REPORT ON SLOPE, ASPECT AND ALTITUDE

OF EAST SINGHBHUM DISTRICT JHARKHAND STATE

Submitted to

JHARKHAND SPACE APPLICATIONS CENTER Department of Information Technology, Govt. of Jharkhand

RANCHI

By

M/s INDIAN RESOURCES INFORMATION & MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. (IN-RIMT)

Plot No. 39, Ananth Info Park, Phase – II, Hi-Tech City, Madhapur, Hyderabad-500 081

Ph. No.040-6615 6615 Website: www.inrimt.com

 

DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET

1  Document Control Number  JSAC/TECH‐REP/DoIT‐GoJ/NRIS/10‐11/ 2  Title  Slope Map of East Singhbhum District 3  Report / Document Type  Technical Report 4  Author (s)  Ravish Kumar (Principal Investigator) 5  Affiliation of  

Author (s) Jharkhand Space Applications Center  

6  Project Coordinator  Dr. A.T.Jeyaseelan, Director,  Jharkhand Space Applications Center  

7  Beneficiary Department  Department  of  Agriculture  &  Sugarcane  development, Rural Development, Revenue & Land Reforms, GoJ 

8  Project Sponsor  Department of Information Technology, GoJ 9  Date of Project Completion  2008 10  Date of Project Initiation  2007 11  Date of Publication  2010 12  Contents of Report  32 pages, 4 figures and 7 tables 13  Abstract  Slope  is  a  measurement  of  gradient  of  steepness 

between two places or points on land surface. Slope has been  classified  into  seven  categories  based  on  the percent  of  slope.  Aspect  is  directly  derived  from  the toposheet  and  marked  on  the  slope  map  for  the categories  having  more  than  15  percent  of  slope.  Aspect is marked in arrow symbol facing four directions. Contour  lines  with  100m  interval  have  been  derived from  the  toposheet and marked on  the  slope map,  for generating altitudinal zones. 

14  Reproduction Rights  This  final  report  and  its  content  are  the  property  of JSAC,  Ranchi  and  shall  not  be  reproduced  in  part  or whole without the written permission from above. 

15  Mapping Agency  M/s INRIMT, Hyderabad  

CONTENTS

HOW TO USE THIS REPORT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii PROJECT TEAM iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iv

1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING 3

2.1 Location and Extent 3

2.2 Physiography and Relief 3

2.3 Geology 5

2.4 Drainage 7

2.5 Climate 7

2.6 Natural Vegetation 8 3. PREPARATION OF SLOPE MAPS - METHODOLOGY 12

3.1 Slope Categorization System 12

3.2 Topographical Maps 12

3.3 Slope Mapping 12

4. THE SLOPE, ASPECT & ALTITUDE 16 4.1 Concept 16

4.2 Slope Variations in East Singhbhum District 16

4.3 Slope Aspect in East Singhbhum District 21

4.4 Altitudinal Variations in East Singhbhum District 21

5. IMPACT OF SLOPE ON LAND USE AND 23 SOCIO- ECONOMIC STATUS

5.1 Slope as a Terrain Element 23

5.2 Slope and Land Use in the District 23

5.3 Slope and Socio-Economic Conditions 27

REFERENCES 32 LIST OF TABLES

2.1 Monthly rainfall (in mm) of East Singhbhum district 9 during the period 1998-2007 2.2 Meteorological data for East Singhbhum district 10 3.1 Slope Categories 12 3.2 Contour Spacing and Categories of Slopes 13 4.1 Details of Slope Classes in East Singhbhum District 18 5.1 Block-wise Land Use Statistics of East Singhbhum District 24

5.2 Block-wise Population and Population Density of 28 East Singhbhum District

5.3 Some of the Indicators of Socio-Economic Conditions in 29 East Singhbhum District

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Index map of East Singhbhum District 4

3.1 Flow Chart Illustrating Slope Mapping 14

4.1 Slope Map of East Singhbhum District 17

4.2 Distribution of Slope in the District 19

PROJECT TEAM

1. Dr. K.R. Jayaraj Project Director

2. Dr. G.V.A. Rama Krishna Project Co-ordinator

3. Dr. D.B. Nadagouda Sr. Resource Scientist

4. Dr. S.G. Vastrad Sr. Resource Scientist

5. Smt. K. Jayasri GIS Support

6. Mr. P. Bhishma Rao GIS Support

7. Mr. K. Subba Rao CAD Support

8. Mr. K. Laxman CAD Support

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Dr. A. T. Jeyaseelan, Director and Dr. A. P. Subudhi, Director

(formerly), Jharkhand Space Applications Center (JSAC), Ranchi for entrusting

this project work to Indian Resources Information and Management Technologies

Ltd. (IN-RIMT) and continued support during the execution of the project work.

We extend our thanks to Sh. Ravish Kumar and Sh. Vinod Kumar, Scientist,

JSAC, Ranchi for the quality assessment of the maps and their useful

suggestions.

The help and cooperation of the support staff of the IN-RIMT, Bangalore,

IN-RIMT, Headquarters, Hyderabad and Director (Applns.) and support staff of

IN-RIMT, Nagpur deserve special appreciation and thanks.

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i

REPORT ON SLOPE, ASPECT AND ALTITUDE OF EAST SINGHBHUM DISTRICT

HOW TO USE THIS REPORT

This report and the accompanying slope map of East Singhbhum district provide information on slope gradient and aspect as also spatial data on altitude. Although slope mapping is primarily generated for Digital Database of the Jharkhand State and to serve National Resources Information System (NRIS), this document and the map would serve a multitude of land based planning and research activities. The slope, aspect and altitude map shows locations, extent and distribution of the different slope classes as defined in the legend. Aspect is indicated by arrows and altitudes by spot heights. In order to use the slope map, first locate the area of interest on ‘Index to Map Sheets’ and then specific area on the relevant map sheet by reference to geographic coordinates, locations of major towns and cities, roads, railways and rivers. Mapping units are differentiated by colour shades and hachure as explained in the map legend. Details of methodology and system of slope categorization followed for mapping are provided in Chapter 3. Chapter 2 provides information on geographic setting of the area, comprising geology, physiography, relief and climate which have direct bearing on variations of slope gradient and aspect in the area. The spatial distribution of the various slope classes and the information on aspects and altitudinal variations are discussed in Chapter 4. Details of slope classes mapped and the extent of area under each of the seven standard slope categories are provided in Table 4.1. The probable impact of slope on land use and socio-economic status is discussed block wise and summarized for the whole district in Chapter 5. For any clarification or additional information in regard to contents of this report and the accompanying maps, contact may be made with: Director, Jharkhand Space Applications Centre, Department of Information Technology, Govt. of Jharkhand, 2nd Floor, ATI Main Building, Meur’s Road, RANCHI - 834 008

iv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Slope mapping on 1:50,000 scales was carried out in East Singhbhum district of Kolhan Commissionaire, Jharkhand State under the Indian Resources Information and Management Technologies, Ltd. (IN-RIMT) Hyderabad for the Jharkhand Space Applications Centre (JSAC), Government of Jharkhand, Ranchi. Besides slope gradient and aspect, data on altitudinal variations was recorded under this project. The objective has been to support natural resources database with an indispensable input of spatial data on slope and its attributes to serve a variety of area developmental programmes. The spatial data on slope would also serve as an important input for the National (Natural) Resources Information System (NRIS). Survey of India (SOI) topographical maps on 1:50,000 scale with contour interval of either 20 m or 10 m, as available, were used. Vertical drop denoted by the contour interval (VI) divided by the horizontal distance in between the contours measured on the map with scale factor (HD) and multiplied by 100 gives slope percentage (% slope = VI / HD x 100). Slope classification system of the All India Soil and Land Use Survey was followed. Seven slope classes were thus recognized. They are : (1) Level to nearly level (0-1%), (2) Very gently sloping (1-3%), (3) Gently sloping (3-5%), (4) Moderately sloping (5-10%), (5) Strongly sloping (10-15%), (6) Moderately steep to steeply sloping (15-35%), and (7) Very steeply sloping (>35%). For mapping, each of these slope classes was correlated with horizontal distance between the contours since vertical interval of 20 m or 10 m was constant. For example, more than 4 cm spacing between the two contours of 20 m vertical interval implies 0-1 per cent slope or 0.4 – 0.8 cm spacing implies 5-10 per cent slope. Based on this relationship, templates were prepared separately for 20 m and 10 m contour intervals for ready measurement. Using these templates slope classes were delineated toposheet wise on tracing sheets. Limited ground truth was carried out to verify the accuracy of slope categories. Slope aspects were shown by arrows. Altitudes drawn from SOI toposheets were recorded. Slope maps were then quality checked, edge matched and finally scanned. Relevant features were digitized in different layers. Manual digitization was carried out and quality checked for digitization errors, missing lines / polygons and attribute IDs. The slope categories were numbered, coloured in accordance with standard colour scheme, and final maps were generated. Area statistics of the different slope classes mapped in the district were tabulated. East Singhbhum district covers an area of 3533.35 sq. km. It has 9 blocks. It forms a part of Chhotanagpur plateau characterized by hilly upland terrain with hills, pediments, plateaus, valleys and plains. Major geological formations of the district are : (i) Granites and gneisses of Archaean group intrusive into the oldest metamorphosed sedimentaries, (ii) Iron ore series which are highly metamorphosed ancient sedimentaries, (iii) Volcanic lava flows of Dalma and Dhanjori hills, (iv) Older

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metamorphics, (v) Ultrabasic rocks, (vi) Newer dolerites, (vii) Laterites, and (viii) Older alluvium. The mean annual rainfall of the district is 1225 mm with average annual temperature of 26.30C. The annual rainfall covers about 80 per cent of annual potential evaporative (PET) demands of crops, which range between 1400 and 1700 mm. The wet period favorable for agricultural crops normally extends from June to September, whereas crop stress starts from November with onset of dry conditions. Nearly 22.5 per cent of the district area is under forests and about 31.5 per cent area under agriculture. Area under agriculture comprises net sown area, current fallows and fallows other than current fallows. More than 25 per cent of the district area is stony, barren and unculturable waste. Natural vegetation of dry thorny type predominates on rocky hill slopes, whereas moist deciduous forest, which tends to become dry deciduous on ridges and exposed spurs with southern aspect is of common occurrence. The granitic hillocks on plateaus have sal or mixed forest with bamboo. Major part of the East Singhbhum district is characterized by nearly level terrain with slopes of 0-1 per cent covering an area of 1251 sq. km or nearly 37 per cent of the total area. Nearly level lands are mapped around Bathindih, Narsingarh and Patamda. Very gently sloping lands with 1-3 per cent slope occupy 1121 sq. km area which comes to nearly 33 per cent of the mapped area. The two slope categories representing nearly level to very gently sloping area with slope range of 0-3 per cent occupy 70 per cent of the East Singhbhum district. They are encountered in alluvial plain, flat bottomed valley lands and are located in northern, western and south-eastern parts of the district. Gently sloping areas (3-5% slope) cover 194 sq. km. representing 5.72 per cent of the district area, and are usually associated with foot-hills as seen in west of Kuiani, south of Kalikapur, west and south of Kumarkol and around Baghbund. Moderately sloping lands with 5-10 per cent slope cover 92 sq. km or 2.68 per cent of the district area and occur as isolated patches adjoining foot hills, notably near Gobarghusi, north-west of Kumarasal, south of Hitbasa and south of Bagabandi. Strongly sloping area (10-15% slope) are spread over 98 sq. km covering about 2.9 per cent of the district area in isolated patches along the north-eastern boundary of the district, particularly in the north of Chhotadhadak, south of Patamda, north and south of Kulani, south of Bisrandal and around Chhota Gobindpur and Meghadana. Moderately steep to steeply sloping lands (15-35 % slope) occupying 273 sq. km or nearly 8 per cent of the district area are mapped in the northern hill ranges in the north of Baghband as also in the southern hill ranges and around Kejudhari village rimming the eastern part of the hills.

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Very steeply sloping areas with more than 35 per cent slope cover 362 sq. km representing 10.68 per cent of the district area. They are mapped in the northern hill ranges and also in southern hill ranges. Most of the hill ranges in Durian, Lakhaidih and Karida reserved forests are characterized by very steep slopes on either sides. Slope aspect is particularly significant for slopes with over 15 per cent gradient. The hill ranges in the district have both northern and southern aspects. The northern aspect includes NE and NW directions and the southern aspect comprises SE and SW directions. The altitudinal variations in East Singhbhum district varies from 50 M near Subernarekha river to 719 M above msl at the highest peak of Dalma hill range near the north-western boundary of the district. Impact of slope on land use is discerned in predominance of agriculture up to 5 per cent slope, as expected. Major crops include rice, pulses, oilseeds and vegetables. However, even on very gently and gently sloping lands with red loamy acidic soils, sal forests are found to have been raised in patches. Predominant land use of moderately sloping areas (5-10% slope) of this district is cashewnut and eucalyptus plantations. Some of these areas with very shallow or otherwise poor and impoverished soils are lying waste. Some of the mines are also encountered on moderately sloping areas. Strongly to very steeply sloping lands are mostly under forests with patches of stony and rocky wastelands and confined areas of mines. Impact of slope on socio-economic conditions is difficult to gauge as reliable data on many of the indicators of the socio-economic milieu are not readily available. However, it can broadly be said that socio-economic conditions are better in the plains with gentle slopes compared to hilly lands with stronger and steep slopes as reflected by population density (indicative of better living conditions expressed in better employment opportunities, infrastructure, health care facilities, etc.) and literacy rate. However, mining and industries irrespective of slope have overwhelming impact on socio-economic status of the inhabitants.

CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

Slope refers to the ground surface configuration. Slope has gradient, complexity,

length and aspect. Slope gradient is an integral part of many environmental studies

and several prediction models relating to soil loss, runoff, flood, soil suitability, land

capability, land irrigability and others.

Slope gradient is the inclination of the land surface from the horizontal. It is measured

in the field with the help of theodolite, Abney level or other sophisticated instruments.

The difference in elevation between two points is measured as angle of inclination and

expressed as a percentage of the distance between these two points. The field

methods of slope mapping are tedious, cumbersome and often subjective.

With the advent of aero-space remote sensing, slope mapping has been more efficient

and accurate with photogrammetric techniques and with DEM using suitable

algorithms, such as quadratic surface (ARC / INFO), IDRISI’S neighborhood, best fit

plane, etc.

The simplest and efficient procedure, however, is computation of slopes from a

plannimetrically controlled appropriate contour map or Survey of India topographical

map. The abstraction level of slope mapping in this case is controlled by scale of map

and the contour interval.

Based on the approach cited above, the Indian Resources Information and

Management Technologies, Limited (IN-RIMT), Hyderabad undertook and completed

the project on slope mapping, in consultancy mode, for the Jharkhand Space

Applications Centre (JSAC), Department of Information Technology, Government of

Jharkhand, Ranchi. The project area comprises the three districts of East Singhbhum,

West Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan of the Kolhan Commissionaire.

1

In accordance with the Terms of Reference, the scope of the work is as follows.

• Visual interpretation of Survey of India topographical maps for preparation of

slope, aspect and altitude maps on 1:50,000 scale

• Field validation by limited field checks

• Boundary matching of individual sheets

• Creation of GIS database on slope, aspect and altitude

• Preparation of district wise brief reports

This report embodies the results of slope mapping in East Singhbhum district, Kolhan

Commissionaire, Jharkhand State.

2

CHAPTER - 2

GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING

2.1 Location and Extent

The East Singhbhum district, formerly a part of undivided Singhbhum is located at the

extreme south-east part of the Jharkhand State between 22012’30” – 2300’45” NL and

8604’10”- 86053’45” EL. It is bounded on the east by parts of Purulia and Midnapur

districts of West Bengal, on the south by Mayurbhanj district of Orissa, on the west by

Saraikela-Kharsawan district and on the north by Purulia district of West Bengal. The

boundaries for the most part follow the crestline of the unnamed hill ranges of the

district (Figure 2.1).

The district forms a part of the Kolhan commissionaire and is divided into two Sub-

Divisions, namely : (1) Dhalbhum, and (2) Ghatshila, and nine blocks. Dhalbhum Sub-

Division consists of : (1) Jugsalai (Jamshedpur), (2) Patamada, and (3) Potaka blocks,

whereas Ghatshila Sub-Division has 6 blocks, namely (1) Dumaria, (2) Musabani, (3)

Ghatshila, (4) Dhalbhumgarh, (5) Chakuliya, and (6) Baharagora. The total

geographical area of the district is reported to it be 3533.35 sq km. or 2.03 per cent of

the total Jharkhand State area (Singh, 2006).

2.2 Physiography and Relief

The district is a part of the southern fringe of the Chhotanagpur plateau. It is hilly and rugged upland tract with elevation ranging from 50 m near river Subarnarekha to 926 m at the highest peak of Dalma range. It is divisible into the following seven major physiographic units.

• Hill Ranges and hills

• Pediments

• Undulating Plateaus

• Lateritic Plateaus and mounds

• Pedeplain

• Alluvial Plain

• Narrow Valleys

3

Hilly region, consisting of residual mountains and hills of granite, gneisses, schists,

sedimentaries and basalt, occupies over 50 per cent of the district area.

In the northern and north-eastern hilly region, Dalma range extending from west to

east is the main hill with Burburi Pahar, Chhagaltopa Pahar, Chandmiri Pahar and

Deughar Pahar. The range is about 10.5 km broad and comprises mainly Dalma

Pahar with the highest peak of 719 M above msl near the western boundary of the

district.

There is evidence of a peneplained ancient fold mountains extending East-West

across the district. Jamshedpur lies on the central axis of this pre-existing range.

The hill ranges in the central part and along the south-west boundary of the district, at

places, are almost close to the river Subarnarekha. Prominent among these are

Baghmuri Pahar, Dongribura Pahar, Patribura Pahar, Mankargora Pahar, Chhapkocha

Pahar, Chandan Pahar, Binga Parbat, Barge Dungri, Satbakhra Pahar, Jamda Pahar,

Chandri Buru, Burka Pahar, Mancalla Pahar, Bhalki Pahar, Bisaga Buru, Chukya

Pahar and Nakulkocha Pahar with peak heights ranging from 220 M above msl

(Chukya Pahar) to 700 M above msl (Chandan Pahar). The average height, however,

is around 500 M above msl.

Another NE-SW range occurs from near Bathiarchakri village and almost touches the

village Jadugora from which it trends southwards with wider spread. The peaks in this

range are at heights ranging between 507 and 634 M above msl.

Pediments are interspersed throughout the area between hills and plateaus. Lateritic

plateaus, and mounds are confined to south-east part of the area between the river

Subarnarekha and the eastern boundary of the district. A narrow strip along the

southern part of the river Subarnarekha forms an alluvial plain. Valleys are few,

narrow and mostly V shaped.

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2.3 Geology

The geological formations of the district mainly comprises : (1) Granites and gneisses,

(2) Ultrabasic rocks, (3) Iron-ore series, (4) Older metamorphics, (5) Volcanic lava

flows, (6) Newer dolerite, (7) Laterites, and (8) Older alluvium.

The granites and gneisses of Archaean age are intrusive into the oldest sedimentary

rocks, now highly metamorphosed, and known as Singhbhum granite and gneiss and

the Chhotanagpur granite gneiss. Singhbhum granite varies in composition from

potash granite to granodiorite and contains orthoclase, microcline, acid plagioclase,

biotite and hornblende. Chhotanagpur granite-gneiss is generally coarse and

porphyritic. It is composed of quartz, microcline, orthoclase, oligoclase, biotite and a

little apatite.

The ultra-basic rocks are found as a series of lenses. They have been affected by

folding and are therefore regarded as older than Singhbhum granite which is

unaffected. They include gabbro, pyroxenites and anorthosites. At places they contain

titaniferrous and vanadiferrous magnetites.

Iron ore series in this district are represented by shales, purple and grey limestones,

conglomerates and purple sandstone. The shales contain some deposits of

manganese ores. They are practically unmetamorphosed, but subjected to folding.

The conglomerates contain pebbles derived from Singhbhum granite. The limestone

rests conformably on the basal sandstone, but is not extensive being lenticular.

Older metamorphics comprise Gondites associated with phyllites. They are succeeded

by carbonaceous quartzites and phyllites, dolomitic and calcitic marbles and

carbonaceous phyllites and are being intercalated by phyllites and mica-schists.

Volcanic lava flows are younger than iron ore series and are known as Dalma traps.

They are fine grained but are reported to have been almost entirely recrystallised to a

hornblende rock. The original amygdules have been preserved, even to the radiating

structure of the original zeolites, now altered to epidote. They correlate with Dhanjori

lava to a certain extent.

6

The Newer dolerite is the latest intrusive, appearing as dykes in the Singhbhum

granite. The dykes have a major direction of NNE-SSW and a subsidiary one of NNW-

SSE. They vary in width from a few metres to as much as 500-600 metres, and are

composed of dolerites or quartz-dolerite with granophysic structure. The thicker

dykes are gabbroid or noritic in the central portion. Besides, laterites are found as

cappings on plateaus or mounds in extreme south-eastern part of the district. Alluvium

of both older and recent formations occur in flood plains and valleys.

2.4 Drainage

Subarnarekha is the main river of the district, flowing NW-SE diagonally through the

middle of the district. It enters the district near Jamshedpur from Ranchi plateau

through Saraikela-Kharsawan district, flows for nearly 125 km and leaves the district

at its extreme south-east corner. Its left bank tributaries, namely Gurma, Khansoti,

Sindura and Pochakhala drain the eastern part of the district. River Khansoti is fed by

Machanjharia nala and Sinoajuba nala.

The western part of the district is drained by Garra nadi which breaks through the

Dhanjori range separating the Marwa Pahar from the Rangamati Pahar. It then turns

south-east, flows parallel to the Dhanjori range and joins Subarnarekha opposite

Rakha mines. Dudhanadi joins Garra before the latter enters the gorge between

Nawapahar and Rangamati Pahar. Dudha and Dhutra are other tributaries that drain

southern part of Garra River on its right bank and after their confluence enter into

Garra Nadi.

Northern part of the district separated by Dalma range and forming a part of Haldi

catchment is drained by Sona and Nangasas tributaries of Kumari river.

Overall, the drainage pattern is Trellis on the hill ranges, usually aligned along the

strike of the rock formations; subdendritic to barbed on plateaus, and dendritic on

alluvial plain with moderate density.

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2.5 Climate

The district broadly comes under the subtropical, subhumid monsoon climatic belt. The

climate is characterized by winter season from November to February, summer

season from March to May and monsoon season from mid-June to October. The

relevant meteorological data are shown in tables 2.1 and 2.2.

The mean annual rainfall of the district, based on 10 years rainfall data (1998-2007)

collected from the Directorate of Agriculture, Jharkhand State (Table 2.1) is nearly

1225 mm. Nearly 90 per cent of the annual rainfall is received during the five months

of June to October; the rainiest months being July and August. Jamshedpur, the

district headquarters, is warmer and receives less rainfall (Singh, 2006).

The mean annual air temperature is 26.30C with maximum summer and minimum

winter air temperatures of 39.4°C and 10.70°C, respectively (Table 2.2). Humidity, as

expected, is very high; being nearly 85 per cent during the monsoon season. During

summer months it drops to around 50 per cent.

Violent storms from north-west (called Nor’wester) accompanied by thunder, lightening

and rain occur occasionally during the period January to June. During this period wind

speed of over 160 km per hour is recorded at Jamshedpur (Roychaudhury, 1958).

According to water balance studies (conducted under the National Bureau of Soil

Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur), the annual precipitation covers about 80 per

cent of the annual potential evapo-transpirative (PET) demand which ranges between

1400 and 1700 mm, resulting in gross annual water deficit of 500-700 mm. The soil

moisture availability period which determines the LGP or length of growing period (of

plants) ranges from 150 to 180 days in a year.

2.6 Natural Vegetation

Natural vegetation of the district is found to bear a close relationship with

physiography, slope, geology and soil. The dykes and hillocks on the plateaus with 8

exposed rocks are mostly barren or have chasmophytic shrubs and bushes. The

granitic hillocks on plateaus have sal (Shorea robusta) or mixed forest of deciduous

species and bamboo. Most of the hill ranges have dense forests; the predominant

species of which are :

● Shorea robusta ● Delbergia sisoo

● Diospyros sps. ● Azadirachta indica

● Bassia latifolia ● Bombax mori

● Schleichera trijuga ● Phylanthus emblica

Table 2.1

Monthly rainfall data of East Singhbhum district for the period 1998-2007 (Figures in mm)

Year Month 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Mean

January 40.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.4 0.0 2.0 12.0 0.0 12.4 7.4

February 17.4 0.0 17.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4

March 36.8 0.0 0.0 30.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 21.0 9.2

April 34.8 0.0 0.0 49.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 24.0 26.3 13.7

May 12.6 116.0 44.6 11.0 44.2 74.0 61.6 17.2 124.6 8.3 51.4

June 161.3 218.6 200.0 270.7 224.7 142.3 210.3 210.4 300.4 148.3 208.7

July 200.1 299.6 227.6 397.9 131.5 281.0 316.8 343.5 507.4 739.5 344.5

August 165.0 266.2 124.5 165.2 238.8 237.0 404.3 207.2 429.2 352.2 259.0

September 246.0 246.6 244.6 147.7 225.0 264.7 134.0 181.5 413.6 NA 233.7

October 54.5 162.0 7.2 79.7 30.3 171.9 104.1 194.4 12.4 NA 90.7

November 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.5 NA 1.1

December 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.5 0.0 NA 2.6

Total 968.8 1309.0 865.5 1152.1 901.9 1170.9 1233.1 1191.7 1825.3 1308.0 1225.4

(Source: Directorate of Agriculture, Ranchi)

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Table 2.2 Meteorological data for East Singhbhum district

Month Temperature (0C)

Maximum Minimum Average

January 26.9 10.7 18.8

February 28.5 14.3 21.4

March 34.4 18.2 26.3

April 38.9 23.2 31.1

May 39.4 26.2 32.8

June 36.1 26.7 31.4

July 31.8 25.9 28.9

August 31.6 25.6 28.6

September 32.2 25.3 28.8

October 32.1 21.7 26.9

November 29.4 15.0 22.2

December 26.6 10.8 18.7

Mean Annual 32.3 20.3 26.3

(Source: Directorate of Agriculture, Ranchi)

10

● Butea monosperma ● Anogeissus latifolia

Winter fallows are found covered with Spnaeranthus indica and Asteracantha latifolia.

Vegetation along the railway lines and roadside comprises :

● Croton sparsiflorus ● Cassia occidentalis

● Lantana camera ● Argemone mexicana

On the exposed faces of rocks, xerophytic species predominate on the southern face,

whereas on others Iseilma laxum, Themeda quadrivatvis, Pennisetum pedicillatum are

found to thrive.

11

CHAPTER - 3

PREPARATION OF SLOPE MAPS - METHODOLOGY

3.1 Slope Categorization System

Slope categorization system of All India Soil & Land Use Survey (now Soil & Land Use

Survey of India) as shown in the following table was followed for slope mapping.

Table 3.1

Slope categories

Slope Class Slope in % Slope Category

1 0 - 1 Nearly level

2 1 - 3 Very gently sloping

3 3 - 5 Gently sloping

4 5 - 10 Moderately sloping

5 10 - 15 Strongly sloping

6 15 - 35 Moderately steep to steeply sloping

7 >35 Very steeply sloping

3.2 Topographical Maps

The Survey of India toposheets on 1: 50,000 scale (73J/1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12,

14, 15, 16 and 73I/8) with contour interval of 20 m. and 10 m. were used to derive

slope information in terms of gradient in percentage and its aspect (the general

direction of slope-face). The slope aspect is shown, with arrow marks on the maps.

Prominent altitudinal zones based on height information derived from SOI

topographical maps are depicted on the map. The other base map features transferred

on slope map comprise major settlements, major roads, railway line and water bodies

comprising rivers, tanks, and reservoirs.

12

3.3 Slope Mapping

Using the toposheets, the vertical drop is measured from the contour intervals and the horizontal distance in between the contours is calculated by multiplying the map

distance with the scale factor. Contours were classified into facets of equal contour

interval. The slope of each facet is estimated by the formula:

Slope = VI / HD x 100

Where,

VI – Vertical interval

HD – Horizontal distance

Close spaced contours on the map have higher percentage slope when compared to

sparse contours. The density of contours was used to prepare slope maps showing

various groups/ categories of slopes. The relationship between the standard slope

categories and the corresponding contour spacing on SOI topographical map of

1: 50,000 scale were worked out both for 10 and 20 M contour intervals as shown in

Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 Contour spacing and categories of slope

Slope Category

Lower & upper limit of slope percentage

Lower & upper limit of contour spacing

1 0-1% More than 4 cm. 2 More than 1% upto 3% More than 1.33 cm. and upto 4 cm. 3 More than 3% upto 5% More than 0.8 cm. and upto 1.33 cm. 4 More than 5% upto 10% More than 0.4 cm. and upto 0.8 cm. 5 More than 10% upto 15% More than 0.26 cm. and upto 0.4 cm. 6 More than 15% upto 35% More than 0.11 cm. and upto 0.26 cm. 7 More than 35% 0.11 cm. and less

Using the above principle, templates were prepared separately for 20 m. and 10 m.

contour intervals for ready measurement. Using the templates, slope values were

measured to delineate the above 7 categories of slope. Limited ground truth was

carried out to verify the accuracy of slope categories. The slope maps were thus

prepared

13

Fig. 3.1 Flow chart illustrating slope mapping

14

ANALYSIS OF TOPOSHEETS

DELINEATION OF SLOPE

DEMARCATION OF ASPECT

INTERNAL QC

MODIFICATIONS FINAL QAS

DIGITISATION OF SLOPE MAPS & GIS

DEVELOPMENT

PREPARATION OF DISTRICT WISE SLOPE MAPS

separately on tracing sheets, toposheet-wise. They were then quality checked and

edge / boundary matched and corrected wherever necessary. Finally, they were

scanned and the required features were digitized in different layers. Manual digitization

was carried out and quality checked for digitization errors, missing lines/ polygons and

attribute ID’s. The slope categories were numbered and coloured as per the accepted

colour scheme to prepare the final slope maps. The methodology followed for slope

mapping is presented in Figure 3.1.

15

CHAPTER – 4

THE SLOPE, ASPECT AND ALTITUDE

4.1 Concept

Slope, Aspect and Altitude are important terrain parameters from the land utilization

point of view. As stated earlier, slope is one of the important factors for land irrigability

and capability assessment, whereas Aspect and Altitude of an area have important

bearing on micro-climate and vegetation type.

Slope is defined as the ratio of altitude change to the horizontal distance between two

points of a line. The Slope or gradient describes steepness or incline of a landscape

element. Higher slope values indicate steeper incline. Slope can be expressed by

‘angle in degrees’ of by ‘slope in percentage. Generally, slope of terrain features are

expressed in percentages.

Aspect generally refers to the direction to which the mountain/ hill slope faces and can

be shown by an arrow mark towards the slope direction. Altitude is the term commonly

used to mean the height above mean sea level of a location and is generally

expressed in meters.

4.2 Slope Variations in East Singhbhum District

Slope map of East Singhbhum is shown in Figure 4.1. Toposheet wise slope maps on

1:50,000 scale are submitted in a separate folder. The details of slope classes

mapped in the district and their corresponding areas are shown in Table 4.1 and the

distribution of slope classes is illustrated in Figure 4.2.

A cursory look at the map of East Singhbhum district indicates that two prominent hill

ranges cut across the district in NW-SE direction. The hill ranges in the north of the

district are narrow, linear and take an arcuate bend north of Ghatshila. In the southern

part, the hills start at Patharchaki, runs in a NE-SW direction, turns towards South-

west near Mushabani, run along the southern boundary of the district, turns towards

16

Table 4.1

Details of slope classes in East Singhbhum district

Slope Class

Slope in %

Slope Category Area in sq. km.

% to total mapping area

1 0-1 Nearly level 1251 36.90

2 1-3 Very gently sloping 1121 33.07

3 3-5 Gently sloping 194 5.72

4 5-10 Moderately sloping 92 2.68

5 10-15 Strongly sloping 98 2.89

6 15-35 Moderately steep to steeply

sloping

273 8.05

7 >35 Very steeply sloping 362 10.68

Total 3390 100.00

north-east and terminate near Singpura. Subernarekha river flows in a NW-SE

direction separating the two hill ranges in the district.

In general, the terrain of East Singhbhum district varies from nearly level in the plains

to very steep in the hilly areas with dissected slopes. Major portion of the district is

characterized by the presence of nearly level to very gentle slope constituting 0 – 3%

slope category. An area of about 1251 sq.km representing 36.9 per cent of the East

Singhbhum district is a nearly level plain with 0-1 per cent slope. Very gently sloping

area cover 1121 sq.km. representing 33.07 per cent of the total area. These two slope

categories (0-1 and 1-3%) together represent 70 per cent of the East Singhbhum

district indicating that the terrain is a plain with hilly tracts of higher slope categories

mostly concentrated in the north, north-east and southern part of the district. Slopes of

1 to 3 per cent are found mostly dominated all along the alluvial plains and in the

valley regions of the Subarnarekha river and its tributaries. Nearly level to very gently

18

Fig. 4.2: Distribution of slope classes in the district

19

sloping areas are also seen in the northern, western and south-eastern portions of the

district. Very gently sloping areas (1-3% slope) generally occur as intercalations within

the nearly level plains (0-1% slope) and predominantly seen around Bathindih and

around Narsingarh in the central portion and near Patamda in the northern part of the

district. Nearly level to very gently sloping areas promote none to little from surface

run-off from rainfall and therefore provide for appreciable infiltration in soils of

favorable depth and structure.

Gently sloping and moderately sloping areas (3-10% slope) are generally seen

between the plains and strongly sloping hills and together represent only 8.4 per cent

(285 sq. km) of the East Singhbhum district. Gentle slopes (3 - 5% slope) are confined

to the foot hill areas and occur in an area of 194 sq. km. representing 5.72 per cent of

the total area. Within the district, such slopes are seen west of Kuiani, around

Baghbund, south of Kalikapur, west and south of Kumrasal, etc. Moderately sloping

areas (5-10% slope) are very limited in extent i.e., 91 sq. km (2.68%) spread across

sparsely in the district. They are located as isolated patched adjoining the foot hills and

are seen near Gobarghusi in the northern portion of the district and towards north-west

of Kumrasal, south of Hitbasa and south of Bagabandi.

Strongly sloping areas (10 – 15% slope) cover 2.89 per cent (98 sq.km.) of the East

Singhbhum district. Such slopes are seen as isolated patches along the north-eastern

boundary of the district, notably in the north of Chhotadhadak, around Meghadana,

south of Patamda, south and north of Kulani, south of Birsanadal, around Chhota

Gobindapur and SE of Sindurgauri. Such slope also occurs in the southern hill ranges

near Dhengam, Sarjuri, Chakri, etc.

Moderately steeply to steeply sloping areas (15 -35% slope) are distinct in the northern

hill ranges as a contiguous patch north of Baghband and near Dighe village. They

occupy 273 sq.km (8.05%) of the East Singhbhum district. In the southern hill ranges,

this category of slopes is occurring as isolated patches throughout and is prominently

seen closer to the intermontane valleys. Moderately steep to steep slopes are found

predominant around Kejudhari village rimming the eastern part of the hills.

20

Very steeply sloping areas with more than 35% slope represent 10.68% (362 sq. km.)

of the district. Such steep slopes are seen confined to the hill ranges. In the northern

hill ranges, this category of slope is seen around Dimna reservoir located north of

Jamshedpur. This category of slopes is more prominent in the southern hill ranges,

indicating more steepness of these hills. Majority of the ridges covering Durian,

Lakhaidih and Karida Reserved Forests are characterized by very steep slopes on

either sides. In areas of steep and very steep slopes, most of the rainfall forms run-off

giving only little scope for infiltration.

4.3 Slope Aspect in East Singhbhum District

Aspect is shown by an arrow mark towards the slope direction. Aspect is significant for

slopes with more than 15 per cent gradient, since only on higher slopes its influence of

the land use and the vegetation s clearly manifested. Within the East Singhbhum

district, such high slopes are present all along the prominent hill ranges in the north

and north-east (Dalma range) of the district, and also in the hill ranges in the southern

part of the district (south of Subernarekha river). These two hills ranges generally have

a NW-SE trend. In general, the slope aspect is towards north including NE & NW and

towards south including SE & SW directions.

4.4 Altitudinal Variations in East Singhbhum District

Altitude or height is the distance measured usually in the vertical direction between a

reference datum and the point or object. The reference datum in case of geographical

heights/ altitudes is the Mean Sea Level (msl), which is usually measured in meters.

The elevation in the East Singhbhum district ranges from 50 M. near Subarnarekha

river to a height of 719 M. at the highest peak of Dalma hill range in the north-western

part of the district. Other notable peaks are 615 M. a few km. east of the highest one,

471 M. of Burburi Pahar and 502 M. of Chhagaltopa Pahar. Deughar Pahar and

Chandmiri skirt the north-eastern boundary as a narrow strip with an average width of

about 0.5 km. The highest peak of Deughar Pahar is 530 M. south of Tetopani village

and that of Chandgiri Pahar is about 300 M. near the north-eastern border of the dist.

21

The prominent hill ranges along the south-western boundary of the East Singhbhum

district have peak heights ranging from 220 M (Chukya Pahar) to 700 M. (Chandan

Pahar). The average height, however, is around 500 M above msl.

22

CHAPTER - 5

IMPACT OF SLOPE ON LAND USE AND SOCIO – ECONOMIC STATUS

5.1 Slope As A Terrain Element

Slope is an important terrain element that exerts a strong influence on hydrologic

cycle. Rainfall infiltration and runoff are controlled by slope when soil, climate and

vegetation factors are constant. Slope, therefore, not only controls moisture in the soil

profile, but also influences soil erosion, agricultural land use and productivity.

Under the favorable conditions of soil and climatic factors, lands with slopes upto 3 per

cent are considered good agricultural land with good agricultural productivity under

simple soil conservation measures; lands with 3-5 per cent slopes are fairly good

agricultural lands with moderate agricultural productivity under moderately intense soil

conservation measures, and lands with 5-8 per cent slopes are very poor agricultural

lands with poor agricultural productivity under intense soil conservation measures.

Unless slopes are modified by mechanical measures, such lands (with slopes of 5-8

%) are usually not recommended for cultivation. They can be cultivated once in three

to four years, but under intensive soil and water conservation measures. Lands with

slopes between 8 and 15 per cent are considered unsuitable for agriculture unless

terracing is practiced, where soil depth and rainfall are favorable.

Slope gradient together with aspect are also known to influence forest production,

especially the quality and yield of timber. Also, feasibility and cost-effectiveness of

engineering structures, roads, railways, buildings, etc. are governed by the degree and

length of the slope.

5.2 Slope and Land Use in the District

East Singhbhum district forms a part of the Chhotanagpur plateau and, as stated

earlier, is a upland tract with regions of high hills, valleys and plains.

Block wise land use statistics of the East Singhbhum district is shown in Table 5.1.

Area under agricultural land use is considered as the net sown area (of the year of

23

land use statistics) plus the areas cultivated in the past that are tabulated as current

fallows and fallows other then current fallows in Table 5.1.

Slope map illustrated in Figure 4.1 shows that both the Baharagora and Chakuliya are

nearly level to very gently sloping plain land blocks. Over 90 per cent of their areas

have slopes upto 3 per cent. Baharagora block has nearly 46.5 per cent of its total

area under agriculture, whereas Chakuliya has about 32 per cent (Table 5.1). Major

crops raised in these blocks are rice, pulses, oilseeds and vegetables. However, on

areas of stronger and steeper slopes as well as on unfavorable sites constrained by

soil limitations of depth, acidity and texture, land use is found to be forest. In

Baharagora block nearly 26 per cent of its area is under forest, whereas forests on

similar sites in Chakuliya block extend over 34.8 per cent of its total area.

In Dhalbhumgarh block, large areas are mapped under very gently to gently sloping

plain land. Southern and western parts are characterized by moderately steep to very

steep slopes of Mancalla Pahar intervened by moderate slopes under forests, mines

and stony rocky wastelands. Steeply and very steeply sloping areas also occur in

north eastern part of the block. The areas under agriculture, forests and wastelands in

this block account for nearly 30, 33 and 12 per cent, respectively of the total area.

Dumaria and Musabani blocks have almost 50 per cent of their areas covered by hilly

terrain of strong to very steep slopes under mixed forest and stony wastelands. In

general, northern, south-eastern and central parts in the former; and while eastern,

northern and southern parts in the latter have very gentle to gentle slopes under

agriculture. Dumaria block has 56.8 per cent area under agriculture, 30.8 per cent of

under forest and nearly 6 per cent under stony wasteland. Major part of Musabani

block is dominated by strong to very steep slopes of Konar Pahar and Rongo Pahar.

They together account for forest and rocky / stony wastelands covering 49 and 12 per

cent, respectively of the total block area. Agriculture in this block accounts for 24.8 per

cent of the total area.

Major part of the Potka block is a plain land with very gentle to gentle slopes.

Moderately to very steeply sloping hilly lands in this block occur mostly on its eastern

25

boundary with a narrow band in the northern part extended from Musabani block.

Nearly 50 per cent of the block area is under agricultural land use, while 14.7 and 9.7

per cent areas are under forest and wastelands, respectively (Table 5.1).

Ghatshila block has moderate and very steep slopes of Dalma range in the northern

and central part of the block; the rest being undulating plain with very gentle to gentle

slopes. As may be seen from data in Table 5.1, agricultural land use accounts for 49.0

per cent of the block area, whereas forests and wastes occupy nearly 27 and 5 per

cent, respectively. Most of the important copper mines of the district are located in this

block.

The Southern part of Patamda block has hilly lands of Dalma range with slopes

ranging between 10 and 35 per cent. At several places slopes are found to exceed 35

per cent. The predominant land use here is forests, stony / rocky wastelands and

mines. The rest of the area is undulating upland with slopes of 1-5 per cent,

supporting agriculture and plantations at places. The land use statistics shows that

forests and rocky wastelands in this block account for nearly 32 per cent and 11 per

cent, respectively of the total area, while agriculture covers nearly 35 per cent.

Most of the Jamshedpur and the neighboring areas form the main industrial belt of the

district comprising factories, mining areas producing iron ores and other ancillary

minerals needed for manufacturing iron and steel. In this block, the impact of slope

and soil factors on land use is seen strikingly influenced by industrialization and large

scale mining as evidenced by land use statistics. Besides industries, the block has

exceedingly large areas under stony and rocky wastelands. Areas under forest,

barren and unculturable wastes and agriculture in this block account for nearly 8, 61

and 10 per cent of the block area respectively (Table 5.1).

In general, the impact of slope on land use scenario in the East Singhbhum district can

be summarized as under.

26

Slope class Predominant – Land Use

0-3 Agriculture - predominantly rice, but also pulses, oilseeds, vegetables; Sal forest in small patches.

3-5 Agriculture with coarser rice, pulses and vegetables on favorable

soils; mixed forests on lateritic and moderately deep and eroded

soils; patches of wasteland on very severely eroded stream

banks; Mining in a few confined sites.

5-10 Cashewnut plantations; Eucalyptus plantation; waste and grazing

lands; mining at confined sites.

10-15 Forests; stony, rocky and barren waste lands; mining at confined

sites.

15>35 Mainly mixed forests; patches of rocky and stony wasteland.

5.3 Slope and Socio-Economic Conditions Information on many of the important socio-economic indicators like GDP, child death

rate at birth, per capita income, etc. is not readily available. The available data on

some of the indicators of socio-economic conditions in the different blocks of the East

Singhbhum district are shown in tables 5.2 and 5.3.

Baharagora block predominated by plain lands with slopes upto 3 per cent has fairly

high density of population next only to that of Jamshedpur and Musabani blocks. This

block stands second in the district with its rural literacy of 54.89 per cent which is

higher than the district average. There seems to be a positive correlation of slope and

favorable socio-economic conditions in this block. In contrast, Chakuliya which also is

a plain land block with slopes mostly upto 3 per cent ranks seventh in population

density and fourth in literacy rate (Table 5.2, 5.3).

27

Table 5.2

Block-wise population and population density of East Singhbhum district

Sr. No. Blocks Population SC ST Panchayat Geographical

area (sq. km.)Density of Population no / sq. km.

1. Jugsalai / Jamshedpur

10,76,544 48,897 1,32,189 14 1765.36 609.81

2. Patamada 1,31,879 6,029 53,272 24 597.25 220.81

3. Potaka 1,70,687 7,030 87,444 25 702.77 242.87

4. Dumaria 53,615 2,824 37,836 7 399.79 134.10

5. Musabani 1,04,299 6,762 44,935 7 280.46 371.88

6. Ghatshila 1,15,130 6,981 46,414 14 254.16 253.50

7. Dhalbhumgarh 72,528 2,224 42,959 13 387.84 187.00

8. Chakuliya 1,08,806 3,572 51,258 18 511.56 212.69

9. Baharagora 1,49,530 9,776 55,880 27 467.65 319.74

28

Table 5.3

Some of the indicators of socio-economic conditions in East Singhbhum district

29

C. D. Block Sex ratio

Literacy rate

Rural Urban Rural Urban

Patamda 972 - 48.36 -

Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai (Jamshedpur) 936 902 59.59 83.37

Ghatshila 962 889 51.30 81.77

Potka 977 - 53.59 -

Musabani 980 905 51.13 78.16

Dumaria 994 - 43.15 -

Dhalbhumgarh 959 - 49.17 -

Chakuliya 975 932 52.92 73.21

Baharagora 951 - 54.89 -

East Singhbhum District 966 902 52.27 82.93

Jamshedpur block with northern, central and south-western parts of steeply and very

steeply sloping lands and having 61 per cent of its area under stony wasteland tops

both in density of population (609.81 / sq. km.) and rural literacy percentage (59.59)

among all the blocks of the district.

Dumaria, Musabani and Patamada are strikingly hilly upland blocks, each with large

areas under strong, steep and very steep slopes. Dumaria has lowest population

density (134.10 / sq. km) as well as lowest percentage literacy (43.15) among all the

blocks of the district. This block thus shows inverse relationship of socio-economic

development with slope percentage, so far as these two indicators are concerned.

Similar is the case of Patamada which stands sixth in population density and eighth in

literacy percentage among all the nine blocks of the district. In case of Musabani

block, although it stands sixth in the district based on percentage literacy (51.13), yet

its relatively high population density (371.88) with almost half of its area of strong to

very steep is contrary to expectation.

Appreciable areas of strongly, steeply and very sloping lands are mapped in the three

blocks of Ghatshila, Potka and Dhalbhumgarh, although they are predominantly plain

land blocks with over two-third of their areas in each case having slopes upto 3 per

cent (Fig. 4.1). Among the three, Dhalbhumgarh has both very low population density

(187 / sq. km) and very low literacy rate (49.17%). It ranks eighth in population density

and seventh in literacy rate among all the blocks of the district. Ghatshila and Potka

blocks stand fourth and fifth in the district with their population density of 253.50 / sq.

km and 242.87 / sq. km, respectively. The literacy rate in both the block is fairly high

and above district average (Table 5.3). Fairly high population density and high

percentage literacy of Ghatshila block may be attributed, to a large extent, to large

scale mining of copper, baryte and manganese in this block. Indian Copper

Corporation is also located in Ghatshila City.

The district has rich deposits of iron, copper, manganese, uranium, gold and kaolin. It

is also known for its Iron and steel, engineering, locomotive, machines and tools and

others. The mining activity, usually associated with stronger slopes, have also

30

overwhelmingly influenced socio-economic milieu of the district. Interestingly, of the

total work force which is 35 per cent of the population, percentage of persons engaged

in agriculture (46.06%) is lowest in the district as compared to 53.93 per cent engaged

in non-agricultural activities, mainly comprising industries, factories and mining. Also

interesting for this district is the fact that 52.69 per cent population is living in urban

area as against 43.31 per cent in rural area.

Overall the influence of slope on socio-economic conditions in the district is

overshadowed by industries and mining as strikingly evident in Jamshedpur, Musabani

and Ghatshila blocks which together contribute in an impressively large measure to

the economy and sociological advancement of the East Singhbhum district. East

Singhbhum is one of the three districts with high literacy rate in the State.

31

 

Table 5.1

Block wise land use statistics of East Singhbhum district

(Area in ha)

(Source : District statistical officer, East Singhbhum)

24

Sr. No. Block Name Geographical

Area Area under

forest

Area under non-

agricultural uses

Barren and unculturable

wastes-1

Permanent pastures

and grazing land

Miscellaneous tree crops and

groves Culturable

waste Fallows other than current

fallows Current fallows

Net sown area

Agricultural

land (10+11+12)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) 1

Jamshedpur

176536.35

14094.84 (7.98)

6327.89 (3.58)

107775.50 (61.05)

1119.18 (0.63)

91.69 (0.05)

27808.08(15.75)

8987.65 (5.09)

5246.17 (2.97)

4156.21(2.35)

18390.03 (10.41)

2

Potka

70276.86

10311.29 (14.67)

11138.99 (15.85)

6794.04 (9.67)

100.21 (0.14)

706.50 (1.01)

4797.24(6.83)

5860.45 (8.34)

7450.28 (10.60)

21320.97(30.34)

34631.7 (49.28)

3

Patamda

59724.98

19161.43 (32.08)

5372.32 (9.00)

6551.80 (10.97)

507.47 (0.85)

2578.34 (4.32)

4954.72(8.30)

5631.40 (9.43)

6856.19 (11.48)

8111.02(13.58)

20598.61 (34.49)

4

Ghatshila

45416.39

12256.15 (26.99)

5596.90 (12.32)

2152.88 (4.74)

18.62 (0.04)

221.33 (0.49)

1595.98(3.51)

7277.42 (16.02)

4020.34 (8.85)

10978.67(24.17)

22276.43 (49.04)

5

Dhalbhumgarh

38784.35

12953.64 (33.40)

7893.56 (20.35)

3194.44 (8.24)

205.01 (0.53)

784.63 (2.02)

1610.25(4.15)

2776.85 (7.16)

2749.64 (7.09)

6095.46(15.72)

11621.95 (29.97)

6

Chakuliya

51155.68

17781.21 (34.76)

9782.15 (19.12)

6110.69 (11.95)

342.23 (0.67)

269.18 (0.53)

201.67 (0.39)

2421.45 (4.73)

2397.04 (4.69)

11455.34(22.39)

16273.83 (31.81)

7

Musabani

28045.71

13738.85 (48.99)

4019.45 (14.33)

3316.51 (11.83)

0.16 (0.00)

5.05 (0.02)

2.50 (0.01)

859.49 (3.06)

1666.75 (5.94)

4436.96(15.82)

6963.2 (24.82)

8

Dumaria

39978.54

12297.72 (30.76)

151.27 (0.38)

2191.49 (5.48)

0.00 (0.00)

0.00 (0.00)

2629.91(6.58)

4203.39 (10.51)

11460.51(28.67)

7028.96(17.58)

22692.86 (56.76)

9

Baharagora 46764.81

12249.86 (26.19)

6724.39 (14.38)

3400.40 (7.27)

352.27 (0.75)

984.68 (2.11)

1277.07(2.73)

3777.72 (8.08)

3973.82 (8.50)

13953.34(29.84)

21704.88 (46.42)

Total 556683.67

124844.98

(22.43) 57006.91 (10.24)

141487.74 (25.42)

2645.16 (0.48)

5641.41 (1.01)

44877.42(8.06)

41795.83 (7.51)

45820.74(8.23)

87536.92(15.72)

175153.49 (31.46)

REFERENCES 1. Anon. (1970) Soil Survey Manual, All India Soil and Land Use Survey Organization,

I. A.R.I., New Delhi. 2. Anon. (2010) Report on Soil Resources Map of East Singhbhum district, Jharkhand

State submitted to JSAC; Indian Resources Information and Management Technologies, Ltd. Hyderabad / Nagpur.

3. Bhatt, S. C. (2002) The district Gazetteer of Jharkhand, Gyan Publn. House, New

Delhi. 4. Halder, A. K., Srivastava, R., Thampi, C. J., Sarkar, D., Singh, D. S., Sehgal, J.

and Velayutham, M. (1997) Soils of Bihar, Their kinds, distribution characterization and interpretation for optimizing land use. Soils of India series, NBSS Publ. 50, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur.

5. Krishnan, M.S. (1960) Geology of India and Burma, Higginbotham’s (Pvt.) Ltd;

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