Report on Photocopying - WCIRB · Report on Photocopying ... separate sub-classifications for the industry’s two key ... the 2006 policy year classification relativity for

Workers’ Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau of California®

Workers’ Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau of California

Report on Photocopying

Excerpt from the WCIRB Classification and Rating Committee Minutes June 13, 2006

About this Report The WCIRB prepares and presents reports to the WCIRB’s Classification and Rating

Committee to assist in the formulation of proposed changes to the Insurance Commissioner’s regulations. Once adopted by the Classification and Rating Committee, the recommendations contained in the report are provided to the WCIRB Governing Committee and may be included in a WCIRB regulatory filing that is submitted to the Insurance Commissioner for approval. About the WCIRB The WCIRB is California's trusted, objective provider of actuarially-based information and research, advisory pure premium rates, and educational services integral to a healthy workers' compensation system. Learn more at www.wcirb.com.

2006 Workers’ Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau of California. All rights reserved.

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Released: June 30, 2006

WCIRB Ca l i f o rn ia

Report on Photocopying Classification 8019, Printing — quick printing or photocopying EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Objective The California Department of Insurance directed the WCIRB to study Classification 8019, Printing – quick printing or photocopying — all employees — including Clerical Office Employees and Outside Salespersons, to determine if the classification should be amended to reflect changes in technology in the printing and “quick printing” industries. Accordingly, the WCIRB evaluated the extent to which Classification 8019 describes its intended constituency and is properly distinguished from operations assigned to Classification 4299(1), Printing Operation — all other employees — including counterpersons and drivers and their helpers — N.O.C. Findings Classification 8019 is assigned to quick printers, photocopy shops, reprographic firms, and document scanning services. Based upon a review of its inspection report library, and in consultation with the Printing Industries of Northern California, the WCIRB found the following:

1. While employing somewhat different technologies, firms assigned to Classification 8019 are part of a common industry engaged in a relatively homogenous and readily identifiable set of operations: document reproduction or duplication for commercial and individual concerns on a fee basis.

2. The operations contemplated under Classification 8019 are distinguishable from those con-templated under Classification 4299 by virtue of the overall nature of the business—which, for classification purposes, is properly defined by the types of equipment used.

3. The application of 8019 would be clarified by establishing separate classification phrase-ologies for quick printers and photocopy shops (including reprographic firms, and document scanning services).

Recommendation In view of the above, the WCIRB recommends:

1. Amend Classification 8019 to remove the reference to “photocopying” and limit its intended application to “quick printers” with printed output that is produced using sheet fed offset printing presses on paper not exceeding 18” x 24”. Also add a suffix (1) to reflect the establishment of 8019(2) proposed below.

2. Establish Classification 8019(2), Document Duplication or Photocopying Service — all employees

— including Clerical Office Employees and Outside Salespersons, for firms engaged solely in photocopying operations using electrostatic copiers. This sub-classification would also apply to firms specializing in reprographic or scanning operations.

The WCIRB does not anticipate that any employers will be reclassified as a result of these changes.

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Introduction In its ruling on a recent appeal, the California Department of Insurance (CDI), directed the WCIRB to study the operations of firms assigned to Classification 8019, Printing – quick printing or photocopying – all employees – including Clerical Office Employees and Outside Salespersons, “…to determine whether the classification and related classifications are consistent with technological and other changes in the quick printing and commercial printing industries and incorporate any changes to these classifications warranted in the WCIRB’s Rate Filing.” In addition to the above referenced appeal, over the years, the WCIRB has received numerous policyholder and insurer inquiries requesting clarification with respect to the precise scope of Classification 8019. Pursuant to the above, the WCIRB evaluated the extent to which Classification 8019:

1. Adequately describes its intended constituency, 2. Is properly distinguishable from operations assigned to Classification 4299(1), Printing Operation

— all other employees — including counterpersons and drivers and their helpers — N.O.C.1, and 3. Could be clarified by establishing separate sub-classifications for the industry’s two key constitu-

encies: quick printers and photocopiers. Classification History Below is a summary of the history of the classification treatment afforded “quick printers” and similarly sit-uated operations.

Pre – 1996: Prior to the establishment of Classification 8019, “quick printers” were assigned to Classification 4299(1), Printing Operation – all other employees – including counterpersons and drivers and their helpers – N.O.C., while employers specializing in photocopying operations were assigned to Classification 8017(1), Stores – retail – N.O.C.

1996: Based upon a WCIRB recommendation, the California Department of Insurance (CDI)

established Classification 8019 to contemplate the operations of quick printers that perform offset printing and/or photocopying operations. This classification was established subsequent to a WCIRB study performed at the request of the National Association of Quick Printers. (See Exhibit 1.)

2005: In an appeal to the CDI, an appellant argued that its operations should be assigned to

Classification 8019 since the printed end product was less than 18” x 24”. The appellant utilized roll-fed web presses (also know as web-fed offset duplicators). The insurance commissioner sustained the WCIRB’s assignment of Classifications 4299(1), Printing Operation – all other employees, and 8813(1), Printing Operation – editing, designing, proofreading, and photographic composing – including Clerical Office Employees, but directed the WCIRB to review Classification 8019 and related classifications to determine if technological changes in the quick printing and commercial printing industries would necessitate changes to these classifications. (See Exhibit 2.)

Description of Operations Presented below are descriptions of the operations assignable to Classifications 8019, 4299(1) and 8813(1). (Also see Exhibit 3 for a glossary of printing industry terms.) Quick Printing and Photocopying Operations — Classification 8019: Classification 8019, reflected in the 1 The January 1, 2006 pure premium rate for Classification 8019 is $2.18. For Classification 4299, the January 1, 2006 pure premium rate is $4.69. For Classification 4299 companion classification, Classification 8813, the January 1, 2006 pure premium rate is $1.04.

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California Workers’ Compensation Uniform Statistical Reporting Plan—1995 (USRP) excerpt below, is part of the Printing, Publishing and Duplicating industry group of standard classifications. (See Exhibit 4 for a complete list of classifications in this industry group.)

PRINTING — quick printing or photocopying — all employees — including Clerical Office Employees and Outside Salespersons

8019

This classification applies to those locations at which reproductions are produced exclusively by means of (1) offset-type duplicators on paper not exceeding 18” x 24” in size; or (2) electrostatic type copiers on pa-per of any size.

Classification 8019 is a fully credible classification that applies to quick printers, photocopy shops, repro-graphic firms, and document scanning services. These firms typically complete all job orders within a few hours to a few days—therefore the term “quick print.” This classification also includes clerical and outside sales operations. (See Exhibit 5 for the 2006 policy year classification relativity for Classification 8019.) Following is a description of the operations for each of the constituent groups currently assigned to Clas-sification 8019 (see Exhibit 6 for the 2006 policy year classification relativities for each of these groups):

Quick (Business) Printers: Business or “quick” printers reproduce documents up to 17-1/2” x 23-1/2” using the offset2 printing process. Offset “duplication”—a subset of offset printing—refers to the use of sheet-fed printing machinery. Despite the paper size capability, most printing is performed using 8-1/2” x 11” size paper. Quick printers retain counter employees to receive printing orders for business stationery (business cards, letterheads, etc.), business forms, and promotional materials such as brochures. As needed, employees perform “prepress” operations to create a “camera-ready” master. Printing plates are produced using an automated, desktop plate maker after which the plate is mounted onto a cylinder of the offset duplicator to print the desired materials. Employees of quick print shops generally divide their duties between editorial, printing and counter activities. In addition, business printers utilize offset, sheet-fed digital printing presses that do not require the use of a traditional printing plate. The technology is known as “direct to press” because the electronic image is sent directly to the printing press, which uses digital technology to generate an electrostatic image on the cylinder that transfers ink to the paper. Bindery equipment such as shears, stitchers, collators and similar equipment is used to “finish” printed documents. Equipment used: sheet-fed offset printing presses (also known as offset duplicators).

Photocopy Shops: Photocopy shops provide document duplication services to customers using electrostatic copiers that are commonly known as photocopiers. Some firms provide self-service photocopiers for customers to use while others provide employees to perform the actual photocopying operations. Counter employees provide the following services for customers: photocopy documents, load paper on photocopy machines, package the completed product and conduct cashiering activities. In conjunction with photocopying, employees may sort, collate, fold, drill, bind or staple completed documents and shrink-wrap same to complete. While some photocopy shops offer bindery services, they are usually not as extensive as those operated by quick printers. Depending on the volume, shops may have separate employees that perform photocopying and counter activities. Photocopy machines range in size and complexity from counter top models to freestanding machines capable of receiving inputs via disk, modem or network connection.

2 Offset refers to a printing process by indirect image transfer that uses a metal or paper plate to ink a smooth rubber cylinder that transfers the ink to the paper.

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Equipment used: electrostatic copiers, desktop laser or ink jet printers.

Reprographic Production: “Reprographic” firms produce specialty reproductions of large-scale technical drawings. Drawings, renderings or building plans are received from customers in hard copy, electronic or digital format. Hard copy drawings or plans are scanned to produce electronic documents that are reviewed on computer terminals and forwarded to a queue pending action by the machine operator. The copiers are typically roll-fed and can produce a copy 36” wide to a specified length (up to 20’ in length). The finished documents are collated, rolled, and packed in tubes. In addition to large format jobs, reprographic firms also produce standard sized copies (usually 8.5” x 11”) of supporting documentation that are intended to accompany the technical drawings. Prior to the advent of large format digital copiers, such drawings were reproduced using a blue print process. In recent years, blueprinting operations have been replaced almost completely by electrostatic copiers due to governmental regulations.3

Equipment used: roll-fed and sheet fed electrostatic copiers, ink jet plotters.

Scanning: Scanning4 allows a firm to archive a large volume of documents in a condensed format, such as a CD or DVD disc. Documents received from customers are repaired to remove staples and straighten folded edges. The documents are passed through a scanner to create an electronic or digital image of the document. In some cases, an index of the scanned documents is produced to facilitate the location of a specific document or group of documents within a larger body of scanned documents

Equipment used: desktop or freestanding scanning equipment, computer printers and electrostatic copiers.

Commercial Printing Operations — Classifications 4299(1)/8813(1): Commercial printing operations are assigned to companion Classifications 4299(1) and 8813(1), which together contemplate the spectrum of operations performed by commercial printers:

PRINTING OPERATION — all other employees — including counterpersons and drivers and their helpers — N.O.C.

4299(1)

Also refer to companion Classification 8813(1), Printing Operation — editing, designing, proofreading, and pho-tographic composing.

PRINTING OPERATION — editing, designing, proofreading, and photographic composing — including Clerical Office Employees

8813(1)

Also refer to companion Classification 4299(1), Printing Operation —all other employees — N.O.C.

Classifications 4299(1) and 8813(1) apply to firms engaged in commercial printing by lithography, flexography, rotogravure or letterpress (direct) methods, producing such printed matter as business forms, stationery, greeting cards, labels, advertising and sales promotions, bank checks, books, magazines and other forms of commercial printing. Printing operations involve the receipt of printing plates, which are placed onto the printing presses. Rolls of paper, along with printing ink, are loaded onto the press. Depending on the type of press used, in addition to printing, the press cuts, sorts and collates the printed materials. As needed, the materials are bound, shrink-wrapped and set aside pending shipment or customer pick-up.

3 Under the prior technology, blueprinting operations were assigned by analogy to 4361(1), Photographers — all employees – including receptionists. Reprographics using electrostatic copiers has, for the most part, replaced blueprinting and is assigned to 8019. 4 Firms that perform scanning operations for attorneys as registered legal photocopiers are assigned to Classification 8821, Attorney Support Services — including Clerical Office Employees and Outside Salespersons.

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Equipment used by commercial printers includes roll-fed web presses. The operations of commercial printers have historically been distinguished from quick printers and photo-copiers based upon both the type of equipment and the paper stock used. Firms assigned to 4299(1) use roll-fed web presses, while firms assignable to Classification 8019 use sheet-fed offset duplicators or electrostatic copiers. Finally, because 4299(1) carries an N.O.C. (not otherwise classified) designation, the USRP at Part 3, Section II, Rule 17, directs that it shall not be “assigned in any case where another classification more accurately describes the enterprise or where the language of any classification so qualified prescribes other treatment.” Accordingly, Classification 4299(1) cannot be assigned to any printing operation that is specifically described by Classification 8019(1). Conversely, a printing operation that does not fit the precise guidelines of Classification 8019 is assignable to the not otherwise classified printing classification of 4299(1). Analysis and Findings The WCIRB reviewed the scope of operations assigned to Classifications 8019 and 4299(1) to assess whether these classifications adequately describe their intended constituencies. The WCIRB also evaluated whether the scope of Classifications 8019 and 4299(1) are sufficiently distinct. Based upon its review of the operations of quick printers, photocopy shops, reprographic firms, and document scanning services—and in consultation with the president of the Printing Industries of Northern California (PINC)5—the WCIRB found that all firms assigned to Classification 8019 provide comparable services to their customers: printing or duplication on similar production scales and on an expedited basis. Further, the equipment used across the classification is typically of comparable production capacity. While distinctions can be made among the groups, the WCIRB found that the firms currently assigned to Classification 8019 constitute a common industry and should continue to be combined for ratemaking purposes. Next, the WCIRB evaluated the extent to which technological changes have blurred the distinction between firms assignable to Classification 8019 and Classification 4299(1). The WCIRB reviewed its inspection report library as the equipment used by employers assigned to Classifications 4299(1) and 8019. This review did not find any overlap in the contemplated operations as no employers were found using web presses that were assigned to Classification 8019, nor using quick printers equipment that were assigned to Classification 4299(1). In addition, the WCIRB contacted PINC to obtain its input regarding the distinction between the printing and quick printing industries. The association indicated that they thought it was reasonable to distinguish commercial printing operations assignable to 4299(1), Printing Operation – all other employees, from those assignable to 8019, Printing – quick printing or photocopying, based on the type of equipment used. PINC confirmed that while the industries continue to evolve through the use of new technologies, the appropriate line of demarcation separating these industries is the use of roll-fed web presses. The above notwithstanding, the WCIRB found that the present phraseology and footnote to Classification 8019 has led to numerous policyholder and insurer inquiries requesting clarification over precisely what the classification contemplates. This confusion is attributable largely to the current approach of using a single classification wording to describe two distinct sets of operations (quick printers and photocopiers). Accordingly, the WCIRB concluded that the intent and the scope of Classification 8019 would be clarified by developing a new phraseology for those employers that use electrostatic copiers to perform document duplication operations to distinguish them from those employers that perform printing operations using offset duplicators. Under this approach, one sub-classification of Classification 8019 would apply to quick printers and one sub-classification of Classification 8019 would apply to photocopiers, reprographics firms, and document scanning services.

5 Quick printers, commercial printers and reprographic firms are all part of PINC’s membership group

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Conclusion The WCIRB finds that while the technology used by the quick print and photocopy industry has evolved since the 1996 establishment of Classification 8019, the classification continues to describe a separate and distinct industry engaged in a relatively homogenous set of operations. Further, the employers within the quick print and photocopy industry are clearly distinguishable from other commercial printers. That said, based upon its review of the operations and machinery of firms assigned to Classification 8019, the WCIRB determined that the application of Classification 8019 will be clarified by dividing the classification into two sub-classifications. Accordingly, the WCIRB recommends that the insurance commissioner:

1. Amend Classification 8019 to remove the reference to “photocopying” and limit its intended application to “quick printers” with printed output that is produced using sheet fed offset printing presses on paper not exceeding 18” x 24”. Also add a suffix (1) to reflect the establishment of 8019(2) proposed below.

2. Establish Classification 8019(2), Document Duplication or Photocopying Service — all employees

— including Clerical Office Employees and Outside Salespersons, for firms engaged solely in photocopying operations using electrostatic copiers. This sub-classification would also apply to firms specializing in reprographic or scanning operations.

The WCIRB does not anticipate that any employers will be reclassified as a result of these changes. In addition, if the insurance commissioner adopts the changes detailed above, the WCIRB intends to amend, for clarity, the Printing entry in the Rulings and Interpretations Supplement to the USRP. In view of the above, the WCIRB recommends that the following changes to Part 3 of the USRP be pro-posed at the time of the next pure premium rate filing.

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Proposed Changes to the California Workers’ Compensation Uniform Statistical Reporting Plan—1995 Related to Classification 8019, Printing – quick printing or photocopying Recommendation Amend Classification 8019, Printing — quick printing or photocopying — all employees — including Clerical Office Employees and Outside Salespersons, to limit the application of this classification to firms engaged in quick printing and add a suffix (1) to reflect the establishment of sub classification 8019(2) proposed below.

PROPOSED PRINTING, PUBLISHING AND DUPLICATING

PRINTING — quick printing or photocopying — all employees — including Clerical Office Employees

and Outside Salespersons 8019(1)

This classification applies to those locations at which reproductions are produced exclusively by means of (1) engaged in job printing using sheet-fed offset-type duplicators printing presses on paper not exceeding 18” x 24“ in size; or (2) electrostatic type copiers on paper of any size. This classification does not apply to locations that use roll-fed presses or where the paper fed to the press exceeds 18” x 24“.

* * * * * * * Recommendation Establish Classification 8019(2), Document Duplication or Photocopying Service — all employees — including Clerical Office Employees and Outside Salespersons, within the Printing, Publishing and Duplicating industry group to clarify how firms engaged in document duplication or photocopying services should be assigned. Classification 8019(2) is to be combined for pure premium ratemaking purposes with Classification 8019(1), Printing — quick printing — all employees — including Clerical Office Employees and Outside Salespersons, as proposed above.

PROPOSED

PRINTING, PUBLISHING AND DUPLICATING

DOCUMENT DUPLICATION OR PHOTOCOPYING SERVICE — all employees — including Clerical Office Employees and Outside Salespersons

8019(2)

This classification applies to those locations engaged in document duplication or photocopying on a job basis using electrostatic copiers, scanners, ink jet or laser printers on paper of any size. This classification also applies to locations that reproduce technical drawings, sketches and renderings for architects, contractors, engineers and similar customers.

This classification does not apply to locations that perform offset printing.

This classification does not apply to firms that specialize in the provision of legal support services as contemplated under Classification 8821, Attorney Support Services.

* * * * * * *

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Recommendation Amend Part 3, Standard Classification System, Section VIII, Abbreviated Classifications — Numeric Listing, to reflect the above changes to Classification 8019.

PROPOSED 8019(1) Printing — quick printing or photocopying 8019(2) Document Duplication or Photocopying Service

* * * * * * * If the Insurance Commissioner adopts the changes to the California Workers’ Compensation Uniform Statistical Reporting Plan—1995 (USRP) detailed above, the WCIRB intends to update the Rulings and Interpretations Supplement of the USRP. Set forth below are the WCIRB’s draft changes. Rulings and Interpretations Supplement

Printing Operation

4299(1) Printing Operation — all other employees 4295(1) Printing Operation — screen printing — all other employees 8019(1) Printing — quick printing or photocopying 8019(2) Document Duplication or Photocopying Service 4295(2) Screen Printed Merchandise Dealers — all other employees 8821 Attorney Support Services

For classification purposes, Classification 4299(1), Printing Operation — all other employees — including counterpersons and drivers and their helpers — N.O.C., is applicable to those firms engaged in commercial printing by lithography, flexography, rotogravure or letterpress (direct) methods, producing such printed matter as business forms, stationery, greeting cards, labels, advertising and sales promotions, bank checks, books, magazines and other forms of commercial printing. Rolls of paper or sheet stock, exceeding 18” x 24”, are loaded onto printing presses, printed, cut to size and finished according to specification.

Classification 4299(1), Printing Operation, does not include firms that publishing or printing newspapers, tabloids or “advertising” newspapers. Such firms shall beare assigned to Classification 4304, Newspaper Publishing or Newspaper Printing. Classification 4299(1) also does not include screen printing operations. Such operations are assigned to Classification 4295(1), Printing Operation — screen printing, or Classification 4295(2), Screen Printed Merchandise Dealers.

Classification 4299(1) also does not apply to “quick print” shops (locations), whereat which reproduc all printing is done tions are produced exclusively by means of (1) offset-type duplicators or printing presses on sheet-fed paper not exceeding 18” x 24”. in size; or (2) electrostatic type copiers or photocopiers on paper of any size. Such operations are assigned to Classification 8019(1), Printing – quick printing shops.

Locations that reproduce documents on a job basis using electrostatic copiers, photocopiers, ink jet, or laser printers are assignableed to Classification 8019(2). Document duplication, when conducted by firms that specialize in the provision of legal support services, is assignable to Classification 8821, Attorney Support Services.

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Exhibit 1Released: June 30, 2006

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Released: June 30, 2006 Exhibit 3


Report on Photocopying Classification 8019, Printing — quick printing or photocopying Glossary of Printing Terms Blueprinting – a method of duplicating drawings, maps and plans where the image appears white against a blue background.

Blueline – a type of blueprint where the lines are blue against a white background. Photo sensitive paper is used along with ammonia and black lights to reproduce a variety of technical drawings, plans and simi-lar documents. Also known as diazo printing. Digital Offset Printing Press – a printing process where an electronic or digital image is sent directly to a specialized printing press that does not use a printing plate.

Electrostatic Copier – also known as a photocopier. This machine photographs a document and uses an electrostatic charge to reproduce the image on paper. The electrostatic charge attracts toner to the paper after which, the toner is fused to the paper. Also see xerography.

Offset Duplicator –a smaller, sheet fed printing press. It typically uses paper less than 18” x 24” in size and is used to quickly produce volumes of printed material.

Offset Printing Press – a printing press that uses the offset printing process to produce printed materi-als. In the offset process, a printing plate is mounted to a rotating cylinder. The image on the plate trans-fers ink to a rotating rubber blanket. Ink from the rubber blanket prints the image onto the paper.

Photocopier – a machine that uses photographic methods to reproduce documents. Also see electrostat-ic copier and xerography.

Reprographics –a term that encompasses a variety of copying methods such as blueprinting and xerog-raphy that may be used by architects, engineers, designers and office staff.

Web Printing Press – a high-speed printing press that prints on a continuous roll or web of paper.

Xerography1 – “also called electrophotography, method of dry photocopying in which the image is transferred by using the attractive forces of electric charges. A beam of light, usually from a laser, is made to strike the original material, e.g., a white page with black lettering. Light rays are reflected off the white areas onto a photosensitive plate over which electric charges have been spread. Charges are neutralized from the areas struck by the rays. Since no light rays are reflected from the lettering, charges are retained on the plate in areas corresponding to the lettered areas of the original. A plastic powder called toner is introduced that sticks to the charged areas. A sheet of paper is then passed between the plate and another charged object that draws the powder from the plate to the paper, forming an image of the original; the powder is fused to the paper with heat. The process has image resolution that is sufficient for printed or written materials, and certain pictorial materials are fairly well reproduced. As the image on the drum is a projected one rather than one made by contact printing, it is possible to produce a copy that is smaller or larger than the original. Variations of the xerographic process are used in such devices as computer laser printers and plain-paper facsimile machines.”

1 See http://www.answers.com/topic/xerography.

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Report on Quick Printers Classification 8019, Printing — quick printing or photocopying Printing Industry Classifications

PRINTING, PUBLISHING AND DUPLICATING

BOOKBINDING OPERATION — all other employees — including counterpersons and drivers and their helpers

4299(2)

Also refer to companion Classification 8813(2), Bookbinding Operation — editing, designing, proof-reading, and photographic composing.

BOOKBINDING OPERATION — editing, designing, proofreading and photographic composing — including Clerical Office Employees

8813(2)

Also refer to companion Classification 4299(2), Bookbinding Operation — all other employees.

BOOKBINDING OPERATION — Salespersons — Outside 8742(2)

ELECTRONIC PREPRESS — all operations — including Clerical Office Employees 4297(1)

This classification shall not be used for division of payroll in connection with any other classi-fication (other than Standard Exception Classification 8742(1) or General Exclusions) unless the operations described by Classification 4297(1) constitute a separate and distinct enterprise having no connection with the operations covered by any other applicable classification.

This classification shall apply to specialty firms that produce computer generated typeset materials or color separations, including all incidental camera work.

GRAPHIC DESIGN — all operations — including Clerical Office Employees 4297(2)

This classification shall not be used for division of payroll in connection with any other classi-fication (other than Standard Exception Classification 8742(1) or General Exclusions) unless the operations described by Classification 4297(2) constitute a separate and distinct enterprise having no connection with the operations covered by any other applicable classification.

This classification shall apply to specialty firms that compose camera-ready layouts such as brochures, posters, signs and other printed materials by combining text, photographs and graphics. This classifi-cation also contemplates the creation or modification of artwork that is used in such materials.

NEWS AGENTS OR DISTRIBUTORS OF MAGAZINES OR OTHER PERIODICALS — not retail deal-ers — including Outside Salespersons

8745

Selling or delivering of newspapers to customers for their personal use and not for resale shall be sep-arately classified.

NEWSPAPER DELIVERY 4312

This classification applies to persons selling or delivering newspapers to customers for their personal use and not for resale. Such persons shall be included at their actual remuneration but in no event for a sum less than $2.00 per person per day newspapers are sold or delivered.

NEWSPAPER, MAGAZINE OR BOOK PUBLISHING — no printing — editing, designing, proofread-ing, and photographic composing — including Clerical Office Employees

8807

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NEWSPAPER PUBLISHING OR NEWSPAPER PRINTING — all other employees – including drivers and their helpers

4304

Selling or delivering of newspapers to customers for their personal use and not for resale shall be sep-arately classified.

Also refer to companion Classification 8818, Newspaper Publishing or Newspaper Printing — editing, designing, proofreading, and photographic composing.

NEWSPAPER PUBLISHING OR NEWSPAPER PRINTING — editing, designing, proofreading, and photographic composing — including Clerical Office Employees

8818

Also refer to companion Classification 4304, Newspaper Publishing or Newspaper Printing — all other employees.

NEWSPAPER PUBLISHING OR NEWSPAPER PRINTING — reporters, advertising or circulation so-licitors

8742(4)

PHOTO ENGRAVING 4351

This classification shall not be used for division of payroll in connection with any other classi-fication (other than the Standard Exceptions or General Exclusions) unless the operations de-scribed by Classification 4351 constitute a separate and distinct enterprise having no connection with the operations covered by any other applicable classification.

PHOTOFINISHING — all employees — including receptionists 4361(2)

Classification 4361(2) shall not be used for division of payroll in connection with Classification 4360, Motion Pictures — development of negatives, unless the operation described by Classifi-cation 4361(2) constitutes a separate and distinct enterprise having no connection with the op-erations covered by Classification 4360.

PHOTOGRAPHERS — all employees — including receptionists 4361(1)

PRINTING — quick printing or photocopying — all employees — including Clerical Office Employ-ees and Outside Salespersons

8019

This classification applies to those locations at which reproductions are produced exclusively by means of (1) offset-type duplicators on paper not exceeding 18” x 24“ in size; or (2) electrostatic type copiers on paper of any size.

PRINTING OPERATION — all other employees — including counterpersons and drivers and their helpers — N.O.C.

4299(1)

Also refer to companion Classification 8813(1), Printing Operation — editing, designing, proofreading, and photographic composing.

PRINTING OPERATION — editing, designing, proofreading, and photographic composing — in-cluding Clerical Office Employees

8813(1)

Also refer to companion Classification 4299(1), Printing Operation —all other employees — N.O.C.

PRINTING OPERATION — Salespersons — Outside 8742(5)

PRINTING OPERATION — screen printing — all other employees 4295(1)

Also refer to companion Classification 8846(1), Printing Operation — screen printing — editing, de-signing, proofreading, and photographic composing — including Clerical Office Employees.

PRINTING OPERATION — screen printing — editing, designing, proofreading, and photographic composing — including Clerical Office Employees

8846(1)

Also refer to companion Classification 4295(1), Printing Operation — screen printing — all other em-ployees.

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SCREEN PRINTED MERCHANDISE DEALERS — all other employees 4295(2)

This classification applies to those firms engaged in the screen printing of merchandise where not less than 75% of gross receipts are developed through the sale of items printed by the employer. Such firms typically print and distribute items such as clothing, advertising novelties, balloons, souvenirs, etc.

Retail store operations shall be separately classified.

Also refer to companion Classification 8846(2), Screen Printed Merchandise Dealers — editing, de-signing, proofreading, and photographic composing.

SCREEN PRINTED MERCHANDISE DEALERS — editing, designing, proofreading and photograph-ic composing — including Clerical Office Employees

8846(2)

Also refer to companion Classification 4295(2), Screen Printed Merchandise Dealers — all other em-ployees.

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WCIRB California

Report on Quick Printers Classification 8019, Printing — quick printing or photocopying

Table 1 Classification 8019: Classification Relativity at Policy Year 2006 Level

Year Number of

Firms Payroll Losses Loss to Payroll

Ratio 1999 1,358 $ 232,629,936 $ 8,316,131 3.575 2000 1,399 345,685,938 6,349,185 1.837 2001 1,322 357,648,210 6,664,405 1.863 2002 1,338 362,705,291 5,315,196 1.465 Total $1,298,669,375 $ 26,644,916 2.051

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WCIRB California

Report on Quick Printers Classification 8019, Printing — quick printing or photocopying

Table 1 Study Group Quick Print: Classification Relativity at Policy Year 2006 Level

Year Number of Firms

Payroll Losses Loss to Payroll Ratio

1998 204 $ 189,805,868 $ 5,985,679 3.154 1999 202 83,291,910 1,699,725 2.041 2000 222 200,379,824 5,088,170 2.539 2001 217 138,846,741 4,339,462 3.125 2002 222 117,480,765 3,068,782 2.612 Total 729,805,108 $ 20,181,817 2.766

Credibility

Serious Non-Serious Medical 0.67 0.91 1.00

Table 2 Study Group Photocopy Only: Classification Relativity at Policy Year 2005 Level



1998 55 $ 137,156,495 $ 5,023,797 3.663 1999 50 24,683,404 652,705 2.664 2000 62 139,401,268 4,134,015 2.966 2001 58 81,491,342 3,152,971 3.869 2002 58 62,159,539 1,711,419 2.753 Total $ 444,892,048 $ 14,674,907 3.298

Credibility


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WCIRB California

Table 3

Study Group Reprographics: Classification Relativity at Policy Year 2006 Level Year Number of

Firms Payroll Losses Loss to Payroll

Ratio 1998 47 $ 50,867,098 $ 664,297 1.306 1999 47 58,366,064 858,560 1.471 2000 48 85,076,500 951,490 1.118 2001 51 61,692,191 2,823,802 4.577 2002 53 76,140,845 772,461 1.015 Total $ 332,142,698 $ 6,070,611 1.828

Credibility


Table 4 Study Group Scanning: Classification Relativity at Policy Year 2006 Level



1998 6 $ 3,519,799 $ 2,424 0.069 1999 7 4,505,153 8,100 0.180 2000 10 17,931,776 1,376,544 7.677 2001 13 30,118,686 1,501,124 4.984 2002 12 28,712,395 768,197 2.675 Total $ 84,787,809 $ 3,656,390 4.313

Credibility


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