REPORT ON grid computing

SEMINAR REPORT

ON

INTRODUCTION TO GRID COMPUTING

By

PALAK B. SHRIMALI

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

LDRP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH,

GANDHINAGAR- 382015

2008 - 2009

I

SEMINAR REPORT

ON

INTRODUCTION TO GRID COMPUTING

By

PALAK B. SHRIMALI

Guided by

MR. DHAVAL GOHIL

LECTURER

COMPUTER DEPARTMENT



GANDHINAGAR- 382015

II

2008 – 2009



GANDHINAGAR - 382015

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “INTRODUCTION TO GRID COMPUTING” has

been carried out by PALAK B. SHRIMALI under my guidance in partial fulfillment of the

degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Engineering / Information Technology of

Gujarat University, Ahmedabad during the academic year 2009-2010. To the best of my

knowledge and belief this work has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any other

degree.

Guide Examiner Head of the Department

MR. DHAVAL GOHIL Prof. A.K.GOYAL

Principal

Prof. H. N. Prajapati

III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With immense pleasure I would like to present this report on my seminar topic

“INTRODUCTION TO GRID COMPUTING”. I am thankful to all that have helped me

a lot for successful completion of my seminar and providing me courage for completing the

work.

I am thankful to our Principal Prof. H. N. Prajapati, Head of the Department Mr.

A.K GOYAL and My internal Faculty Guide MR. DHAVAL GOHIL, for providing

guidance through out my work and giving me their valuable time.

At last, I would like to thank my parents and friends who have directly or indirectly

helped me in making the project work successful.

PALAK B. SHRIMALI

IV

PAGE INDEX

Topic Page No.

ABSTRACT

1. OVERVEIW

2. HISTORY OF MEMORY DEVICES

3. RAM TYPES

4. NEED FOR MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS

5. PROTEIN MEMORY

5.1 BACTERIORHODOPSIN(BR)

5.2 USES OF BR MOLECULE

5.3 STRUCTURE OF BR MOLECULE

5.4 WHY TO USE BR INSTEAD OF E-RAM

6. PHOTOCYCLE OF BR MOLECULE

7. DATA WRITE,READ AND ERASE TECHNIQUES

7.1 DATA WRITING TECHNIQUE

7.2 DATA READING TECHNIQUE

7.3 DATA ERASING TECHNIQUE

8. BRIGE MEMORY CELL

8.1 PROTOTYPE

9. PROTEIN MEMORY BEATS CONVENTIONAL RAM

9.1 HOW FAST IS THE ACCESS

9.2 STORAGE CAPACITY

9.3 DATA STABILITY

V

9.4 COST

10. APPLICTIONS

11. PRESENT STATUS

12. CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES

FIGURE INDEX

Figure Page No.





8.1 PROTOTYPE

VI

ABSTRACT

In this Science age, we found new and new technology which can be useful in our

daily life. For computer people, Grid computing (or the use of a computational grid) is the

application of several computers to a single problem at the same time – usually to a

scientific or technical problem that requires a great number of computer processing cycles

or access to large amounts of data. Grid computing is a kind of high-performance

computing (HPC). It is an emerging technique in which multiple computers link together to

combine resources. This seminar contains the Overview of Grid Computing, Concept and

Resources, Sharing Load & Resources, One View to Requirements, Working of Grid

Computing, About SGE, Example of Grid Computing, Real Applications, Challenges &

Technologies and Future of Grid Computing.

VII

CHAPTER – 1

OVERVIEW

1. OVERVIEW

In middle 1950’s magnetic and semi-conductor based information storage

devices have been used but today’s computers and volumes of information

require increasingly more efficient and faster methods of storing data.

The speed of integrated circuit random access memory (RAM) has

increased steadily over past ten to fifteen years; the limits of these systems are

approaching.

In response to the rapidly changing face of computing and demand for

physically smaller, greater capacity, bandwidth, a number of alternative

methods to integrated circuit information storage have surfaced recently.

Among the most promising new alternatives like photopolymer-based device,

holographic optical memory storage devices and protein-based optical

memory, protein-based devices have showed great response towards storage.

The protein-based optical memory storage uses the photosensitive

protein bacteriorhodopsin with the two-photon method of exciting the

molecules. Bacteriorhodopsin is a light-harvesting protein from bacteria that

live in salt marshes that has shown some promise as feasible optical data

storage. The current work is to hybridize this biological molecule with the

solid state components of a typical computer.

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CHAPTER – 2

HISTORY OF MEMORY DEVICES

2. HISTORY OF MEMORY DEVICES

A HIGH DENSITY RAPID ACCESS DATA STORAGE DEVICE

EMPLOYS A VOLUME OF FIELD ORIENTED BACTERIORHODOPSIN

IN A POLYMER MEDIUM AND CONTAINED IN A VESSEL THAT CAN

BE ACCURATELY DISPLACE IN THREE DIMENSIONS.

Following are some devices to store data:

Earlier:

1. Punched Cards (In 40s, 50s & 60s)

2. RAMAC (Random Access Method of Accounting and Control)

First Disk storage system was invented by IBM in 1956.

Presently:

1. Ultra-fast Disk Drives &

2. Flash RAMs

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CHAPTER – 3

RAM TYPES

3. RAM TYPES

DRAM (Dynamic RAM) :

à Must be refreshed every few millisecond.

à Cheaper and widely used

à Low power consumption

SRAM (Static RAM) :

à Remember its contents.

à Faster than DRAM

à Costly

DRAM :

à SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

à Synchronizes the memory access to the CPU clock and hence faster

data transfer

à RDRAM (Rambus Direct Ram)

à DDR RAM (Double Data Rate Ram)

X

CHAPTER – 4

NEED FOR MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS

4. NEED FOR MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS

Miniaturization

à Increase in speed of operation.

à Decrease in consumption of energy.

à Decrease in size and weight of device.

à Decrease in price.

Ultimate machine intelligence

à Intelligence that allows for learning and innovation

à Decision making in fuzzy situations

XI

CHAPTER – 5

PROTEIN MEMORY

5. PROTEIN MEMORY

Protein Memory compete with and overrides the properties of electronic

memory in :

àSize.

àSpeed.

àReliability.

àCapability.

àCost.

Molecules as Computer Switches.

Bio-molecular Computers / Hybrid Computers.

à1/20th the size of present day computer.

Basic unit of Protein Memory

àBacterial protein molecule Bacteriorhodopsin (BR)

5.1 BACTERIORHODOPSIN (BR)

Light harvesting bacterial protein.

Functions like a light driven photo-pump.

XII

Chromophore – Light absorbing component.

Quite similar to “Rhodopsin”, the light detecting pigment in retinas of

human eye.

5.2 USES OF BR MOLECULE

Upon light incidence:

à Changes mode of operation from photosynthesis to respiration.

à Light energy to chemical energy conversion.


STRUCTURE OF BR MOLECULE

5.4 WHY TO USE BR INSTEAD OF E-RAM

BR grows in salt marshals:

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à Where temp can exceed 150 degree Farad for extended time period

à Salt concentration in aprx 6 times that of sea water.

à Survival indicates its resistance to thermal and photochemical damages.

à Has the ability to form thin films ‘Biochrome’ that exhibits:

(i) Excellent optical characteristics.

(ii) Long term stability.

à It can be prepared in mass quantities.

XIV

CHAPTER – 6

PHOTOCYCLE OF BR MOLECULE


Chromophore – Light absorbing component

Light energy triggers a series of complex

internal structural changes - Photo cycle

PHOTOCYCLE OF BR MOLECULE

The Photocycle of BR molecule starts first with its initiation and then to drive

the protein into branched photocycle from the O-state several milliseconds

later by sequential absorption of two photons.The O-state will be converted to

a blue-shifted photoproduct P-state.Then we reach to Q-state which is highly

XV

stable due to fact that it is strongly blue-shifted with respect to other

intermediates in the photocycle, making it invisible to the laser wavelengths

used to write and read information in the memory. In Q-state the data can be

preserved for longer time period .Now when blue light is incidented the BR

molecule absorbs it and the data is erased and it comes to its original state.

CHAPTER – 7

DATA WRITE, READ AND ERASE TECHNIQUES

7. DATA WRITE, READ AND ERASE TECHNIQUES


DATA WRITING TECHNIQUE

The BR memory cube is surrounded by two set of laser arrays, one is green

laser array that activates the photo cycle of protein in any selected square plane

XVI

or page in the cube. Now the second set of red laser array is fired. The red

laser is programmed to strike only the activated square where data bits are to

be written, switching molecule to P structure. This P-state immediately relaxes

to highly stable state Q-state which is stable for longer period. Now we assign

binary 0 to O-state and binary 1 to P&Q states. This is how we perform Data

Writing.


DATA READING TECHNIQUE

For reading data, we start our process just as we do in data writing. First, green

laser is fired at the square of protein to be read. After some time when O

intermediates appear, red laser is fired with low intensity. The molecules that

are in binary state 1 (P or Q states) do not absorb red light or change

their states, as they have already been excited in data writing stage. The

molecules in binary state 0 absorb red light. The detector then images the light

passing through the cube of memory and records the location of O and P or Q

structures, or in terms of binary code, the detector reads 0's and 1's.

XVII

7.3 DATA ERASING TECHNIQUE

Blue laser erases encoded data.

Q-state absorbs blue light and return to original BR state.

Individual data can be erased using blue laser.

Global wipe possible with incoherent blue source.

CHAPTER – 8

BRIGE MEMORY CELL

8. BRIGE MEMORY CELL

Stores data with 10,000 molecules per bit.

Molecule switches in 500 femtoseconds.

Speed only limited by laser steering speed.

Estimated that Data stored live around 5 years without any refreshment.

States BR, O & Q are highly stable for many years.

According to Birge,

à O -> bit 0

à Q -> bit 1

8.1 PROTOTYPE

Medium is a 3D matrix

1x1x2 inch transparent vessel (cuvette) filled up with polyacryde gel

where protein is put

Cuvette is surrounded by array of lasers and detectors.

XVIII

PROTOTYPE

CHAPTER – 9

PROTEIN MEMORY BEATS CONVENTIONAL RAM

9. PROTEIN MEMORY BEATS CONVENTIONAL RAM

9.1 HOW FAST IS THE ACCESS

à Simultaneous & Parallel Read-Write to the addressed page.

à Each page can house 4096 x 4096 bit array

à Total R/W time = 10 ms

à 4096 x 4096 = 16 Mb in 10 ms

= 1.6 GB in 1 sec

à Speed = 1.6 Gbps

à 300 times faster than conventional RAM

9.2 STORAGE CAPACITY

• 4096 x 4096 bits page

16 Mb per page

1000 such pages

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16 Gb total capacity

à 7 GB practically achieved with 1x1x2 inch cell.

à Theoretically this cuvette can hold 1 Tb

à Problems with laser lens system a protein quality is the limiting factor

for now.

Theoretical Calculations:

à 3D memories can store aprx. 1/ (lambda) ^3 bits/cm3 (10^11 – 10^13)

9.3 DATA STABILITY

Data is highly stable

Even the power is off, memory retain its information.

à Energy efficient computer that can be switched on/off instantly.

à No waste of booting time.

9.4 COST

BR protein can be produced in large volumes &at low price

Birge’s memory cell costs USD 2 and can store7 Gb

XX

CHAPTER – 10

APPLICTIONS

10. APPLICATIONS

Ultra fast RAM

Erasable holographic memory

à Use in holographic interferometry camera

à 3D Images can be stored in the memory

Pattern Recognition Systems

Finger print processing

Neural Logic gates (genetic engineering)

Optical switches

Optical chameleon

àStructural change cause absorption at different

wavelengths.

àHence, ability to change colour

Electronic Ink.

XXI

Can operate in wider range of temperatures.

CHAPTER – 11

PRESENT STATUS

11. PRESENT STATUS

Not used for commercial applications

Used for military and scientific applications

Researches are going on for

à High speed high capacity memory for commercial

applications

à Ultimate machine intelligence with the aid of genetic

engineering (A memory that mimics human brain)

à Carry a small encyclopedic cube containing all the

information we need!!

Can remove small data cubes and ship gigabytes of data.

No moving parts – safer than small hard drives.

XXII

CHAPTER – 12

CONCLUSION

12. CONCLUSION

Thus from the above information protein-based optical memory storage using

the protein bacteriorhodopsin with the two-photon method of exciting the

molecules proves to be a feasible optical data storage. Researches are going on

for high speed high capacity memory for commercial applications and if got

success then storage problems would be minimized to greater extend.

XXIII

BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES

1. Protein Based Computers Birge, Robert R., Scientific American March

1995 pp 90 – 95.

2. Molecular and Bimolecular Electronics, Birge, Robert R. Ed., American

Chemical Society, Washington D.C. 1994 pp 131-133, 491-510

3. Organic Chemistry Baker, A. David, Robert Engel. West Publishing Co.,

New York Mac User, December, 1996. Ziff-Davis Publishing Company, pp

220-227

4. www.quantum.com (Makers of hard drive)

5. www.che.syr.edu (Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University)

6. www.optics.org

7. www.aps.org

8. www.cem.msu.edu

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REPORT ON grid computing