access to the selected

COM Port when ISP operations are being performed. This means that other applications

that need to use the COM Port, such as debugging tools, may be used while Flash Magic

is loaded.

Screenshot of Flash Magic Window

The window is divided up into five sections. Work your way from section 1 to section 5

to program a device using the most common functions. At the very bottom left of the

window is an area where progress messages will be displayed and at the very bottom

right is where the progress bar is displayed. In between the messages and the progress bar

is a count of the number of times the currently selected hex file has been programmed

since it was last modified or selected.


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Five Step Programming

For each step there is a corresponding section in the main window as described in the

User Interface Tour.

Step 1Connection Settings

Before the device can be used the settings required to make a connection must be

specified.

COM Port Settings

Select the desired COM port from the drop down list or type the desired COM port

directly into the box. If you enter the COM port yourself then you must enter it in one of

the following formats: COM n n Any other format will generate an error. So if you

want to use COM 5 (which is not present on the drop down list) you can directly type in

either COM 5 or 5.

Baud Rate Settings

Select the baud rate to connect at. Try a low speed first. The maximum speed that can be

used depends on the crystal frequency on your hardware. You can try connecting at

higher and higher speeds until connections fail. Then you have found the highest baud

rate to connect at.

Device Selection

Select the device being used from the drop down list. Ensure you select the correct one as

different devices have different feature sets and different methods of setting up the serial

communications.

Interface Selection

Select the interface being used, if any. An interface is a device that connects between

your PC and the target hardware. If you simply have a serial cable or USB to serial cable

connecting your COM port to the target hardware, then you can choose "None (ISP)".

Choosing the correct interface will automatically configure Flash Magic for that

interface, along with enabling and disabling the relevant features.


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Oscillator Frequency

Enter the oscillator frequency used on the hardware. Do not round the frequency, instead

enter it as precisely as possible. Some devices do not require the oscillator frequency to

be entered, so this field will not be displayed. Once the options are set ensure the device

is running the on-chip Boot loader if you are using a manual ISP entry method. Note that

the connection settings affect all ISP features provided by Flash Magic.

Step 2: Erasing

This step is optional, however if you attempt to program the device without first erasing

at least one Flash block, then Flash Magic will warn you and ask you if you are sure you

want to program the device.

Select each Flash block that you wish to erase by clicking on its name.

If you wish to erase all the Flash then check that option.

If you want to check to erase a Flash block and all the Flash then the Flash block

will not be individually erased.

If you wish to erase only the Flash blocks used by the hex file you are going to

select, then check that option.

Step 3: Selecting the Hex File

This step is optional. If you do not wish to program a Hex File then do not select one

Step 4: Options

Flash Magic provides various options that may be used after the Hex File has been

programmed

Verify After Programming

Checking the Verify after Programming option will result in the data contained in the

Hex File being read back from Flash and compared with the Hex File after programming.

This helps to ensure that the Hex File was correctly programmed. If the device does not

support verifying then this item will be disabled.


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Step 5Performing the Operations

Step 5 contains a Start button clicking the Start button will result in all the selected

operations in the main window taking place. They are:

Erasing Flash

Programming the Hex File

Verifying the Hex File

Filling Unused Flash

Generating Checksums

Programming the clocks bit

Programming the Security Bits

Executing the firmware


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CHAPTER 3

TASKS PERFORMED

I have done a Mini-project which was instructed by the company and the title of the

project is Wireless black box using Sensors and GPS tracking system for accidental

monitoring of vehicles. In this work, wireless black box using Sensors and GPS tracking

system is developed for accidental monitoring. The system consists of cooperative

components of an accelerometer, microcontroller unit, GPS device and GSM module. In

the event of accident, this wireless device will send mobile phone short message

indicating the position of vehicle by GPS system to family member, emergency medical

service (EMS). If the value of the sensors exceeds the threshold, a decision is made as ifaccident has occurred. The proposed system also incorporates temperature and fire sensor

as an additional safety measure. The system is compact and easy to install under rider

seat. The system has been tested in real world applications.

Fig 3.1: Proposed system


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3.1 WIRELESS BLACK BOX USING SENSORS AND GPS

TRACKING FOR ACCIDENTAL MONITORING OF

VEHICLES

In recent years of development there has been tremendous advancement in the use of

accelerometers right from usage of air bag system in automobile to the recent

introduction of vehicle stability control systems using single and dual-axis , low g

accelerometer and angular rate sensors. In the past few years, a vibrant market for

accelerometer in consumer electronics application has emerged, including drop detection

for hard disc drives, motion-based computer game controllers, dead reckoning in personal

navigation devices and motion awareness for cell phones.

A newly developed sensor technology called the MEMS Accelerometer is used in this

project to detect an accident and its place of occurrence. Accelerometer is a device which

can detect a tilt or a sudden jerk in any of the 3 axes (x, y, z). It can be used to detect any

unusual acceleration and tilting of vehicles which indicates that the vehicle is out of

control and could have suffered an accident. The accelerometers output can be analyzed

by the microcontroller to find if it has crossed the threshold.

This project aims to develop a system to automatically detect a vehicular accident and

alert the family members and medical services about it. This system locates the place of

the accident and directs the emergency medical services to the accident site.

GPS system is deployed to locate the place of the accident and GSM technology is used

to send messages to emergency services and intimate the family. If the medical services

get an alert through GSM message about an accident and its location through GPS

coordinates they can reach the event spot immediately. If the person who has suffered the

accident receives medical help in time he can survive the accident and many important

lives can be saved. The system is easy to build and compact in size so that it can be easily

installed in any vehicles.


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Fig 3.2: Overall schematic of the proposed s ystem for monitoring vehicular accidents.

The proposed system mainly aims at:

Develop a complete system that

o Detects a fire emergency using temperature sensor and activates the

microcontroller which raises a buzzer alarm.

o Detects the occurrence of a vehicular accident by using a MEMS sensor.

o Alerts the nearest hospital / family about the accident location by using

GSM/GPS module.

To Reduce the Human Death Ratio due to Road Accident.

To provide maximum assistance even in less densely populated and remote areas.


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3.2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The fundamental block diagram of Wireless Black box using Sensors and GPS tracking

for Accidental monitoring of Vehicles is shown in Fig 3.3.

Block Diagram Description

Fig 3.3: Block diagram of the proposed system

The principle behind this project is explained as follows. The total equipment of this

project is placed inside a vehicle is not visible to others, hence called as a black box.

MEMS accelerometer is a miniaturized sensor which detects the tilt in the vehicle in the

entire three axes and provides acceleration values. The output of MEMS accelerometer is


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an analog voltage equivalent to the changes in the acceleration when there is a tilt in the

vehicle. A suitable threshold value will be set and if the output of MEMS exceeds this

threshold, the system will conclude that an accident has occurred.

Upon this event, the microcontroller will be intimated by the MEMS sensor to proceed

with further actions. We use a GPS module to track the location of the vehicle where the

accident has occurred. GPS can get the graphical location of the vehicle in terms of

longitude and latitude values using which the event spot can be traced. The location

values are given to microcontroller which in turn gives this information to GSM module.

GSM module is used to send message to the emergency medical services and family

members about the accident event and the location of the event. The GSM module will be

provided with AT commands for SMS services.

If the engine temperature exceeds the threshold value, temperature sensor activates the

microcontroller which in turn activates the buzzer. Also, fire sensor is incorporated to

intimate the rider in case there is any fire in the vehicle. Temperature and fire sensor

provide additional safety measures along with accident monitoring system.

The proposed system is expected assist the accident victim at the earliest and thereby it is

a real time event. Since LPC2148 microcontroller operates at high speeds of 60 MHz, it

is best suited for the system. Also, it can be operated in power down mode and idle mode

and thereby provides high power efficiency. The sensors, GSM module and GPS module

used are compact in size and hence the entire system is compact and can be easily fitted

inside a two wheeler.

LPC2148 works with a supply voltage of 3.3V. Hence the available 5V is converted to

3.3V by in built power supply unit consisting of AMS1117 voltage regulator. The serial

communication between microcontroller and LPC2148 is through RS232.


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3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3.1 Power Supply for Arm Controller

ARM microcontroller works with a supply voltage of 3.3V. Hence the available 5V

supply is initially converted to 3.3V by AMS1117 which is a 5V to 3.3V linear regulator.

The Advanced Monolithic Systems (AMS) provides an output current of 1A and

maximum dropout voltage of 1.3V. AMS1117 voltage regulator is as shown in fig 3.4.

Fig 3.4: Power supply for ARM controller

3.3.2 16x2 LCD Display

The four data lines of 16X2 LCD is connected to four pins on port0. When RS (Register

Select) is high, LCD is operated in instruction mode, data mode otherwise. R/W (Read or

Write) = HIGH implies LCD is operated in read mode and R/W= LOW implies LCD is

operated in write mode. Data or instruction is executed by the LCD module only when a

pulse is applied to EN (Enable) pin. In the proposed system, LCD display is used to

display the temperature and humidity values at the time of accident and also display

message sent to conform that the message has been delivered to the necessary

members and EMS. Interfacing of 16X2 LCD display with LPC2148 is shown in fig 3.5.


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Fig 3.5: 16x2 LCD display

3.3.3 Interfacing Peripherals with LPC 2148

As shown in the fig 5, LPC 2148 has three 10 bit ADC pins. As shown in the fig 3.6, one

of the axes of MEMS accelerometer is connected to an ADC pin AD0.1, the temperature

sensor LM35 is connected to AD0.2 and the humidity sensor to AD0.3. The analog

output of MEMS is proportional to the change in acceleration due to tilt in the vehicle.

This is converted into a 10 bit digital value which is compared with the threshold to

detect accident. LPC2148 has two UART ports namely UART0 and UART1 for serial

communication. The location values of event spot are read from GPS module through

RX0 of UART0 and the AT commands are sent to GSM module through TX1 ofUART1.

Fig 3.6: Interfacing peripherals with LPC2148


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3.4 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

The various hardware components incorporated in the proposed system are:

Accelerometer sensor(ADXL335)

ARM LPC 2148 GSM module(SIM 300)

GPS module(V.KEL)

Temperature sensor

Moisture or Humidity sensor

Fire sensor

Buzzer

LCD Display DC motor

3.4.1 Accelerometer Sensor

An accelerometer is an electromechanical device which measures acceleration.

The ADXL335 is a small, thin, low power, complete 3-axis accelerometer with signal

conditioned voltage outputs. The product measures acceleration with a minimum full-

scale range of 3 g. It can measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensingapplications, as well as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibration.

The user selects the bandwidth of the accelerometer using the CX, CY, and CZ

capacitors at the XOUT, YOUT, and ZOUT pins. Bandwidths can be selected to suit the

application, with a range of 0.5 Hz to 1600 Hz for the X and Y axes, and a range of 0.5

Hz to 550 Hz for the Z axis.

Fig 3.7: ADXL Accelerometer sensor


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The ADXL335.is available in a small, low profile, 4 mm x 4 mm x 1.45 mm, 16-lead,

plastic lead frame chip scale package (LFCSP_LQ). They are typically used in one of

three modes:

As an inertial measurement of velocity and position;

As a sensor of inclination, tilt, or orientation in 2 or 3 dimensions, as referenced from

the acceleration of gravity (1 g = 9.8m/s2);

As a vibration or impact (shock) sensor.

There are considerable advantages to using an analog accelerometer as opposed to an

inclinometer such as a liquid tilt sensor inclinometers tend to output binary

information (indicating a state of on or off), thus it is only possible to detect when the tilt

has exceeded some threshold angle. The accelerometer used here is the 3-Axis

accelerometer with an easy analog interface and running at a supply voltage of 3.3V,

which makes it ideal for handheld battery powered electronics.

Features

3-axis sensing

Small, low profile package, 4 mm x 4 mm x 1.45 mm LFCSP

Low power: 350 uA (typical)

Single-supply operation: 1.8 V to 3.6 V

10,000 g shock survival

Excellent temperature stability

BW adjustment with a single capacitor per axis

Applications

Cost sensitive, low power, motion- and tilt-sensing applications

Mobile devices

Gaming systems

Disk drive protection

Image stabilization

Sports and health devices.


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3.4.2 ARM7 LPC 2148

Introduction to ARM

Increasingly, embedded systems developers and system-on-chip designers select specific

microprocessor cores and a family of tools, libraries, and off-the-shelf components toquickly develop new microprocessor-based products and applications. ARM is one of the

major options available for embedded system developer. Over the last few years, the

ARM architecture has become the most pervasive 32-bit architecture in the world, with

wide range of ICs available from various IC manufacturers. ARM processors are

embedded in products ranging from cell/mobile phones to automotive braking systems. A

worldwide community of ARM partners and third-party vendors has developed among

semiconductor and product design companies, including hardware engineers, system

designers, and software developers. ARM7 is one of the widely used micro-controller

family in embedded system application. This section is humble effort for explaining basic

features of ARM-7.

ARM is a family of instruction set architectures for computer processors based on a

reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture developed by British company

ARM Holdings. A RISC-based computer design approach means ARM processors

require significantly fewer transistors than typical processors in average computers. This

approach reduces costs, heat and power use. These are desirable traits for light, portable,

battery-powered device including smart phones, laptops, tablet and notepad computers,

and other embedded systems. A simpler design facilitates more efficient multi-core CPUs

and higher core counts at lower cost, providing higher processing power and improved

energy efficiency for servers and supercomputers.LPC2148- is the widely used IC from

ARM-7 family. It is manufactured by Philips and it is pre-loaded with many inbuilt

peripherals making it more efficient and a reliable option for the beginners as well as

high end application developer.

The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 microcontrollers are based on a 32/16 bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU

with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combines the microcontroller

with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB. A 128-bit wide

memory interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the

maximum clock rate.


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Due to their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2141/2/4/6/8 are ideal for

applications where miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and point-

of-sale. A blend of serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full Speed

device, multiple UARTs, SPI, SSP to I2Cs, and on-chip SRAM of 8 kB up to 40 kB,

make these devices very well suited for communication gateways and protocol

converters, soft modems, voice recognition and low end imaging, providing both large

buffer size and high processing power. Various 32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit

ADC(s), 10-bit DAC, PWM channels and 45 fast GPJO lines with up to nine edge or

level sensitive external interrupt pins make these microcontrollers particularly suitable for

industrial control and medical systems.

Fig 3.8: ARM7 LPC 2148 architecture


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ARM7TDMI-S Processor

The ARM7TDMI-S is a general purpose 32-bit microprocessor, which offers high

performance and very low power consumption. The ARM architecture is based on

Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) principles, and the instruction set and related

decode mechanism are much simpler than those of micro programmed Complex

Instruction Set Computers. This simplicity results in a high instruction throughput and

impressive real-time interrupt response from a small and cost-effective processor core.

Pipeline techniques are employed so that all parts of the processing and memory systems

can operate continuously. Typically, while one instruction is being executed, its successor

is being decoded, and a third instruction is being fetched from memory.

The ARM7TDMI-S processor also employ s a unique architectural strategy known asTHUMB, which makes it ideally suited to high-volume applications a with memory

restrictions, or applications where code density is an issue. The key idea behind THUMB

is that of a super-reduced instruction set. Essentially, the ARM7TDMI-S processor has

instruction sets:

The standard 32-bit ARM instruction set.

A 1 6-bit THUMB instruction set.

The THUMB set's 16-bit instruction length allows it to approach' twice the density of

standard ARM code while retaining most of the ARM's performance advantage over a

traditional 16-bit processor using I 6-bit registers. This is possible because THUMB code

operates on the same 32-bit register set as ARM code. THUMB code is able to provide

up to 65% of the code size of ARM, and 160% of the performance of an equivalent ARM

processor connected to a 16-bit memory system. The ARM7TDMI-S processor is

described in detail in the ARM7TDMI-S datasheet that can be found on official ARM

website.


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Features

16/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.

8 to 40 kB of on chip static RAM and 32 to 512 kB of on-chip flash program

memory. 128 bit wide interface/accelerator enables high speed 60 MHz

operation.

One or two (LPC2 I 41/2 vs. LPC2144/6/8) 10-bit AID converters provide a total

of 6/4 analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 us is per channel.

Single 10-bit D/A converter provide variable analog output.

Low power real-time clock with independent power and dedicated 32 kHz clock

input.

Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.

Up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins available.

60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL with

settling time of 100 us.

On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal in range from I

MHz to 30 MHz and with an external oscillator up to 50 MHz.

Power saving modes include idle and Power-down.

Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt, USB, Brown-

Out Detect (BOD) or Real-Time Clock (RTC).

Single power supply chip with Power-On Reset (POR) and BOD circuits.

CPU operating voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V 10 %) with 5 V tolerant

I/O pads.

3.4.3 GSM Module

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications. It is a standard set

developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe

protocols for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones. A

Modem is a device which modulates and demodulates signals as required to meet the

communication requirements. It modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital

information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted


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information. A GSM Modem is a device that modulates and demodulates the GSM

signals and in this particular case 2G signals.

SIM300 is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on frequencies EGSM 900 MHz,

DCS 1800 MHz and PCS1900 MHz .SIM300 provides GPRS multi-slot class 10

capabilities and support the GPRS coding schemes CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4. With a

tiny configuration of 40mm x 33mm x 2.85 mm, SIM300 can fit almost all the space

requirement in your application, such as Smart phone, PDA phone and other mobile

device. The physical interface to the mobile application is made through a 60 pins board-

to-board connector, which provides all hardware interfaces between the module and

customers boards except the RF antenna interface.

Fig 3.9: SIM 300 GSM modem

Features

SIM300 can be used in three frequency bands: EGSM 900, DCS 1800, and PCS 1900.

The band can be set by AT COMMAND, and default band is EGSM 900 and DCS 1800.

Provides the industry standard serial RS232 interface for easy connection to computers

and other devices.

Provides serial TTL interface for easy and direct interface to microcontrollers.


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On-board 3V Lithium Battery holder with appropriate circuitry for providing backup for

the modules internal RTC.

Can be used for GSM based Voice communications, Data/Fax, SMS, GPRS and TCP/IP

stack.

Can be controlled through standard AT commands.

Comes with an onboard wire antenna for better reception.

The SIM300 allows an adjustable serial baud rate from 1200 to 115200 bps (9600

default).

Modem a low power consumption of 0.25 A during normal operations and around 1 A

during transmission.

Operating Voltage: 715V AC or DC

Supported SIM card: 1.8V, 3V

AT Commands

AT commands are the instructions that are used to control a modem. T is the

abbreviation of Attention. Every command line starts with AT or at. Thats why

modem commands are called AT commands. Many of the commands such as ATD (dial),

ATA (answer), ATH (hook control) and ATO (return to online datasheet) that are used to

control dial-up modems are also supported by GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones.

Besides this common AT command set, GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones support

an AT command set that is specific to the GSM technology which includes SMS related

AT commands.

AT commands with a GSM/GPRS modems or mobile phone can be used to access

following information and services:

Information and configuration pertaining to mobile device or MODEM and SIM card.

SMS services

MMS services

Fax services

Data and Voice link over mobile network


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AT Commands for SMS ServicesCommand Description

AT+CSMS Select message service

AT+CPMS Preferred message storage

AT+CMGF Message format

AT+CSCA Service Centre addressAT+CSMP Set text mode parameters

AT+CSDH Show text mode parameters

AT+CSCB Select cell broadcast message types

AT+CSAS Save settings

AT+CRES Restore settings

AT+CNMI New message indications to TE

AT+CMGL List messages

AT+CMGR Read message

AT+CMGS Send message

AT+CMSS Send message from storage

AT+CMGW Write message to memory

AT+CMGD Delete messageTable 3.1: AT commands for SMS services

A simple AT command to send an SMS is as follows:

AT+CMGF = 1

OK // modem supports text mode

AT+CMGS = +741******7

>accident occurred

+CMGS: 198 //message ID OK


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Hardware Description

Fig 9: SIM300 hardware description

MAX232 IC

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial

port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits, so that devices

works on TTL logic can share the data with devices connected through Serial port (DB9

Connector).

Serial Port/DB9 Connector

User just needs to attach RS232 cable here so that it can be connected to devices which

Have Serial port / DB9 Connector. The serial port connector pin configuration is as

follows:

Pin 1 : DCD(Data carrier detect)

Pin 2 : RxD(Receive Data)

Pin 3: TxD(Transmit Data)

Pin 4 : DTR(Data Terminal Ready)


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Pin 5 : SG(Signal Ground)

Pin 6 : DSR(Data Set Ready)

Pin 7 : RTS(Request To Send)

Pin 8 : CTS(Clear To Send)

Pin 9 : Ring Indicator

Power Supply Socket

This power supply socket which is actually named as AC/DC Socket provides the

functionality to user to connect external power supply from Transformer, Battery or

Adapter through DC jack. User can provide maximum of 12V AC/DC power supply

through AC/DC socket. This is power supply designed into maximum protection

consideration so that it can even prevent reverse polarity DC power supply as well as DC

conversion from AC power Supply. It also includes LM317 Voltage Regulator which

provides an output voltage adjustable over a 1.2V to 37V.

Indicator LED

Indicator LEDs just used to indicate status accordingly. Power LED will keep on until the

power supply is enabling to this board by using push-on push-off switch. Network Status

LED will show whether inserted SIM card successfully connected to service providers

Network or not, in short signal strength. Module On/Off indicator LED will show status

of GSM modules power on/off.

Advantages of GSM

Worldwide Roaming

Since GSM service is obtainable in added than 200 countries, clienteles are

capable to roam globally without altering their devices or their facility plans.

Security

GSM facilities are extremely protected, with skills in place that can defend

against both snooping and service riding.


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Reasonable Devices and Facilities

GSM suppliers switch a huge portion of the cellular marketplace and so are

capable to deliver a huge diversity of reasonable devices and facilities.

Extensive Spectrums Obtainable

The GSM expertise usages five bands of MHz rate; 450, 850, 900, 1800 and 1900

MHz Builders are capable to yield devices that can choice up two or three diverse

occurrence bands.

3.4.4 GPS Module

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a

network of a minimum of 24, but currently 30, satellites placed into orbit by the U.S.

Department of Defense. Military action was the original intent for GPS, but in the 1980s,

the U.S. government decided to allow the GPS program to be used by civilians. The

satellite data is free and works anywhere in the world.GPS devices perform the following

operations:

Maps, including streets maps, displayed in human readable format via text or in a

graphical format,

Turn-by-turn navigation directions to a human in charge of a vehicle or vessel via

text or speech,

Directions fed directly to an autonomous vehicle such as a robotic probe,

Traffic congestion maps (depicting either historical or real time data) and suggested

alternative directions.

Information on nearby amenities such as restaurants, fueling stations, and tourist

attractions.

The GPS module used in the proposed system is VK16U6 with TTL output and built in

antenna. It is as shown in the fig 3.11.


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Fig 3.11: VK16U6 GPS module

Pin Description

Pin Description

VCC This pin provides voltage to the GPS receiver

GND This is the ground pin

RX This the UART receive (TTL) pin

TX This the UART transmit (TTL) pin

VCC_N This is for enabling uBlox module. Module is turned ON when

this pin is connected to GND and it is turned OFF when it is

connected to VCC. This arrangement is made in order to save

the power i.e. once you have obtained the fix, you can turn off

the GPS module.

PPS This is to determine whether the GPS module has obtained a

GPS fix or not. Based on the location of GPS receiver, it takes

some time( 30 sec to 1 min) to obtain the fix.

Table 3.2: VK16U6 pin description


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Features

C / A code 1.023MHz code stream

Receive bands: L1 [1575.42 MHz]

Tracking channels: 50

Timing accuracy: 1us

Maximum Altitude: 18,000 m

Maximum speed: 500 m / s

Acceleration:


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Mobile phone navigation systems

Robots with self-navigation

Surveying

Measurements of earthquakes

3.4.5 Temperature Sensor

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an output

voltage linearly-proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35 device has an

advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required

to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade

scaling. The LM35 device does not require any external calibration or trimming to

provide typical accuracies of 1/4C at room temperature and 3/4C over a full -55C to

150C temperature range. Lower cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer

level. The low-output impedance, linear output and precise inherent calibration of the

LM35 device makes interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. The

device is used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As the LM35

device draws only 60 pA from the supply, it has very low self-heating of less than 0.1C

in still air. The LM35 device is rated to operate over a -55C to 150C temperature range,

while the LM35C device is rated for a -40C to 110C range (-10 with improvedaccuracy). The LM35-series devices are available packaged in hermetic TO transistor

packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D devices are available in the plastic

TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D device is available in an 8-lead surface-mount

small-outline package and a plastic TO-220 package. LM35 temperature sensor is as

shown in the fig 3.12.

Fig 3.12: LM35 temperature sensor


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Features

Calibrated Directly in Celsius (Centigrade)

Linear + 10-mV/C Scale Factor

0.5C Ensured Accuracy (at 25C) Rated for Full -55C to 150C Range

Suitable for Remote Applications

Low-Cost Due to Wafer-Level Trimming

Operates from 4 V to 30 V Less than 60-pA Current Drain

Low Self-Heating, 0.08C in Still Air

Non-Linearity Only 1/4C Typical

Low-Impedance Output, 0.1 0 for 1-mA Load

Applications

Power Supplies

Battery Management

HVAC

Appliances

3.4.6 Moisture or Humidity Sensor

Humidity is the presence of water in air. The amount of water vapor in air can affect

human comfort as well as many manufacturing processes in industries. The presence of

water vapor also influences various physical, chemical, and biological processes.

Humidity measurement in industries is critical because it may affect the business cost of

the product and the health and safety of the personnel.

Controlling or monitoring humidity is of paramount importance in many industrial &

domestic applications. In semiconductor industry, humidity or moisture levels needs to be

properly controlled & monitored during wafer processing. In medical applications,

humidity control is required for respiratory equipments, sterilizers, incubators,

pharmaceutical processing, and biological products. Humidity control is also necessary in

chemical gas purification, dryers, ovens, film desiccation, paper and textile production,

and food processing. In agriculture, measurement of humidity is important for plantation


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protection (dew prevention), soil moisture monitoring, etc. For domestic applications,

humidity control is required for living environment in buildings, cooking control for

microwave ovens, etc. In all such applications and many others, humidity sensors are

employed to provide an indication of the moisture levels in the environment.

Applications

It agriculture, measurement of humidity is important for plantation protection (dew

prevention), soil moisture monitoring, etc.

For domestic applications, humidity control is required for living environment in

buildings, cooking control for microwave ovens, etc.

Controlling or monitoring humidity is of paramount importance in many industrial and

domestic applications. In semiconductor industry, humidity or moisture levels needs to be properly controlled

and monitored during wafer processing.

In medical applications, humidity control is required for respiratory equipments,

sterilizers, incubators, pharmaceutical processing, and biological products.

Humidity control is also necessary in chemical gas purification, dryers, ovens, film

desiccation, paper and textile production, and processing.

Fig 3.13: Moisture or Humidity Sensor


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3.4.7 Fire Sensor

The Fire sensor is used to detect fire flames. The module makes use of Fire sensor and

comparator to detect fire up to a range of 1 meter.

Fig 3.14: Fire sensor

Features

Allows your robot to detect flames from upto 1 M away

Typical Maximum Range: 1 m.

Calibration preset for range adjustment.

Indicator LED with 3 pin easy interface connector.

Input Voltage : +5VDC

3.4.8 Buzzer

A buzzer is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electro mechanical or

piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and

confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or key stroke.


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Fig 3.15: Piezoelectric Buzzer

3.4.9 16x2 LCD Display

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide

range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly

used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments

and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LEDs are economical; easily

programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike

in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this

LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,

namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions

given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like

initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The

data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of

the character to be displayed on the LCD.

Features

5 x 8 dots with cursor Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent)

+ 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V)

1/16 duty cycle

B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED)

N.V. optional for + 3V power supply


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Fig 3.16: 16x2 LCD display

Pin Description

PIN

NO.

FUNCTIONS NAME

1 GROUND (0V) GROUND

2 Supply voltage 5v (4.7v5.3v) Vcc

3 Contrast adjustment through a variable resistor VEE

4 Selects a command register when low , and Data registerwhen high

Register select

5 Low to write the register , High to read from register Read/Write

6 Sends data to data pin when a high to low pulse is given Enable

7-14 8-bit data pin DB0-DB7

15 Backlight Vcc (5V) Led+

16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

Table 3.3: 16x2 LCD display pin description


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3.4.10 DC Motor

A DC motor relies on the fact that like poles repels and unlike magnetic poles attracts

each other. A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic

field aligned with the center of the coil. By switching the current on or off in a coil its

magnet field can be switched on or off or by switching the direction of the current in the

coil the direction of the generated magnetic field can be switched 180. A simple DC

motor typically has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature with a series

of two or more windings of wire wrapped in insulated stack slots around iron pole pieces

(called stack teeth) with the ends of the wires terminating on a commutator. The armature

includes the mounting bearings that keep it in the center of the motor and the power shaft

of the motor and the commutator connections. The winding in the armature continues toloop all the way around the armature and uses either single or parallel conductors (wires),

and can circle several times around the stack teeth. The total amount of current sent to the

coil, the coil's size and what it's wrapped around dictate the strength of the

electromagnetic field created. The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates

what direction the effective electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and off

coils in sequence a rotating magnetic field can be created. These rotating magnetic fields

interact with the magnetic fields of the magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in the

stationary part of the motor (stator) to create a force on the armature which causes it to

rotate. In some DC motor designs the stator fields use electromagnets to create their

magnetic fields which allow greater control over the motor. At high power levels, DC

motors are almost always cooled using forced air.

The commutator allows each armature coil to be activated in turn. The current in the coil

is typically supplied via two brushes that make moving contact with the commutator.

Now, some brushless DC motors have electronics that switch the DC current to each coil

on and off and have no brushes to wear out or create sparks.

Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are connected

provides different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC

motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature. The

introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field .circuit allowed speed


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control. DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable. Today DC motors are still

found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel

rolling mills and paper machines.

The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the

motor by using internal commutation, stationary magnets (permanent or electromagnets),

and rotating electrical magnets.

Advantages of a brushed DC motor include low initial cost, high reliability, and simple

control of motor speed. Disadvantages are high maintenance and low life-span for high

intensity uses. Maintenance involves regularly replacing the carbon brushes and springs

which carry the electric current, as well as cleaning or replacing the commutator. These

components are necessary for transferring electrical power from outside the motor to the

spinning wire windings of the rotor inside the motor. Brushes consist of conductors.

Features

6mm shaft diameter with internal hole

125gm weight

Same size motor available in various rpm

5kgcm torque

No-load current = 60 mA (Max), Load current = 300 mA (Max)

Fig 3.17: DC Motor


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3.5 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

3.5.1 KEIL VERSION 4

Keil vision 4 the Vision4 IDE is a window-based software development platform thatcombines a robust and modern editor, project manager, and makes facility. I.Alision4

integrates all the tools you need to develop embedded applications including C/C++

compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator, and a HEX file generator.

Vision4 helps expedite the development process of your embedded application by

providing the following:

Full-featured source code editor

Device Database for configuring the development tool

Project Manager for creating and maintaining your projects

Integrated Make Utility functionality for assembling, compiling, and linking your

embedded applications

Dialogs for all development environment settings

True integrated source-level and assembler-level Debugger with high-speed CPU

and peripheral Simulator

Advanced GDI interface for software debugging in the target hardware and for

connecting to the Keil ULINK Adapter family

Flash programming utility for downloading the application program into Flash

ROM

Links to manuals, on-line help, device datasheets, and user guides.

The Vision4 IDE offers numerous features and advantages that help you to

develop embedded applications quickly and successfully. The Keil tools are easy

to use, and are guaranteed to help you achieve your design goals in a timely

manner. The Vision4 IDE & Debugger is the central part of the Keil development tool

chain. Vision4 offers a Build Mode and a Debug Mode.

In Build Mode you maintain the project, the project files, write your code, select

the target hardware and device, and generate the application.


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In Debug Mode you verify and debug your program with the integrated; powerful

Simulator or directly on target hardware with the Keil ULINK USB.

3.5.2 FLASH MAGIC

It is used to dump the code to microcontroller from PC. Flash Magic is a free, powerful,

feature-rich Windows application that allows easy programming of Philips FLASH

microcontrollers. Custom applications built for Philips microcontrollers on the Flash

Magic platform can be used to create custom end-user firmware programming

applications, or generate an in-house production tine programming tool. The Flash

Memory In-System Programmer is a tool that allows in-circuit programming of FLASH

memories via a serial RS232 link, Computer side software called. Flash Magic is

executed that-accepts the Intel HEX format file generated from compiler Keil to be sent

to target microcontroller. It detects the hardware connected to the serial port.


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3.6 FLOWCHART

Fig 3.18: Flow chart of the system


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Fig 3.18 depicts the flowchart of the proposed system. The three ADC pins of LPC2148

is connected to MEMS sensor, temperature sensor and humidity sensor. The

microcontroller uses polling method to read the values from these pins. Initially it

acquires the data from the MEMS accelerometer. The analog output of MEMS sensor is

converted to a digital value by the 10 bit ADC and it is compared with the standard

threshold value. If the MEMS output is greater than the threshold, the system will

conclude that accident has occurred. On the other hand, if the value is less than the

threshold, it will read the output of temperature sensor i.e. LM35. After digitization and

comparison of this value, the system will decide whether the engine temperature has

exceeded the limit or not. After MEMS and temperature sensor, fire sensor is polled and

if it detects any fire within the specified range, immediately buzzer is activated and the

rider is intimated.

When accident is detected or temperature exceeds the threshold, the GPS module is used

to obtain the exact location of the event in terms of latitude and longitude values. These

values are sent to the family members and emergency medical services through GSM

module with the help of AT commands.


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3.7 RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

3.7.1 Results

The project Wireless black box using Sensors and GPS tracking for accidental monitoring

of vehicles was designed to monitor accident event and to provide immediate assistance.

This system can be easily fitted in two wheelers and can provide accurate results in real

time scenario. With the help of GPS system incorporated in the project, the event location

can be traced to provide the victim with necessary medical services. The prototype of the

system is as shown in fig 3.19. And after sending the message it is clearly shown as

message sent and this is shown in fig 3.20, finally the message is reached to mentioned

phone number and this is how message looks like as shown in fig 3.21.

Fig 3.19: Prototype of the sys tem


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Fig 19: LCD display Fig 20: Accident alert message

3.7.2 Conclusion

More than 50% deaths in India occur due to road accidents. A considerable part of these

incidences are due to lack of immediate medical assistance for the accident victim. The

proposed system Wireless Black Box using MEMS accelerometer and GPS tracking for

accidental monitoring of vehicles mainly aims at providing immediate assistance for

accident victims even in remote areas where human help and medical services cannot beexpected.

In conclusion, an innovative wireless black box using MEMS accelerometer and GPS

tracking system has been developed for motorcycle accidental monitoring. The system

can detect the accident from accelerometer signal using threshold algorithm and locate

the vehicle through GPS module. After accident is detected, short alarm massage data


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(alarm massage and position of accident) will be sent via GSM network. The system has

been tested in real world applications and the test results are reliable without any false

alarm.

The system has the following advantages:

The vehicle which has undergone an accident can be identified and immediate

medication can be provided to the victim.

The proposed system will provide necessary assistant to the victim even in

remote areas.

The proposed system will intimate the rider in case of excessive temperature

and also alerts the rider in case of fire in the vehicle by activating the buzzer.

The system is compact and can be easily placed in the two-wheeler.

All the peripherals used are low power consuming modules and hence the

entire system consumes less power and provides high efficiency.

The system has the following disadvantage:

In some places where there is no provision of GSM network, it is difficult for

communication.

3.7.3 Future Scope

The system can be enhanced by interconnecting a camera to the controller

module that takes the photograph of the accident spot which makes the

tracking easier and also can help in identifying the vehicle that is responsible

for the accident in case of hit and run incident.

In case the vehicle has been stolen, its location can be identified by sending !

symbol to the GSM module.


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CHAPTER 4

REFLECTION NOTES

This report is a description of my four month internship carried out as compulsory

component of the M.Tech course. The internship was carried out within the organization

RV-VLSI DESIGN CENTER, Bangalore in the year 2015. Since I was interested in

hardware designing and embedded system designing, even company was on the path of

designing so they allowed me to work as intern in their company. This internship report

contains my activities that have contributed to achieve a number of my stated goals.

At the beginning of the internship I formulated several learning goals, which I wanted to

achieve:

To understand the functioning and working conditions of an IT company

To see and experience the work in a professional environment

To see if this kind of work is a possibility for my future career

To use my gained skills and knowledge

To see what skills and knowledge I still need to work in a professional

environment

To learn about the organizing of a research project (planning, preparation,

permissions etc.) To learn about research methodologies

To get technical knowledge and to collect all possible unknown resources

available

To get non-technical knowledge from the employees and co-works

To enhance my communication skills

To build a network

4.1 INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE IN LEARNING THE GOALS

In this chapter I reflect on the internship. Regarding my learning goals I shortly discuss

my experiences; if I have achieved my goal, whether I experienced difficulties and what I

think I have to improve.


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The functioning and working conditions of IT company: At the beginning I did not have

any experience of working within an IT company. Although I have seen one, I understand

better the functioning like the organization structure and setting up projects. Trying to

operate as a non-profit organization I saw the importance of financial support and

personal capacity. The dependence on extern institutions and people force you to have a

flexible attitude. During my stay I also experienced the dependence. There was often

uncertainty whether and when projects could start. In the first instance the dependence

and uncertainty was annoying, but it forced me to be flexible and to see what other things

I could do.

Enhancing communication skills: Sometimes I experienced communication difficulties. I

thought that I could communicate well in English and with my basic knowledge of

English, but employees were with huge talented and knowledge. Therefore I was reserved

in communication at the beginning, but in the course of months it went better. My stay

has contributed to my communication skills, but I would like to pay more attention to it

in the future. I can come across as reserved and uncertain. To contribute more to projects

and to progress faster, I want to learn to make a more confident impression and to express

my ideas and opinions more certain.

The use of skills and knowledge gained in the university: It is difficult to say what skills

and knowledge gained in my study I could put in practice in my internship. I can think of

the use of the experience from my projects. Some theoretical knowledge gained during

my graduation and post-graduation do helped me a lot to carry forward my assigned work

in the internship research in general; I was taught some basics on data collection, data

processing and setting-up research projects. This is reasonable and I have seen that within

research projects you acquire the skills and knowledge needed.

Skills and knowledge that might be improved to work in a professional environment:

Although we learn and develop the necessary skills and knowledge while working in an

industry, there are several things that I could improve already. I did not have totally clear

idea what activities I could have done to reach my learning goals. Therefore during my

stay I had some difficulties to determine tasks that I could carry out.

In advance of my internship I talked with the organization about the project in

which I could participate, however clear agreements on my activities were made. Other


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aspects to which I want to pay attention in general are: defining a clear research question

and determine what data collection and analysis is suitable. I often have the tendency to

concentrate more on data collection activities. Also in the internship I have seen that it is

important to have your research clear, because it guides you in the process.

The participation in the meeting with upper management and conversation with

co-workers made me enthusiastic. Before I had some doubts whether internship in this

company could end in useful results and career, I witnessed there were many customers

each with their own interests towards the company products. However even our manager

promised that our project will also be showcased to the several customers because of

which we became really more committed. It was interesting to hear the ideas and

discussions between the project manager and co-workers and even general meetings were

held with all different project teams.

These kinds of meetings are of importance, because they contribute to a better

understanding among the different fields of engineering. It permits that information can

be passed and topics can be discussed in more depth. It is also a way to make each other

enthusiastic and it stimulates to put things into action. Through the internship I learned

about conservation and management, but I want to learn more about it. Especially the

regulation, protection and management by policy and the way how employees inside the

industry interact and work in teams were interest ing topics.

The influence on future career plans: Before my internship, I had some doubts about my

future career. I was not sure if I would choose to continue in IT industry or teaching. I

also did not know what type of research I would like to do. Through this internship, I

have seen what elements of my career I like and I got enthusiastic again to continue in IT

industry. I have found out that part of the research should contain innovative technical

works as I did in the internship.


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4.2 NON-TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

4.2.1 Communication Skills

4.2.1.1 Verbal Communication

Verbal communication, also known as speaking, is an important form of communication

in a healthcare facility. During the course of a work day most healthcare workers spend

time talking with coworkers, supervisors, managers, or patients. Planning and organizing

our thoughts is a critical part of verbal communication. This involves thinking about who

will receive the message and what we want to convey. Making notes before a phone call,

having an agenda for a meeting, or researching information we wish to give to someone

in advance are all methods we

Documents

report on wireless blackbox testing for vehicle monitoring