Espoon yksikkö K21.42/2006/4 02.11.2006 Espoo

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in

Finland

Jussi Pokki

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland Jussi Pokki

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FINLAND DOCUMENTATION PAGE Date / Rec. no. 02.11.2006

Type of report

Authors

Jussi Pokki

Commissioned by

Geological Survey of Finland

Title of report

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland

Abstract

The database of post-Svecofennian sedimentary rocks in Finland focuses on drill cores, outcrops, clastic dikes and boulders. The drill cores are from Satakunta, Muhos, Lauhanvuori, Hailuoto, the Finnish Caledonides and impact craters. In addition, some drill cores contain no sedimentary rocks but considerable weathering. At URL http://www.gtk.fi/geology/sedimentaryrocks/html/introduction.htm the material of the database can be downloaded and after that explored with Google Earth.

Keywords

Sedimentary rock, drill core, outcrop, clastic dike, boulder

Geographical area

Satakunta, Muhos, Hailuoto, Lauhanvuori, Lumparn, Söderfjärden, Lappajärvi, Karikkoselkä, Iso-Naakkima, Saa-rijärvi, Kivijärvi Map sheet

Other information

CD included

Report serial

Archive code

K21.42/2006/4 Total pages

21 Language

English Price

Confidentiality

Unit and section

Espoo 211 Project code

9 800 000 Signature/name

Signature/name

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland Jussi Pokki

Contents

Documentation page

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LOGGING THE DRILL CORES 1

3 ROCK TYPES 4

4 SATAKUNTA 9

5 MUHOS AND HAILUOTO 13

6 OTHER DRILL CORES 13

7 CLASTIC DIKES 14

8 BOULDERS 14

9 SANDSTONE IN VAMPULA 14

10 DRILL CORE SAMPLES 17 LITERATURE

APPENDICES: 1. Tables 2. Logs

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 1 Jussi Pokki

1 INTRODUCTION The database of post-Svecofennian sedimentary rocks in Finland was created 04.06.-31.10.2006 by Jussi Pokki, a student of geology at the University of Helsinki. The information in the data-base concerns drill cores, outcrops, clastic dikes (fissure fillings) and boulders of post-Svecofennian sedimentary rocks. The drill cores are from Hailuoto, Lauhanvuori, Muhos, Satakunta, the Finnish Caledonides and impact craters. In addition, some drill cores contain no sedimentary rocks but considerable weathering.

The first version of the database was created with ArcView GIS 3.2a. It was handed over to Eira Kuosmanen at the end of October 2006. The work was continued in October by creating a Google Earth based service of the database in Internet. The current URL of the supporting web-site is http://www.gtk.fi/geology/sedimentaryrocks/html/introduction.htm. From that address, the material can be downloaded and after that explored with Google Earth. There is a satellite image or bedrock map of Finland as the background image. In Google Earth, you can proceed via links to images of the drill cores, outcrops, clastic dikes, boulders, drill core logs and some publica-tions. The report includes also a CD that contains the tables, logs and htm-pages of the database.

2 LOGGING THE DRILL CORES The project was started by logging the Satakunta, Lauhanvuori, Muhos and Hailuoto drill cores in a systematic way. A graphic log was drawn of each. The cores drilled in impact craters were not logged. Satakunta and Lauhanvuori cores were logged by Jussi Pokki and the logs were cre-ated by using the software WinLog. Muhos and Hailuoto cores were logged by Lauri Solismaa. He used software called Apple Core, which was perceived to be the more flexible one, especially when presenting the grain-size. To begin, we created a common method of logging.

The approach to name mixtures of mud, sand and gravel as sedimentary facies was slightly modified after Folk (1954) (Fig. 2.1). Sediments in the conglomeratic family have over 30 % gravel content. A conglomerate sensu strictu contains over 80 % gravel. There is a 1:1 boundary in the relation of sand to mud between sandstone and mudstone families. A sandstone sensu strictu has over 9:1 sand to mud and over 99:1 sand to gravel.

Fig. 2.1. Ternary diagram used for naming sedimentary rocks composed of mixtures of gravel-, mud- and sand-sized clasts (modified after Folk, 1954).

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 2 Jussi Pokki The abbreviations used in the logs for different facies are:

− SS sandstone

− SCS slightly conglomeratic sandstone

− CS conglomeratic sandstone

− SC sandy conglomerate

− C conglomerate

− M mudstone

− MS muddy sandstone

− SM sandy mudstone.

We estimated the grain-size using the standard scales for clastic sediment. The drill cores were compared with sieved standard sized grains glued on a transparent piece of plastic and the grain-size was classified accordingly. The absolute values of the grain-size were not measured. With WinLog it was not possible to graphically present a grain-size grading into another. Neither was it possible to label grain-sizes with letters but numbers. Table 2.1 contains the number codes used for different grain-sizes in Satakunta and Lauhanvuori logs:

Table 2.1. Number codes used for different grain-sizes in Satakunta and Lauhanvuori logs. Number Clast Diameter (mm) 1 Clay <0.031 2 Mud <0.063 3 Very fine sand 0.063-0.125 4 Fine sand 0.125-0.250 5 Medium sand 0.250-0.500 6 Coarse sand 0.500-1.000 7 Very coarse sand 1.000-2.000 8 Gravel 2.000-4.000 9 Pebble >4.000

In the conglomeratic family, we estimated the grain-size class according to the biggest grain. In the sandstone family, however, we determined the grain-size class according to the most typical - and in that sense most evident - grain for the human eye. If slightly conglomeratic sandstone contained a few gravel-sized grains, they were ignored when determining the grain-size. Like-wise, our approach underestimates the presence of the smallest grains in the grain-size distribu-tion.

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 3 Jussi Pokki

Fig. 2.2. Symbols used in the Texture column of the logs.

In addition to the sedimentary facies and the grain-size, the colour was systematically logged for most drill cores, too. We tried to find the closest match with the dry core in the Munsell standard colour chart. With Apple Core, the colour was presented by true Munsell colours. There are no Munsell colours in WinLog, so the colour was usually announced by its code and name for Sata-kunta and Lauhanvuori logs. The frequent alternation in the colours of some Satakunta drill cores is presented graphically. It was not considered essential or even possible to log all variations in the colour. Instead, we tried to classify all hues into few key colours and log complete cores with them. Colour was not logged for M52-PO-60-001.

Logging was commenced on April 2006 with M52-PO-60-001, a 618.55 m deep drill core. First, we divided the core into a few parts that were tens of meters long and somehow distinguishable from the rest of the core. After that, we searched for short parts, the sedimentary facies, which repeated themselves in the longer part. All facies were given a name, for example St1. We searched for type samples of different facies and they were described emphasizing the grain-size and sorting. The colour of the rock was ignored at this phase due to the post depositional changes. It was possible to log the whole core with 6 different sedimentary facies. We also used combinations of different facies, if the individual facies were only some centimetres long.

K52-1134-87-007, -008, -009 and K52-1134-83-002 were logged 13.-15.06. and the grain-size of M52-PO-60-001 was logged 24.07.-04.08. Other Satakunta cores and Lauhanvuori-001 were logged 10.-24.07. It usually took little over one hour to complete one box containing about 6 m core and it proved to be very difficult to log more than 10 boxes a day.

Logging Lauhanvuori-001 and other Satakunta cores than K52-1134-87-007, K52-1134-87-008, K52-1134-87-009 and K52-1134-83-002 were carried out from the top of the core to the bottom. The length of the core, with some exceptions, was measured and the core loss was calculated based on the depths of the lifts. In the logs, the reported core loss is marked at the bottom of the lifts. In M52-PO-60-001 the core loss is graphically presented by cutting off the facies and grain-size columns at the bottom of the lifts. The real location of the core loss is not pointed out. The sedimentary facies of M52-PO-60-001 was logged in April 2006 from the bottom to the top. This

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 4 Jussi Pokki

caused some obvious contradictions with the facies and grain-size columns, but the former was corrected to match the latter.

Lauri Solismaa logged 12.-30.06 the cores M52-HAIL-04-005, -004, M52-HAIL-64-001, -002, -003, M52-3422-04-001 and M52-MH-39-00 and TUPOS-001 was logged 10.-13.07. His rate of logging was manifold to that mentioned above.

3 ROCK TYPES Mudstone contains gravel to mud in the ratio 0-1:100 and sand to mud in the ratio 0-1:10. In M52-PO-60-001, mudstone facies was divided into Fm (fines, massive) and Fl (fines, lamellar). Both of them consist of mud, so they may include silt and clay. Fm is at least superficially mas-sive and Fl clearly laminated.

Fig. 3.1. Fm type samples. M52-PO-60-001. Both pictures are taken of a round surface of the core, and they depict mudstone in different colours. The upper picture is taken at the depth of 494 m and the lower picture at 198 m. The diameter of the core is 31 mm.

Fig. 3.2. Fl type sample. M52-PO-60-001, 348 m. The picture is taken of the round surface of the core. The diameter of the core is 31 mm.

Sandy mudstone contains gravel to mud in the ratio 0-1:100 and sand to mud in the ratio 0-1:1.

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 5 Jussi Pokki

Fig. 3.3. SM type sample. HARJAVALTA-R-001, 20.65 m. The picture is taken of the round surface of the core. The diameter of the core is 31 mm.

Muddy sandstone contains gravel to mud in the ratio 0-1:100 and mud to sand in the ratio 0-1:1.

Fig. 3.4. MS type sample. HARJAVALTA-R-001, 2.15 m. The picture is taken of the round sur-face of the core. The diameter of the core is 31 mm.

In M52-PO-60-001, muddy sandstone facies was divided into Sl (sand, lamellar) and Sr (sand, ripple). Both of them consist mainly of sand among which there is also mud. In Sl facies, the mud appears as planar lamination and in Sr facies as cross lamination.

Fig. 3.5. Sl type sample. M52-PO-60-001, 262 m. The picture is taken of a round surface of the core. The diameter of the core is 31 mm.

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 6 Jussi Pokki

Fig. 3.6. Sr type sample. M52-PO-60-001, 390 m. The upper picture is taken of the round surface of the core and the lower picture of a split surface. The diameter of the core is 31 mm. Sandstone contains gravel to sand in the ratio 0-1:100 and mud to sand in the ratio 0-1:10.

Fig. 3.7. Sandstone type sample. K52-1141-89-002, 42.00 m. The diameter of the core is 31 mm.

As M52-PO-60-001 consists practically only of sandstone, the sandstone facies was divided into St1 and St2 facies in order to increase resolution. St1 at its most typical is cross-bedded through-out and consists of moderately sorted medium sand. Cross-bedding is represented by very fre-quent variations in the grain-size, which sometimes makes the grain-size difficult to be esti-mated. Epigenetic colouring occurs very often in St1 facies, however, that does not belong to the definition of the facies.

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 7 Jussi Pokki

Fig. 3.8. St1 type sample. M52-PO-60-001, 551 m. The upper picture is taken of a round surface of the core and the lower picture of a split surface. The diameter of the core is 31 mm.

The grain-size of St2 facies is smaller, typically fine sand. It is very well sorted and at least seams to be massive. St2 is usually not epigenetically coloured.

Fig. 3.9. St2 type sample. M52-PO-60-001, 138 m. The upper picture is taken of a round surface of the core and the lower picture of a split surface. The diameter of the core is 31 mm.

Slightly conglomeratic sandstone contains gravel to sand in the ratio 1-5:100 and mud to sand in the ratio 0-1:10.

Fig. 3.10. Slightly conglomeratic sandstone type sample. K52-1141-89-006, 16.15 m. The di-ameter of the core is 31 mm.

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 8 Jussi Pokki

Conglomeratic sandstone contains gravel to sand in the ratio 5-30:100 and mud to sand in the ratio 0-1:10.

Fig. 3.11. Conglomeratic sandstone type sample. K52-1141-89-002, 41.60 m. The diameter of the core is 31 mm.

Sandy conglomerate contains gravel to sand in the ratio 30-80:100 and mud to sand in the ratio 0-1:10.

Fig. 3.12. Sandy conglomerate type sample. K52-1141-89-002, 42.20 m. The diameter of the core is 31 mm.

Conglomerate contains gravel to sand in the ratio over 80:100.

Fig. 3.13. Conglomerate type sample. K52-1141-89-002, 49.70 m. The diameter of the core is 31 mm.

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 9 Jussi Pokki

4 SATAKUNTA 43 known cores drilled at Satakunta contain sedimentary rocks. 5 of them contain sedimentary rock only some centimetres and are probably drilled through loose sedimentary rock boulders. 29 of the total 43 drill cores are currently located at the Loppi drill core depot. The location of the remaining 14 cores is more or less unsure. 5 of the true sedimentary rock drill cores penetrate the basement, but the current location of 2 of them is unknown. Satakunta drill core data is included in the CD in table form.

Fig. 4.1. Locations of the drill cores containing sedimentary rocks in Satakunta.

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 10 Jussi Pokki

Hannu Kujala logged in 1980s and early 1990s most of the Satakunta cores in Loppi and at other companies, for example at Soil and Water. After his work, there was inadequate documentation about the storage of the cores. 6 of the cores logged by Kujala could not be located: K52-1133-89-001, PL113+00, PL21+16, PL12+85, PT104 and PL93+613. They are neither listed in the Loppi database nor in a printed file of the drill cores at Loppi. The PL- and PT-cores were drilled for Turku water tunnel studies, probably by Soil and Water. According to Jussi Ahonen, the drill cores are not in the facilities of Soil and Water but may be transported to Turku Region Water Ltd. Aki Artimo promised to look for them at Turku Region Water Ltd in the middle of Septem-ber. Soil and Water usually deliver all drill cores to Loppi. They were not able to locate these drill cores based on drill core ID, coordinates or map sheet, but need a project code, which is not currently known.

8 drill cores that were neither in the Loppi database nor in the printed file in Loppi were found at the depot and logged. The IDs of those cores are: K52-1141-85-001, K52-1141-85-002, AMH-85-R5, AMH-85-R11, AMH-85-R8, K52-1143-85-001, K52-1143-85-002 and K52-1143-87-001.

Cores LAMMASTENKOSKI-1, LAMMASTENKOSKI-2, HARJAVALTA-R-001, HARJA-VALTA-R-002, HARJAVALTA-R-003, HARJAVALTA-R-004, HARJAVALTA-R-005 and K52-1134-83-002 had not been logged before. The HARJAVALTA drill cores are listed in the Loppi Database but do not appear in the Google Earth version of it in GTK´s intranet. However, there is an error of about 20 km in the HARJAVALTA drill core coordinates. Correct coordi-nates are listed in Table 4.1. Also, HARJAVALTA-R-004 and HARJAVALTA-R-005 are not vertical but have dip of 055/60° and 055/63°, perpendicular to the strike.

LAMMASTENKOSKI-1 and LAMMASTENKOSKI-2 may be the cores described by Laitakari (1937). The drilling year of LAMMASTENKOSKI-1 and LAMMASTENKOSKI-2 is not re-ported in the Loppi database. It is mentioned that they are sent to Loppi by GSF Ore Department. Nokia OY has drilled 2 vertical cores at Lammastenkoski in 1936 or 1937, on both sides of the river (Laitakari, 1937). According to Hämäläinen (1985), those cores are stored at Loppi. The diameter of LAMMASTENKOSKI-1 and LAMMASTENKOSKI-2 is 55 mm and the cores mentioned by Laitakari were drilled with a drill having 60 mm diameter. It is, however, a bit concerning that the pieces of the drill cores mentioned by Laitakari were stored in disorder for some time, even though he states it was still possible to get them to the correct order.

There is an error in the number of boxes M52-PO-60-001 comprises in the Loppi database. As there exist boxes labelled 63a and 63b, the total number of the boxes is 94 instead of 93.

Of the 5 Harjavalta cores only HARJAVALTA-R-001 and HARJAVALTA-R-003 were logged, but they should cover practically all the essential information available: The strike at Harjavalta is 145° and the dip is 235/40 (Hämäläinen, 1985), drawn in red in Fig. 4.2. The length of the longest blue line corresponds to 115.10 m. Therefore, the shorter blue lines representing the tran-sition of the drill cores off the strike correspond to 31.70 m and 18.80 m.

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 11 Jussi Pokki

Fig. 4.2. The strike of the bedding (in red) at Harjavalta and locations of drill cores HAR-JAVALTA-R-00X (numbers 1-5). Print in colour does not belong to the original document by Viatek Oy.

Fig. 4.3 depicts the HARJAVALTA drill cores projected along the strike with correct length, dip and off-set. The oldest beds should be at the bottom of HARJAVALTA-R-003 and -005 and the youngest at the top of HARJAVALTA-R-001 and -004. Practically all the beds should be pene-trated by HARJAVALTA-R-001 and -03. However, this should be verified at the drilling site.

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 12 Jussi Pokki

Fig. 4.3. The beds penetrated by the drill cores HARJAVALTA-R-00X. The drill cores are pro-jected along the strike. The dip of the bedding is 40°.

K52-1134-87-006 is drilled at the Kokemäki rapakivi batholite east of the sandstone area. There is 4 cm sandstone at the top, then 39 cm boulders of granite (broken core). The sandstone is light in colour and contains very little feldspar. It is probably subarkosic. The sandstone is likely a loose boulder pierced when drilling but Markus Vaarma had an idea, that this core could be equivalent with Lauhanvuori-001. There is core loss of 1.30 m at the top of the core so there could have been a weathered zone destroyed in the drilling process. However, the hypothetical sandstone occurrence can not have been thick. The rapakivi is a bit weathered in thin joints. The colour turns to carrot orange below the loose granite boulders.

There is 17 cm conglomeratic sandstone and below that 15 cm sandstone at the top of K52-1141-89-004, which consists mostly of granite. The sedimentary rocks are of very different appearance so both are likely glacial boulders on the granite. Likewise, there is 2 cm sandstone consisting of coarse sand on the top of K52-1141-89-005.

There is about 20 cm sandstone at the bottom of K52-1134-83-01. The drilling proved the so-called basement window of Kiukainen to be a glacial erratic (Hämäläinen, 1985: 88). There are also a glacial erratic at P=6809950, I=1542570 pierced by K52-1143-83-001 (Hämäläinen, 1985: 88). The sandstone beneath the Quaternary deposits was not reached and the drill core is not in-cluded in this database.

K52-1134-87-01 consists mostly of granite under 26.30 m thick layer of Quaternary deposits. However, there seams to be sedimentary rocks at 26.90-27.00 and 27.70-27.90 depths. The core is drilled at the south-eastern margin of the basin. The sediments may have filled open fissures or they may even be gouge.

Satakunta outcrop data is included in the CD in table form.

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 13 Jussi Pokki

5 MUHOS AND HAILUOTO 8 drill cores of the Muhos and Hailuoto were logged in 2006. M52-MH-001, M52-TR-38-001 and M52-LMK-45-001 probably contain sedimentary rocks but were not logged. There are, however, 3 graphical logs in Simonen et al. (1955), "Muhos", "Muhos Henttala" and "Tyrväinen". M52-MH-001 (P=7189 620, I=3453 360) likely corresponds to "Muhos Henttala" and M52-TR-38-001 to "Tyrväinen". M52-MH-39-001 corresponds to "Muhos". As well the depths of the cores as the depths of the Quaternary deposits support the conclusion. There is no likely match with "Muhos Kieksi" in Simonen et al. (1955) in the Loppi database.

2 drill cores have the same identification, M52-MH-001. The other has the same coordinates than M52-MH-39-001. Its depth, 53.12 m corresponds well to the Quaternary deposits of M52-MH-39-001, but it is drilled one year later than M52-MH-39-001. The Quaternary deposits of M52-MH-001 can not be only 1.1 m as stated in the Loppi database.

TYPPI OY SK-001, TYPPI OY SK-002 and TYPPI OY SK-003 may not penetrate Quaternary deposits into sedimentary rocks. This could be checked at the Loppi report.

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M52-MH-001

M52-MH-39-001M52-MH-001

M52-TR-38-001

M52-HAIL-64-001

M52-HAIL-04-005

M52-HAIL-04-004

M52-HAIL-64-003

TUPOS-001

M52-LMK-45-001M52-LMK-45-001

M52-3422-04-001

TYPPI OY SK-001TYPPI OY SK-002TYPPI OY SK-003

M52-HAIL-64-002

Fig. 5.1. Locations of the drill cores containing sedimentary rocks in Muhos and Hailuoto. The 3 blue triangles are clastic dikes. The red brown square is the Kieksi conglomerate, the only out-crop in Muhos.

Muhos and Hailuoto drill core data is included in the CD in table form.

6 OTHER DRILL CORES Lauhanvuori-001 was found in Loppi and it was logged. It is not included in the Loppi database. 2 polished thin sections will be made of it, one of the red clast which Söderman et al. (1983) claims to be a Jotnian mudstone. The coordinates of Lauhanvuori-001 are estimated based on a map in Söderman et al. (1983) and there is expected to be an error of ±200 m. The CD includes

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 14 Jussi Pokki

information on drill cores in Lauhanvuori, impact craters, the Finnish Caledonides and on drill cores with considerable weathering.

7 CLASTIC DIKES Information on clastic dikes can be found in the CD.

8 BOULDERS Information on boulders can be found in the CD.

9 SANDSTONE IN VAMPULA In 2005, a lens of sandstone was found during the mapping of the Matkusjoki quarry. It is owned by Nordkalk Corporation and the geologist in charge was Gerhard Hakkarainen. The quarry is an open pit in a field in the commune of Vampula. It is mapped at the scale of 1:1000.

In the map, the sandstone lens gets narrower at its both ends. The direction of the long axis is about 030° and its length is 20 m. The lens is at its widest at the centre of the long axis. The width of the lens is 5 m. The lens is situated 58 m above sea level, 17 m below the ground sur-face.

Fig. 10.1. The Matkusjoki open pit in Vampula 12.06.2006. View to the west. The exposed part of the sandstone roughly circled in red. A pile of sand and boulders of sandstone circled in blue.

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 15 Jussi Pokki

The original extent of the sandstone can be deduced from the red sand to the north of the red cir-cle.

The bedrock at the eastern side of the sandstone is dolomite, which is somewhat broken. There is ankeritic dolomite at the western side of the sandstone. The north-eastern and south-western bor-der of the lens is limited by amphibolite.

The quarry was visited on 12 June 2006 by Jussi Pokki and Ritva Harinen, the Mine Geologist in the Geology Department of Nordkalk Corporation. The sandstone was supposed to be destroyed in the very near future. The margins of the sandstone lens were covered with Quaternary deposits and sand weathered from the sandstone itself. The contacts with the basement were nowhere to be seen. The longest axis of the exposed sandstone lens was 5 m in the direction of 010°. It was 3 m wide at its widest part. The southern limit of the lens was 2 m northwards from its original lo-cation and there were some loose boulders. There was also a pile of sand and sandstone 10 m to the south of the exposure. A joint in the direction of 180° was situated at the top of the lens.

Fig. 10.2. View to the north. The top of the exposure is moderately consolidated sandstone. The sandstone has been broken to some loose boulders at the southern limit. A sample was taken of the greyish part of the boulder circled in red.

The sandstone consists typically of coarse sand. The average grain size was 0.5-1.0 mm. The maximum grain size of the sandstone lens was that of pebble. The biggest grain in the sample of the sandy conglomerate layer was 11 mm (Fig. 10.3). The sandstone was vaguely bedded and cross-bedded. Therefore, it can not have been formed by the passive filling of an open joint and cannot be interpreted as a dike.

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 16 Jussi Pokki

Fig 10.3. Left: Cross-bedding in the sandstone. Right: Layer of sandy conglomerate.

We exposed the eastern wall of the sandstone lens (Fig. 10.4), the height of which was about 3 m. The topmost 1 m was moderately consolidated sandstone. There was a layer of sandy con-glomerate 5 cm thick at the bottom of the consolidated part. Below that, the sandstone had been weathered to loose sand. The first 30 cm was red in colour. Apparently this layer was exposed at the margins of the original lens (Fig. 10.1). A layer of grey loose sand was below that. It con-sisted of well rounded quartz grains similar to the quartz of the sandstone at the top of the lens. There was a layer of mudstone below the sand. This mudstone had the same red colour as the red sand. There was lilac mudstone below the red mudstone. Samples were taken of both mudstone layers. Below this, there was again layer of loose grey sand, which was sampled, too.

Because the lowermost layer exposed was quartz sand, none of the layers can represent an an-cient weathering surface. The mud can be interpreted as an interlayer of clastic origin. The quartz sand had probably been completely consolidated but had weathered to loose sand.

Ritva Harinen told about a similar case of loose quartz sand nearby. Nordkalk had tried to search more dolomite by drilling near Punola quarry. Suddenly, quartz sand had begun to burst with pressure from 40 m below the ground surface and the working men had their clothes completely covered with it.

The age of the sandstone is not known. It may be even Quaternary, because of rapid carbonate cementation caused by the adjoining dolomite. Similarly, moraine at the Punola quarry nearby is exceptionally hard (Ritva Harinen, 2006). Directed samples of sandstone boulders have been taken by Satu Mertanen for paleomagnetic study. Sandstone boulders were also sampled by Jussi Pokki and Ritva Harinen. They are stored in Espoo at GTK and in Parainen at Nordkalk Corpo-ration.

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 17 Jussi Pokki

Fig. 10.4. The eastern wall of the sandstone lens.

10 DRILL CORE SAMPLES Information on the drill core samples can be found in the CD.

LITERATURE

Asklund, B., Kulling, O., 1926. Nya data till Ålands geologi. Geol. Fören. i Stockholm Förh. 48, 498-511.

Arkonsuo, A., 2000. Impaktimetamorfoosi ja Karikkoselän kraateri Petäjävedellä. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Helsinki, Finland. 1-123. (in Finnish)

Bergman, L., 1979. Mariehamn. Geological Map of Finland 1 : 100 000, Pre-Quaternary Rocks, Sheet 1011. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo.

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 18 Jussi Pokki

Bergman, L., 1982. Clastic dykes in the Åland Islands, SW Finland and their origin. In: Paleozoic sediments in the rapakivi area of the Åland Islands. Geological Survey of Finland. Bulletin 317, 7-27.

Ehlers, C., Ehlers, M., 1981. Berggrunden inom Kumlinge kartblad. Summary: Pre-Quaternary rocks of the Kumlinge map-sheet area. Geological map of Finland 1: 100 000. Explanation to the maps of Pre-Quaternary rocks. Sheet 1023. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, 60 p.

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Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 20 Jussi Pokki

APPENDIX – LIST OF FILES ON THE CD 1. Tables

Satakunta Drill Core Data

Muhos Drill Core Data

Hailuoto Drill Core Data

Lauhanvuori Drill Core Data

Impact Crater Drill Core Data

Drill Core Data of the Finnish Caledonides

Drill Cores with Weathering

Outcrop Data

Clastic Dike Data

Boulder Data

Drill Core Samples

2. Logs

2.1 Satakunta

M52-PO-60-001

025-050 m

050-100 m

100-150 m

150-200 m

200-250 m

250-300 m

300-350 m

350-400 m

450-500 m

500-550 m

550-600 m

600-620 m

K52-1134-83-002

AMH-85-R5

AMH-85-R8

Report on the Database of Post-Svecofennian Sedimentary Rocks in Finland 21 Jussi Pokki

AMH-85-R11

K52-1134-87-007

K52-1134-87-008

K52-1134-87-009

K52-1141-85-001

K52-1141-85-002

K52-1141-89-001

K52-1141-89-002

K52-1141-89-003

K52-1141-89-006

K52-1143-85-001

K52-1143-85-002

K52-1143-87-001

LAMMASTENKOSKI-1

LAMMASTENKOSKI-2

HARJAVALTA-R-001

HARJAVALTA-R-003

2.2 Muhos

M52-MH-39-001 modified after Simonen et al., 1955

M52-MH-001 modified after Simonen et al., 1955

M52-TR-38-001 modified after Simonen et al., 1955

2.3 Lauhanvuori

LAUHANVUORI-001

2.4 Lappajärvi

K52-2313-89-302

2.5 Karikkoselkä

KS1

KS2