Report on Solar Tower Technology

8/2/2019 Report on Solar Tower Technology

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A

Project report

On

SOLAR TOWER TECHNOLOGY

GUIDED BY-

MR. S.S.SABL

Submitted by-

Niraj S. Ujainwal

Jaykishan V. Naidu

Kiran S. Pawar

Dhananjay P. Pandey

Electrical Power System Department

B. L. Patil Polytechnic, Khopoli Acadmic year 2011-12

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K.T.S.P. Mandals

B. L. Patil Polytechnic, Khopoli

Electrical Power System Department

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that Niraj S. Ujainwal

Jaykishan V. Naidu

Kiran S. Pawar

Dhananjay P. Pandey

has completed the project work titled SOLAR TOWER TECHNOLOGY under myguidenes as partial fulfillment of final year diploma in electric power system of Maharashtra state

board of technical education Mumbai in acadmic year 2011-12

(S.S.Sable ) ( M.M.Dixit) ( B.N.Deshmukh )

Project guide H.O.D. Principle

Extrenal examiner

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ABSTRCT

The solar updraft tower is a proposed type of energy power plant. It combines three old and proven

technologies: the chimney effect, the greenhouse effect, and the wind turbine. Air is heated by

sunshine and contained in a very large greenhouse-like structure around the base of a tall chimney,

and the resulting convection causes air to rise up the updraft tower. This airflow drives turbines,

which produce electricity. A research prototype operated in Spain in the 1980s, and many

modelling studies have bee published as to optimization, scale, and economic feasibility.

The reinforced concrete chimney will cover approximately one foot at its

base and will be surrounded by a "greenhouse", polycarbonate and polymer. The tower is hollow in

the middle like a chimney. This large body of hot air moves at 15 meters per second towards thecold air at the top of the tower which is located in centre of the canopy. The heated air mass moves

as a powerful updraft, forcing air through large turbines to generate electricity. A solar thermal

power station using Solar Tower technology will create the conditions to cause hot wind to flow

continuously through its turbines to generate electricity.

According to model calculations, a simple updraft power plant with an output of 200 MW would

need a collector 7 kilometers in diameter (total area of about 38 km) and a 1000-metre-high

chimney. One 200MW power station will provide enough electricity for around 200,000 typical

households and will abate over 900,000 tons of greenhouse producing gases from entering the

environment annually. The 38 km collecting area is expected to extract about 0.5 percent, or5 W/m of 1 kW/m, of the solar power that falls upon it. Note that in comparison, concentrating

thermal (CSP) or photovoltaic (CPV) solar power plants have an efficiency ranging from 20-

40%. Because no data is available to test these models on a large-scale updraft tower there

remains uncertainty about the reliability of these calculations.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrating_solar_power#Concentrating_solar_thermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell#Concentrating_photovoltaics_.28CPV.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrating_solar_power#Concentrating_solar_thermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell#Concentrating_photovoltaics_.28CPV.29


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INDEX

1 Introduction

2 History

3 - WHY PROJECT IS IMPORTANT

4 - MAIN FUNCTIONING DIAGRAM & PHOTOGRAPHS

5 COMPONENT USED

6- electronic component

7 testing & result

8 Advantages & disadvantages

9 future scope

10 estimation & coasting

11 conclusion

12 reference

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INTRODUCTION

Chapter-1

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Introduction:

The solar updraft tower is a proposed type ofrenewable-energypower plant. It combines threeold and proven technologies: the chimney effect, the greenhouse effect, and the wind turbine. Air

is heated by sunshine and contained in a very large greenhouse-like structure around the base of a

tall chimney, and the resulting convection causes air to rise up the updraft tower. This airflow

drives turbines, which produce electricity. A research prototype operated in Spain in the 1980s,

and many modelling studies have been published as to optimization, scale, and economic

feasibility. A technological review is available

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity


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HistoryChapter-2

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HISTORY:

In 1903, Spanish Colonel of the Spanish army Isidoro Cabanyes first proposed a solar chimney

power plant in the magazineLa energa elctrica.of the earliest descriptions of a solar chimney

power plant was written in 1931 by a German author, Hanns Gnther.[6] Beginning in 1975, Robert

E. Lucier applied forpatents on a solar chimney electric power generator; between 1978 and 1981these patents (since expired) were granted in Australia, Canada, Israel, [ and the USA]Prototype in

Spain

In 1982, a small-scale experimental model of a solar chimney power plant was built under the

direction of German engineerJrg Schlaich in Manzanares, Ciudad Real, 150 km south ofMadrid,Spain; the project was funded by the German government

The chimney had a height of 195 metres and a diameter of 10 metres with a collection area

(greenhouse) of 46,000 m (about 11 acres, or 244 m diameter) obtaining a maximum power outputof about 50 kW. However, this was an experimental setup that was not intended for power

generation. Instead, different materials were used for testing such as single or double glazing or

plastic (which turned out not to be durable enough), and one section was used as an actual

greenhouse, growing plants under the glass. During its operation, optimization data was collectedon a second-by-second basis with 180 sensors measuring inside and outside temperature, humidity

and wind speed

For the choice of materials, it was taken into consideration that such an inefficient but cheap plant

would be ideal for third world countries with lots of space - the method is inefficient for land usebut very efficient economically because of the low operating cost. So cheap materials were used on

purpose to see how they would perform, such as a chimney built with iron plating only 1.25 mm

thin and held up with guy ropes. For a commercial plant, a reinforced concrete tower would be abetter choice.

This pilot power plant operated for approximately eight years but the chimney guy rods were not

protected against corrosion and not expected to last longer than the intended test period of three

years. So, not surprisingly, after eight years they had rusted through and broke in a storm, causingthe tower to fall over. The plant was decommissioned in 1986

Based on the test results, it was estimated that a 100 MW plant would require a 1000 m tower and

a greenhouse of 20 km2. Because the costs lie mainly in construction and not in operation (free

'fuel', little maintenance and only 7 personnel), the cost per energy is largely determined by interestrates and years of operation, varying from 5 eurocent per kWh for 4% and 20 years to 15 eurocent

per kWh for 12% and 40 yearsCiudad Real Torre Solar

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Haashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Schlaichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanares,_Ciudad_Realhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy-wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Haashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Schlaichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanares,_Ciudad_Realhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy-wire


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There is a proposal to construct a solar updraft tower in Ciudad Real, Spain entitled Ciudad Real

Torre Solar. If built, it would be the first of its kind in the European Union and would stand 750

metres tall nearly twice as tall as the current tallest structure in the EU, the covering an area of350 hectares. It is expected to output 40 MW of electricity.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Realhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Realhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt


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WHY PROJECT IS

IMPORTANT

Chapter-3

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WHY PROJECT IS IMPORTANT

The design is based on three well-known and robust thermal principles:

1. The use of the suns radiation to heat a large body of air (greenhouse effect lets light in, direct

and diffuse, but does not let heat out); . Hot air rises (as through a chimney); and . Movement of airas energy source to drive large turbines to generate electricity (basic engine). The reinforced

concrete chimney will cover approximately one feet at its base and will be surrounded by a

"greenhouse", polycarbonate and polymer. The tower is hollow in the middle like a chimney. Thislarge body of hot air moves at 15 metres per second towards the cold air at the top of the tower

which is located in centre of the canopy. The heated air mass moves as a powerful updraft, forcing

air through large turbines to generate electricity. A solar thermal power station using Solar Towertechnology will create the conditions to cause hot wind to flow continuously through its turbines to

generate electricity.

The generating ability of a solar updraft power plant depends primarily on two factors: the size of

the collector area and chimney height. With a larger collector area, a greater volume of air iswarmed to flow up the chimney; collector areas diameter have been considered. With a larger

chimney height, the pressure difference increases the stack effect; chimneys as tall as 1,000 metres

(3,281 ft) have been considered.

Heat can be stored inside the collector area greenhouse to be used to warm the air later on. Water,with its relatively high specific heat capacity, can be filled in tubes placed under the collector

increasing the energy storage as needed.[2]

Turbines can be installed in a ring around the base of the tower, with a horizontal axis, as planned

for the Australian project and seen in the diagram above; oras in the prototype in Spainasingle vertical axis turbine can be installed inside the chimney.

Carbon dioxide is emitted only negligibly while operating, but is emitted more significantly during

manufacture of its construction materials, particularly cement. Net energy payback is estimated to

be 23 years.[2]

A solar updraft tower power station would consume a significant area of land if it were designed to

generate as much electricity as is produced by modern power stations using conventional

technology. Construction would be most likely in hot areas with large amounts of very low-valueland, such as deserts, or otherwise degraded land.

A small-scale solar updraft tower may be an attractive option for remote regions in developing

countries.[3][4] The relatively low-tech approach could allow local resources and labour to be used

for its construction and maintenance

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-Schlaich-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-Schlaich-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-Schlaich-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-Schlaich-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_degradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-Schlaich-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-Schlaich-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_degradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-3


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The solar updraft tower has power conversion rate considerably lower than many other designs in

the (high temperature) solar thermal group of collectors. The low conversion rate of the Solar

Tower is balanced to some extent by the low investment cost per square metre of solar collection.[30]

The performance of an updraft tower may be degraded by factors such as atmospheric winds, bydrag induced by bracings used for supporting the chimney, and by reflection off the top of the

greenhouse canopy.

Location is also a factor. A Solar updraft power plant located at high latitudes such as in Canada,

could produce up to 85 per cent of the output of a similar plant located closer to the equator, but

only if the collection area is sloped significantly southward. [35]

It is possible to combine the land use of a solar updraft tower with other uses, in order to make itmore cost effective, and in some cases, to increase its total power output. Examples are the

positioning ofsolar collectors orPhotovoltaics underneath the updraft tower collector.[36] This

could be combined with agricultural use.

Salient features :

Can generate electricity

Easy to maintain

Low cost at bulk production

It has no ecological harm.

It is renewable source of energy.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_collectorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_collectorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower#cite_note-35


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MAIN FUNCTIONING DIAGRAM

& PHOTOGRAPHS

Chapter-4

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MAIN FUNCTIONING DIAGRAM & PHOTOGRAPHS

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COMPONENT USED

Chapter-5

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COMPONENT USED:

1- DYN AMO 12V 500M

2 - TURBINE

3 - CHIMNEY MDULE

4- DC TO DC CONVERTER

5 -HEAT GENERATOR

6 -WOODEN BASE

7-HAIR DRYER

8- LODE (LEDS)

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Electronic componantsChapter-6

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Electronic componants

Diodes

Diodes are components that allow current to flow in only one direction. They have a positive side(leg) and a negative side. When the voltage on the positive leg is higher than on the negative leg

then current flows through the diode (the resistance is very low). When the voltage is lower on the

positive leg than on the negative leg then the current does not flow (the resistance is very high).The negative leg of a diode is the one with the line closest to it. It is called the cathode. The postive

end is called the anode.

LED

Light Emitting Diodes are great for projects because they provide visual entertainment. LEDs use aspecial material which emits light when current flows through it. Unlike light bulbs, LEDs never

burn out unless their current limit is passed. A current of 0.02 Amps (20 mA) to 0.04 Amps (40

mA) is a good range for LEDs. They have a positive leg and a negative leg just like regular diodes.

To find the positive side of an LED, look for a line in the metal inside the LED. It may be difficultto see the line. This line is closest to the positive side of the LED. Another way of finding the

positive side is to find a flat spot on the edge of the LED. This flat spot is on the negative side.

When current is flowing through an LED the voltage on the positive leg is about 1.4 volts higher

than the voltage on the negative side. Remember that there is no resistance to limit the current so aresistor must be used in series with the LED to avoid destroying it.

Resistors

Resistors are components that have a predetermined resistance. Resistance determines how much

current will flow through a component. Resistors are used to control voltages and currents. A veryhigh resistance allows very little current to flow. Air has very high resistance. Current almost never

flows through air. (Sparks and lightning are brief displays of current flow through air. The light is

created as the current burns parts of the air.) A low resistance allows a large amount of current toflow. Metals have very low resistance. That is why wires are made of metal. They allow current to

flow from one point to another point without any resistance. Wires are usually covered with rubber

or plastic. This keeps the wires from coming in contact with other wires and creating short circuits.

High voltage power lines are covered with thick layers of plastic to make them safe, but theybecome very dangerous when the line breaks and the wire is exposed and is no longer separated

from other things by insulation.

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Resistance is given in units of ohms. (Ohms are named after Mho Ohms who played with

electricity as a young boy in Germany.) Common resistor values are from 100 ohms to 100,000

ohms. Each resistor is marked with colored stripes to indicate its resistance. To learn how tocalculate the value of a resistor by looking at the stripes on the resistor, go to Resistor Values

which includes more information about resistors.

Variable Resistors

Variable resistors are also common components. They have a dial or a knob that allows you tochange the resistance. This is very useful for many situations. Volume controls are variable

resistors. When you change the volume you are changing the resistance which changes the current.

Making the resistance higher will let less current flow so the volume goes down. Making the

resistance lower will let more current flow so the volume goes up. The value of a variable resistor

is given as its highest resistance value. For example, a 500 ohm variable resistor can have aresistance of anywhere between 0 ohms and 500 ohms. A variable resistor may also be called a

potentiometer (pot for short).

Switches

Switches are devices that create a short circuit or an open circuit depending on the position of the

switch. For a light switch, ON means short circuit (current flows through the switch, lights light upand people dance.) When the switch is OFF, that means there is an open circuit (no current flows,

lights go out and people settle down. This effect on people is used by some teachers to gain control

of loud classes.)

When the switch is ON it looks and acts like a wire. When the switch is OFF there is noconnection.

The Capacitor

If you already understand capacitors you can skip this part.

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The picture above on the left shows two typical capacitors. Capacitors usually have two legs. One

leg is the positive leg and the other is the negative leg. The positive leg is the one that is longer.

The picture on the right is the symbol used for capacitors in circuit drawings (schematics). When

you put one in a circuit, you must make sure the positive leg and the negative leg go in the right

place. Capacitors do not always have a positive leg and a negative leg. The smallest capacitors in

this kit do not. It does not matter which way you put them in a circuit.

A capacitor is similar to a rechargable battery in the way it works. The difference is that a capacitor

can only hold a small fraction of the energy that a battery can. (Except for really big capacitors like

the ones found in old TVs. These can hold a lot of charge. Even if a TV has been disconnected

from the wall for a long time, these capacitors can still make lots of sparks and hurt people.) As

with a rechargable battery, it takes a while for the capacitor to charge. So if we have a 12 volt

supply and start charging the capacitor, it will start with 0 volts and go from 0 volts to 12 volts.

Below is a graph of the voltage in the capacitor while it is charging.

The same idea is true when the capacitor is discharging. If the capacitor has been charged to 12

volts and then we connect both legs to ground, the capacitor will start discharging but it will take

some time for the voltage to go to 0 volts. Below is a graph of what the voltage is in the capacitor

while it is discharging.

We can control the speed of the capacitor's charging and discharging using resistors.

Capacitors are given values based on how much electricity they can store. Larger capacitors can

store more energy and take more time to charge and discharge. The values are given in Farads but

a Farad is a really large unit of measure for common capacitors. In this kit we have 2 33pf

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capacitors, 2 10uf capacitors and 2 220uF capacitors. Pf means picofarad and uf means microfarad.

A picofarad is 0.000000000001 Farads. So the 33pf capacitor has a value of 33 picofarads or

0.000000000033 Farads. A microfarad is 0.000001 Farads. So the 10uf capacitor is 0.00001 Farads

and the 220uF capacitor is 0.000220 Farads. If you do any calculations using the value of the

capacitor you have to use the Farad value rather than the picofarad or microfarad value.

Capacitors are also rated by the maximum voltage they can take. This value is always written on

the larger can shaped capacitors. For example, the 220uF capacitors in this kit have a maximum

voltage rating of 25 volts. If you apply more than 25 volts to them they will die. We dont have to

worry about that with this kit because our power supply can only put out 12 volts.

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testing & resultsChapter-7

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fsfff

testing & results

How to test resistors?

Read the indicated color code value then select the OHM-scale within but not way below theindicated value. A resistor is good if its resistance is close to the indicated. Tolerance should be

considered with the ohmmeter reading. While, no resistance reading at all on the ohmmeter scale

settings, the resistor is open. A zero resistance reading on all ohmmeter scale settings, resistor isshorted.

How to test capacitors?

In most cases, a capacitor fails due to the deterioration of the dielectric material between its plate.

Defective capacitors can have an internal shorted terminals, excessive leakage and degradation ofcapacitance meter. Momentarily, short the terminal of the electrolytic capacitor to discharge it.

To test a capacitor, set the multi-tester to Rx 10 or Rx1K scale. Connect the tester negative probe

to the capacitor positive terminal, the positive probe to the negative terminal. A good indication for

electrolytic capacitor shows the meter needle deflecting towards zero and moves back again toinfinite resistance position. For ceramic, Mylar and other capacitor with a capacitance with less

than 1.0 uF, the meter will not deflect at all. A defective indication for an electrolytic capacitor

shows that the meter will rest on zero and remain stationary at a point which is an indication thatthe capacitor is shorted.

How to test diodes?

Set the multi-tester knob to any of the resistance position (x1, x10, x1K or 10K ohm ). Connect the

positive probe to the anode and the negative probe to the cathode. Then connect the positive probe

to the cathode and the negative probe to the anode of the diode. A good indication in thefirst procedure will show the meter deflected very little or may not deflect at all. And in the second

procedure, the meter will deflect towards zero. The actual resistance reading is the forward

resistance of the diode. A defective indication shows that the meter wont deflect at all even when

the probes are reversed. Or the meter deflects at the same time or almost the same resistancereading for both steps.

How to test LED?

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Advantages & disadvantagesChapter-8

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Advantages

1- It is a renewable source of energy. The as an energy source is unlimited.

2- it has no ecological harm.

3- it does not require any fuel for generation.

4- It is operation cost is very less.

Disadvantages

1 High capital cost.

2 large land requirment.

3 High energy cost compared to conventional source of power.

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FUTURE SCOPEChapter-9

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FUTURE SCOPE

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ESTIMATION & COASTINGChapter-10

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ESTIMATION & COASTING

Material Quantity Rate/per unit Total

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CONCLUSIONChapter-11

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CONCLUSION

The previous literature review about SCPP presents an outstanding technologicaldevelopment enlightening considerable advances in its construction, operation, including itstechnical economical and ecological relevant facets.In contrast with other solar facilities, SCPPs can be used above and beyond powerproduction. Very relevant byproducts are distilled water extracted from ocean water orground water. Under certain conditions, agribusiness may be appropriate under the solarcollector. It can involve fruits and vegetables, medicinal and aromatic essential oils fromherbs and flowers, seaweeds and planktons, blue-green algae, ethanol and methane,biodiesel and all manner of vegetable and plant derivatives, etc. Besides, remaining biomassis useful creating additional heat during composting.The insertion of SCPP in the power generation market requires scalability and base,shoulder and peak load electricity generation. Further developments should meet such

localized requirements.

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REFFERANCEChapter-11

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REFFERANCE

http://www.sunfrost.com/vaccine_refrigerators.html

This site is where we gathered pictures of competition as well as some basicinformation

http://www.batterystuff.com/tutorial_battery.html

All of the information regarding electric components in our design was deduced fromhere

Dictionary For The Electrician with Formulas. Tom Henry. Copyright 1997.

Definitions for electricity and further research on electrical components

Williams,J.R.(1977).Technology and applications;Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc.

A brief history of solar chimney.Retrieved 10.11.2004 from;

http://www.visionengineer.com/env/solar_flue.shtml

Taylor,R.H.(1983).Alternative energy Sources;Adam Hilger Ltd,p.292.

Solar Chimney-Technology.Retrieved 10.11.2004 from; http://www.sbp.de./de/html/projects/solar/aufwind/pages _auf/techno.htm

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Report on Solar Tower Technology