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Report on Field Experience Training
at
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapith, Rahuri
Dist. Ahmednagar (Maharashtra)
(22nd June, 2010 to 14th July, 2010)
A Report submitted to
National Academy of Agricultural Research Management,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad (A.P.)
As a partial fulfillment of the FOCARS training of 90th batch
(20th April- 17th August, 2010)
By
Dr. Babasaheb B. Fand Mr. Kamble Ankush Lala Mr. Raghu Raj Singh Mr. Sajesh V. K. Mr. Tejveer Singh Dr. Yogesh P. Gadekar
Contents
S. No. Chapter Page No.
1 Introduction 1
2 Objectives of the Field Experience Training (FET) 2
3 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools 3-4
4 FET Methodology 5-6
5 PRA techniques used in the village 7
6 Findings 8
6.1 Basic Information 8-10
6.2 General Transect 11-12
6.3 Agro-ecological map 13-14
6.4 Social map 14-15
6.5 Resource map 15-17
6.6 Seasonal calendar and analysis 17-20
6.7 Gender disaggregated activities 20-21
6.8 Time line 22-23
6.9 Time trend 23-24
6.10 Technology map 25-27
6.11 Matrix ranking 27-29
6.12 Consequence diagram 30-31
6.13 Bio-resource flow 31
6.14 Wealth ranking 32-34
6.15 Venn diagram 35
6.16 Mobility map 36
6.17 Indigenous technical knowledge 37
6.18 Problem identification, problem tree and solution tree 38-42
6.19 Research project proposals 42-45
7.1 Village seminar 46
7.2 Institute seminar 47
8 Industrial visits 48-53
9 Information Communication technologies : use in Agriculture and Development 54-55
10 Conclusions 56-57
Acknowledgements
Photos
1. INTRODUCTION
Indian agriculture is challenged with a number of problems which include
overall low productivity, sustainability and natural resource degradation. As a
consequence, rural sector of our country is going through an acute crisis. Every
year, there is considerable migration from rural areas to urban areas causing an
increased population pressure on basic amenities. To make rural sector
comfortable, we must make agricultural productivity a profitable one. Participatory
Rural Appraisal (PRA) is an important tool in this connection to find location specific
problems and researchable issues to come up with possible solutions for short and
long-term benefits. PRA is a good exposure for the trainee scientists to understand
the problems of the farmers. It allows them to think individually in his/her area of
interest for necessary intervention. PRA also provides an opportunity to the farmers
to analyze their livelihood issues.
PRA is an exercise that deals with temporal and spatial issues in agricultural
activities. Spatial information supplies the database about soil type, water
resources, land use, land pattern and topography of different life support system.
Temporal data helps in seasonal analysis, adoption and awareness about the new
technologies and human dimension helps in knowing the facts about participation,
gender issues, disaggregation, cultural values and ethics of the people of that
locality.
This Field Experience Training (FET) report has been prepared by
multidisciplinary team of six members namely Agricultural Entomology, Agricultural
Economics, Farm Machinery & Power, Genetics, Agricultural Extension and Live-
stock Products Technology. The information collected under different PRA tools is
presented in different sections of this report.
2. OBJECTIVES OF FET
The specific objectives of the FET are:
1. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to interact with the farming
community and to get an insight into their ways of living, needs, resources,
priorities, problems and prospects.
2. To enable the trainee scientists to understand the adoption profile of farming
community.
3. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the technology
adoption and diffusion process and the factors associated with adoption and
related concepts.
4. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the extension
system and transfer of technology (TOT) operating in the village.
5. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to gain an insight and
appreciation about indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) of farmers and to
generate appropriate technologies if scientifically valid.
6. To enable the trainee scientists to discuss and identify field related problems.
7. To inculcate the culture of teamwork and multi-disciplinary perspective among
scientist-trainees.
8. To study socio-economic implications and consequences of technologies,
products and processes.
9. To generate a detailed account of technology products and processes used by
producers with respect to production scenario, problems, opportunities, and
futuristic approaches.
10. To provide comprehensive insight into the role of private industry and other
stakeholders in value chain.
3. PRA TOOLS
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a research technique developed in
early 1980s as an alternative and complement to conventional sample survey. PRA
is a way of learning from and with farmers to investigate, analyze and evaluate
constraints and opportunities and to formulate research plan to address the
problems. The complexities of problem involved in agriculture can be understood
through PRA and hence, it is a system approach for systematic and rapid collection
of information
PRA is a systematic, semi structured activity conducted on site, by a
multidisciplinary team. It is basically a bottom-up approach of learning rural life
forms with and by rural people. Due to active participation of villagers as well as
scientists, PRA has become a useful method to focus attention on people, their
livelihood and relationship with socio-economic factors. It is a good technique to
help the community members make an appraisal of their livelihoods and issues
related to it.
Diverse information is collected during PRA using a number of techniques.
This information is verified by triangulation among various key informants (KIs) in
addition to on-site observation by the team members. The various techniques used
by the FET team to collect information are as follows:
1. Direct observation, collection and verification of primary data.
2. Collection of secondary data from panchayat members and officials of the State
Dept. of Agriculture.
3. Semi structured interview by raising some general issues to motivate villagers'
participation in different aspects of the village.
4. Collection of detailed views by approaching some representative key
informants.
5. Use of snowball technique to know more about some specific issues.
6. Participatory mapping for rapport building, easy interaction and spontaneous
involvement.
7. Seasonal analyses to understand different time bound farm activities, problems
and opportunities throughout the year.
8. Problem identification and preference ranking to identify the top most problems
and preparing solution plan accordingly.
4. FET METHODOLOGY
The FET is a learning process, firmly anchored on the principle of 'seeing is
believing' and 'learning by doing'. FET has three phases. In the first phase, the
village for PRA work was selected in consultation with the FET coordinators, Dr.
M.B. Dhonde, Chief Scientist, Water Management Scheme, Dr. B.D. Bhakare,
Assoc. Prof. Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry and Dr. P.S. Bodake, Assoc.
Prof. Agronomy, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapith (MPKV), Rahuri,
Maharashtra. We selected the village Khadambe Budruk in Ahmednagar district of
Maharashtra, located at a distance of 10 km from MPKV, Rahuri. The University
has introduced several technical interventions in this village thus making it easier for
the FET team to collect information from the villagers.
In Khadambe Budruk, we identified one main Key Informant (KI), Mr. Sursing
Pawar, a progressive farmer and a sarpanch of the village, relevant to the PRA
techniques. The team walked along with the main KI, interacted with other KIs and
villagers, observed while walking and noted the information. For each PRA
technique five KIs were selected. Interaction with KIs was initiated from the semi-
structured questionnaires and then branched as per need. The given information by
one KI was triangulated (verification) with other KIs and on the spot analysis. The
principle and methods of PRA was adhered for gathering information on 21 topics.
In the second phase of FET, we visited and interacted with various
stakeholders like the farm input suppliers (Krishi Seva Kendra), farmer‟s co-
operatives and veterinary officials. The interaction with stakeholders also helped to
understand the agricultural problems and prospects in the village and to prioritize
the research problems for action plan to be proposed. To understand the industrial
scenario prevailing in the area, we visited Shri. Baburao Tanpure Co-operative
Sugar Factory, Rahuri, and KVK, Babhaleshwar. We also visited Priyadarshani
Dairy Food Products Pvt. Ltd, a milk chilling Plant in the village Khadambe Budruk,
as well as Mula Agro Products Pvt Ltd, Mauli Doodh, a brand name in Maharashtra
in processed milk products as part of our industrial visit.
In the third phase, we shared our experience with the villagers and also with
the scientists of MPKV, Rahuri, by organizing one seminar in village on 4th July,
2010 and an institute seminar at MPKV, Rahuri on 7th July, 2010. We obtained
feedback from the farmers and the scientists, in light of which the action plan was
modified and proposed.
5. PRA TECHNIQUES USED IN THE VILLAGE
1. Basic information about the village
2. Transect walk
3. Agro-ecological map
4. Resource map
5. Seasonal calendar (activities)
6. Seasonal analysis (problems)
7. Gender disaggregated activities
8. Social map
9. Time line
10. Time trend
11. Mobility map
12. Venn diagram
13. Bio-resource flow
14. Wealth ranking
15. Indigenous technical knowledge
16. Technology map
17. Matrix ranking
18. Consequence diagram
19. Problem identification and ranking
20. Problem tree and solution tree
6. FINDINGS
The analyzed results of various PRA techniques applied in Khadambe
Budruk village in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra are given below.
6.1 BASIC INFORMATION
Key informants: Sursingrao Pawar, Babasaheb Takate, Sandip Vaidya, Santosh
Kshirsagar, Bhimraj Jadhav
Name of the Village : Khadambe Budruk
Village Panchayat : Gram Panchayat Khadambe Budruk
Taluka/ Tehsil : Rahuri
District : Ahmednagar
State : Maharashtra
Climatological Data
Mean Annual Rainfall : 450 mm/year
Mean Annual Temperature: 300 C
Relative Humidity : 69%
Geographical Coordinates
Latitude : 19°20’36.5”N
Longitude : 74°38’50.0”E
Altitude : 546 m
Geographical Area
Total Area : 565.6 ha
Cultivated Area : 561.6 ha
(Net Sown Area)
Irrigated Area : 413 ha
Residential Area : 3.4 ha
Fallow Land : 0.60 ha
Demographic Pattern (2001 census)
Total no. of households : 221
Total population : 1442
No of Males : 769
No of Females : 673
Literacy in percentage : 98.8%
Community Categorisation
No. Of Hindu Families : 100%
Occupational Distribution (no of individuals)
Dependent fully on agriculture and livestock : 340
Dependent on labour : 123
Dependent on job/service : 75
Labour includes agricultural labour and non-agricultural labour including driving,
carpentry, tailoring and shop-keeping.
Agricultural Scenario
A) Land Distribution
Land Holding per House Hold
Largest : 5.16 ha
Average : 2.44 ha
Smallest : 0.19 ha
B) Crop Husbandry
Kharif season : Sugarcane, bajra, cotton, soybean, marvel
Rabi season : Wheat, gram, lucern
Pre-Kharif (summer) season:
Gross Cropped Area : 561.6 ha
Cropping Intensity : 200
C) Animal Husbandry
Type of Animals: Cow, Sheep, Goat, Buffalo, Poultry
Animal Population Economic yield
Milk (litre/day) Other products (wool and meat)
Buffalo 34 8 ---
Sheep 580 --- 600 gm wool/animal
Goat 215 1.2 ---
Cow 665 15 ---
Bullocks 50 --- Draught purpose
Poultry 500 --- 1-1.5 kg/bird
D) Water Bodies
Open well : 113 Bore well : 70 River : 01 Pond : - Canal : 01
E) Others
Soil Type : Clay, Sandy-loam soil
F) Agricultural implements
Tractor : 20
Cultivator : 20
Country plough : 15
Bullock cart : 15
Seed drill : 16
Sprayer : 20
Thresher : 06
Chaff cutter : 02
Combined harvester : On custom hire basis
6.2 GENERAL TRANSECT
Key informants: Jagannath Tambe, Bhausaheb Mali, Shivaji Maasal, Sadashiv
Dhaygude and Yadav Pawar
It is walk through the village in a particular direction along with some key
informants with an objective to understand and study the major land use patterns,
topography, water resources, and natural vegetation by observing, interacting and
discussing with the key informants.
The entire village of Khadambe Budruk is divided into two zones, viz.
cropped and residential area. The village is situated on the bank of Dev River. In
village, there are two temples, Multifunctional Service Co-operative Society, District
Central Co-operative Bank, post office, a primary school and anganwadi.
The major soil types of Khadambe Budruk are clayey and sandy-loam. The
main crops are sugarcane, bajra, cotton, soybean, wheat and gram. Marvel and
lucern are grown as forage crops. Trees near the residential areas comprises of
Eucalyptus, neem, banyan, peepal, gulmohor coconut and babul. The major weed
seen in residential area is Parthenium hysterophorous whereas Cynadon dactylon,
P. hysterophorous and Bidens pilosa were a great menace in cropped area. Among
vegetables, onion was the only crop grown in the study area. Farming is practised
with all the modern equipments and implements like tractor, disk plough, cultivator,
sprayer, thresher and very recently combined harvester. The livestock population of
the village consists mainly of cows, sheep, goats, bullocks, buffaloes and poultry as
backyard venture.
The major problems observed in the village are non availability of quality
inputs in time, weed infestation and woolly aphid menace in sugarcane, increasing
soil salinity, mastitis and repeat breeding in milch animals and labour shortage.
Agricultural diversifications including vegetable cultivation, horticultural crops, FYM,
composting, vernmiculture, green manuring for reclamation of saline soils and
proper crop rotation are the major opportunities for the village.
Table 1: The general transect of Khadambe Budruk village
S. No. Particulars Residential area Farmed area
1. Soil type Sandy loam Clayey
2. Topography Up land Plain
3. Major crops -------- Sugarcane, Bajra,Wheat,
gram
4. Livestock/poultry Cow, Buffalo, bullocks,
sheep, goat, poultry ---
5. Trees Neem, banyan coconut,
peepal, Almond
Babul, sheesham,
Eucalyptus, Tamarind,
subabul
6. Weeds Parthenium
hysterophorus
Phalaris minor, Argemone
mexicana, Haryali, Lantana
camera
7. Water sources Panchayat water
supply,Hand pump
Open wells, canal and Bore
wells
8. Pests and
diseases Mosquitoes
Aphids, thrips, whiteflies,
sugarcane stem borer
9. Problems Electricity, mastitis in
milch animas Weed, soil salinity
10. Opportunities
Biogas plant,
composting, FYM,
composting,
vernmiculture,
vegetable cultivation
horticultural crops, green
manuring for reclamation of
saline soils and proper crop
rotation
6.3 AGRO-ECOLOGICAL MAP
Key informants: Dattatray Gayake, Bhagwat Takate, Dipak Kachole, Muralidhar
Kachole
In agro-ecological map, the meteorological parameters like rainfall,
temperature, relative humidity, flora and fauna of the village and the basic land use
pattern such as agro-forestry, forest cover and wasteland were depicted. The
village Khadambe Budruk is located at 12 km towards South from Rahuri on Rahuri-
Wambori road. It is situated at latitude 19°20‟36.5”N, longitude 74°38‟50.0”E and
altitude of 546 m above sea level. The area is characterized by warm summer and
mild winter. Majority of total annual rainfall is recorded in the period of June to
September. The average rainfall for the past five years was 450 mm/year. The soil
types are clayey and sandy-loam.
Sugarcane is the major crop of the region with important varieties like CoM-
0265 and Co-86032. It is transplanted at three times viz, suru planting in the months
of Dec- Jan, Pre-seasonal during Oct-Nov and adsali crop during Jun-Jul. In Kharif,
bajra, cotton and soybean crops were grown. In Rabi season, wheat is the main
crop with Tryambak and HD-2189 being the popular varieties. Gram is grown on a
small scale for domestic consumption purpose only. Important fodder crops grown
in the village are lucern, marvel and bajra napier. The major weeds seen were
Cynadon dactylon and Parthenium hysterophorous in sugarcane and other crops.
Major trees found in the village were Eucalyptus, neem, banyan, peepal,
gulmohor tamarind, coconut and babul. There is no forest cover in the area except
along the riverside which is the only area for animal grazing. Onion (Baswant- 780)
is the only vegetable crop grown in the village.
The major sources of irrigation are open wells, bore wells and canal. Around
75.00% of thee cultivated area is under irrigation in Khadambe Budruk.
Recycling of the biomass waste is practised in the village, mainly for biogas
production and also dried dung cakes used as fuel. The dung is used in the fields
as organic manure after open composting as a FYM.
6.4 SOCIAL MAP
Key informants: Sursingh Pawar, Sandip Vaidya, Dadu Kedari
The social map indicates social boundaries and social structure of the
village. It provides information on social institutions, social facilities, social problems
and other socially relevant issues. According to key informants and the villagers, the
village is devoid of any major social conflicts and other problems like alcoholism.
The village has been declared as “free from quarrels (tanta mukti)”, free from
alchohol and other intoxicating products. Good level of sanitation is observed in the
village. Every household has toilet facility. Village has already received „Nirmal
Gram Puraskar, an appreciation for the level of sanitation in the villages.
Migration is not a serious problem, since most of the people are engaged either in
agriculture or in industrial/ service sector jobs in nearby areas. The main occupation
of the village is agriculture and livestock. The peri urban nature of the village
permits the villagers to access livelihood options in nearby urban areas like Rahuri
and Ahmednagar so that unemployment is virtually absent in the village. Most of the
villagers are educated and younger generation are educated minimum up to
graduation
Social structure and stratification: The village population is of 100 percent
Hindu religion. Except few Scheduled Caste households (14%), most of the
villagers belong to higher casts. Most of the villagers are living intermingled in the
main residential area of the villagers. Some households are scattered in the farm
area, where they are found in communities which are not caste based.
Housing pattern: Since the village is situated in peri-urban area, slow urbanisation
is visible in housing pattern. Most houses are brick houses but few are kaccha
houses.
Educational institution: One primary school, one anganwadi.
Other institutions: Branch of Ahmednagar District Co-operative Bank, Village
Multipurpose co-operative society, post office. BSNL Telephone Exchange
6.5 RESOURCE MAP
Key informants: Babasaheb Takate, Indubai Sale, Shivaji Dhaygude
The village resource map shows the different kind of natural and man-made
resources such as land, vegetation, common land use, soil, water, minerals,
transport and source of communication and different supply and service
organization. Resource map indicates various amenities available in the village in
terms of natural resource base, infrastructure, technologies, communication,
transport and service facilities. In effect, it will point out level of development and
technology adoption and hence will help in formulating further research, extension
and development programmes. During the general transect through the village, the
different resources found are listed below.
Land: Total land area of this village is 565.6 ha, out of which 561.7 acres are
cultivated.
Crops: Sugarcane is the widely cultivated crop in the village. Wheat and Bajra are
major food grains cultivated. Since livestock are important component of village
economy, fodder crops like lucern, marvel grass, bajra napier are extensively
cultivated.
Livestock: Cow, Buffalo, Goat, Sheep, and Poultry. Dairy is one among the major
livelihood options of the villagers. High milk yielding cross bred cows are
common in the village.
Soil: Mainly Clayey soil. Sandy-loam Soil is also found in some part.
Water:
Open wells followed by Bore wells are the major source of irrigation. The village
is also benefited from the canal (from Mula Dam) and river (Dev nadi) flowing
through the boarders of the village. One water tank of capacity 75,000 litres
supplies drinking water to each and every household of the village.
Equipments:
Different farm implements like tractor, trolley, harrow, thresher, sprayer, chaff
cutter, milking machine were noted. Mechanization is slowly progressing in the
village.
Govt. organization:
One primary school, anganwadi, Branch of District Co-operative Bank,
Village Development Co-operative Society and Post office.
Communication and other infrastructure:
The village has tarred roads and is well connected to SH-10. BSNL telecom
exchange is operating in the village and most of the villagers are using mobile
phone facilities also. Almost all the households have television and DTH facility.
One water tank of the capacity 7,500 litre serves water to all the households in
the village. One notable feature is the widespread use of motorbikes for
transportation. They are widely used for commutation as well as for transporting
milk, fodder and other commodities.
Twelve Self Help Groups are functioning in the village. They are mainly
considered with micro finance activities and imparting training to members on
economic activities like tailoring, food processing etc. One group is involved in
production of value added products like aonla candy, syrup, jam, jelly, supari, pickle
etc.
Villagers have adopted many farm machineries and mechanization is
progressing in the village. Public transportation is found to be inadequate, but most
of the villagers depending on their own vehicles, either two wheelers or four
wheelers, for transportation
6.6 SEASONAL ANALYSIS
Key Informants: Ashokrao Thorat, Shirish Kachole, Jayram Chitalkar, Santosh
Jathar, Sandip Gadade
It is a monthly diagrammatic presentation of seasonal strength, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats of particular agricultural area for a year. Climate change
warrants change in cropping pattern and resource management practices. Due to
seasonal dependency, farmers use different strategies for successful farm business
for particular season. The major crops in this village are sugarcane and bajra
followed by wheat in Rabi season. In addition to this, lucern, marvel and Napier
grasses are grown widely for forage purpose.
In Khadambe Budruk village .Seasonal Problems Analysis and Seasonal
gender dis-aggregation these two techniques were analyzed. The most important
problems are mastitis and repeat breeding in livestock, presence of haryali weed,
wooly aphids in sugarcane. There is regular vaccination programme in the village
so livestock diseases are rare. Farmers are well acquainted with improved crop
varieties and are adopting new crop varieties and latest technologies. Agricultural
labour availability is a problem in the village. The most remunerable activities in the
village are animal husbandry for dairy purpose. Sugarcane cultivation is done
mainly as cash crop and also fodder for dairy animals. Only one jaggary production
unit is present in the village.
Seasonal Problem Analysis:
Information on major seasonal problems faced by farmers like pests and
diseases in various crops, diseases of livestock and availability of labor is depicted
in the table 2 and 3. This information is helpful to solve the seasonal difficulties of
farmers.
Table 2: Seasonal calendar of major crops, nonfarm activities and their
problems in Khadambe Budruk village
Crop Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Practices
Sugarcane
Ps, I H, M T, F, W, I W, Hb Ps, I, F I W,F, I
Bajra S, F, Ho, I W, I H, Th LP
Wheat LP S, F W, I I I H,M
Lucern I, C, F LP S,I, F I, C, F
Non-farm activities
Food Processing
Aonla Products Preparation
Brick Kiln
Tailoring
Problems
Sugarcane
Wa, Sb, Wd, Wl P
Bajra E
Wheat R, W
Lucern A
Non-farm activities
Food Processing
NP
Brick Kiln NP
Tailoring NP
Note: A = Aphids, LP = Land preparation, T = Transplanting, F = Fertilizer application, Ps = Pesticide Spraying, H = Harvest, M = Marketing, S = Sowing, W = Weeding, I = Irrigation, Wd = Weeds, Hb = Herbicide spray, Ho = Hoeing, Th = threshing, C = Cutting, Sb = Stem borer, Wa = Wooly aphid, Wl = Water logging, P = Pyrilla, E = Ergot, R = rust, NP = No Problem
Table 3: Seasonal calendar of livestock health management practices and problems
Species Problems &
practices June Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Cattle & Buffalo
Vaccinations HS FMD HS
De-worming
AI
Tick infestation
Sheep & goat
Vaccinations ET Sp ET
De-worming
Tick infestation
Note: FMD = Foot & Mouth Disease, HS = Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, ET=
Enterotoxaemia, Sp=Sheep pox
Table 4: Daily Routine Diagram of farmers and agricultural labourers in Khadambe Budruk village
Key informants: Santram Chittankar, Barku Shirsath, Mohan Sakhare, Chhanubhai, Ramesh Barde
Time
Male Female
Farmer Agricultural labourer
Employee Farmer Agricultural labourer
4.30 ------ Start of day
5.00 am Start of day Cleaning of cattle shed
Start of day
5.30 am Feeding concentrate to
the animals
Start of day Cleaning of utensils
House work
6.30 am Milking animals Start of day Milking animals
7.00 am Feeding of animals
Breakfast Tea & Breakfast House work Breakfast
7.30 am Tea & Breakfast Go to work Tea & Breakfast Go to work
8.00 am Sale of milk at collection center
Labour work Travelling to office place
Stitching Labour work
10.30 am Farm operations
Office
House work
11.30 am Lunch Lunch
12.00 Rest
1.00 pm Lunch Lunch House work Lunch
2.00 pm Harvesting & transport of
forage, feeding of animals
Labour work Office
Harvesting & transport of
forage
Labour work
5.30 pm Tea Return to home
Return to home Tea Return to home
6.30 pm Feeding concentrate
Tea House work
7.00 pm Milking of animals
Home work Milking of animals
8.00 pm Feeding of animals
Entertainment: TV, Radio
Cooking
8.30 pm Entertainment: TV, Radio
Dinner Dinner
9.30 pm Dinner Going to bed Dinner Dinner Going to bed
10.00 pm Going to bed Going to bed Going to bed
6.7 SEASONAL GENDER DISAGGREGATED ANALYSIS:
Key Informants: Satish Yadav, Indubai Sale, Suresh Takate, Vithabai Gayke,
Sarangdhar Kadam
The gender disaggregated analysis gives an idea about the involvement and
the share of activities performed by farm men and farm women in the cultivation of
various crops, animal husbandry practices.
In Khadambe budruk village, women are engaged mostly in household,
animal husbandry and agricultural activities. Female workers are preferred for
weeding operation, cutting of lucern and marvel grass whereas male labours for
fertilizer application and spray of pesticides operations. Adult males from medium
categories are participating in agriculture as well as animal husbandry activities
Women are equally contributing in income generation in the very poor category.
Men are playing major role in selling and marketing of farm produce in all the
classes. The details of gender participation are given in the table 5.
Table 5: Gender dis-aggregated activities in Khadambe Budruk village
Particulars Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Crops
Sugarcane (12 months)
Ps, I (M)
H M (M+F)(M)
T W F& I (M+F) (F) (M)
W Hb,Ps, I & F (F) (M)
I (M)
W F& I (F) (M)
Bajra S, F, Ho & I
(M) W I (F) (M)
H & Th (M+F)
LP (M)
Wheat LP
(M) S & F (M)
W I (F) (M)
I (M)
I (M)
H M (M+F) (M)
Lucern I, & F C
(M) (M+F) LP (M)
S,I, F (M)
I, & F C (M) (M+F)
Livestock
Cow, Buffalo, Goat & Sheep
Milking and livestock Management (M+F)
Non-farm activities
Food Processing
Aonla Products Marketing (F) (M)
Brick Kiln (M+F)
Tailoring (F)
Note: LP : Land preparation, T : Transplanting, F : Fertilizer application, Ps : Pesticide Spraying, H : Harvest, M :
Marketing, S : Sowing, W : Weeding, I : Irrigation, Hb : Herbicide spray, Ho : Hoeing, Th : Threshing, C : Cutting, M : Male,
F : Female
6.8 TIME LINE
Key informants: Shamrao Hadole, Rangubai Sale, Mohan Sakhare, Shivaji
Dhaygude
This tool of PRA technique depicts history of major remembered events in
community along with their significance. The purpose of time line is to obtain
historical account of changes in demography, socio-economic, communication,
social relationship and interaction, technology diffusion and adoption etc.
Information regarding the important events like the development in agriculture,
animal husbandry are collected from the key informants, preferably elderly people
of the village and presented in the table 6.
From the time line of agriculture in Khadambe Budruk village, it is evident
that, with the advent of assured constant irrigation from canal and with Minimum
Support Price (MSP) of the government the farmers shifted to exclusive sugarcane
cultivation. Though this has helped farmers financially, it has had adverse effects on
the area as seen in the increasing soil salinity due to monocropping.
Table 6: Time line of major events in Khadambe Budruk village
Year Events
1943 Post office
1960 Radio, Motorcycle (Bullet, Rajdoot)
1968 Electricity
1969 Mula Dam Irrigation canal
1970 Diesel Engine (Kirloskar) for water pumping
1971 Tractor (Massey Ferguson, 45 HP)
1972 Village land acquisition by MPKV, Rahuri
1975 Fertilizer (urea, SSP) , Bore well
1978 Thresher (Sonalika)
1980 Electric pump (Kirloskar)for water pumping
1987 Television
1989 Anganwadi
1990 First bank (Ahmednagar District Central Co-op. Bank)
1999 Road (NABARD assisted)
2000 Landline phone (BSNL)
2000 Tractor drawn tillage implements (rotavator, seed-drill)
2002 Mobile phone (Nokia, BSNL)
2005 Self-help groups started functioning
2006 Combine harvester (on custom hired basis)
2007 Computer (HCL), Dish TV, DTH
6.9 TIME TREND
Key informants: Ratan Bhalerao, Yeshwant Takate, Surshing Pawar, Raju Patole
This is a simple PRA technique, which is depicted in the form of graph (bar/ line)
to show the trend of crop/ animal production, commodity prices, human/ cattle
population etc. The main objective of this tool is to identify the changes/ fluctuations that
have occurred over a period of time in the variables influencing village life. For the
purpose of the present PRA study, the data were collected for sugarcane productivity
and milk yield trend of dairy cattle since 1970 and presented graphically as below.
1. Time trend for sugarcane productivity
For sugarcane productivity, trend is showing an increasing trend from 1970 to
2000. Initially low productivity was due to non-availability of new and high yielding
varieties. Up to 2000 the increase in productivity is due to adoption of new varieties and
managemental practices, but thereafter productivity is reduced. This reduction in
productivity is mainly due to decline in soil productivity due to deterioration in soil health
and increased soil salinity. Presently, the farmers are growing CO-265 and CO-86032.
Both these varieties are being cultivated in Khadambe Budruk with CO-265 occupying
majority of the area followed by CO-86032.
2. Time trend for milk productivity
The milk productivity also shows an increasing trend over a period of time. This
is as a result of availability of high yielding cows with superior germplasm that have been
adopted in the village, like Jersey, Holstein Fresien and Phule Triveni. The Phule Triveni
breed was developed by MPKV, Rahuri. In addition to this better management practices
and availability of improved forage grasses like luern, marvel, Yashwant are also
contributing important role in improvement in productivity.
6.10 TECHNOLOGY MAP
Key informants: Yeshwant Takte, Mohan Khalekar, Raju Gaike, Viju Kalhapure,
Sahebrao Pawar
Technology map is a PRA technique, which is used to know different types of
behavioural patterns towards technology adoption. Different types of technology
behaviour may be of adoption type, discontinuance, rejection and over adoption type
etc. Technology map comprise type and frequency of adoption of latest technology
through various agencies, related to agricultural research and development. It helps
scientist and extension workers to identify the problem of the farmers through the
feedback mechanisms.
Technology Diffusion Methods:
Technologies developed by various organizations are diffused to farmers‟ fields
through the simplest methods, and as far as possible in the farmer's language. The
following diffusion methods in general are adopted for diffusion of any technology
Training camps
SMS through mobile
Field demonstrations
Kisan tours
Farmers meeting
Kisan Mela
On-farm training
Distribution of bulletin and leaflets
Radio
Television
The different technologies which are adopted, discontinued and rejected are
depicted in table 9. The farmers of Khadambe Budruk village have adopted a number of
varieties of Sugarcane, Wheat, Pearl millet, Cotton, Onion, fodder crops etc and modern
farming implements and livestock breeds. MPKV Rhuri has introduced COM 265 variety
of sugarcane which is widely adopted in Khadambe Budruk village. The high
productivity, along with disease resistance, recovery is considered by the farmers to
select the sugarcane varieties.
Table 7: The various crops technologies Adopted / Rejected / Discontinued at
Khadambe Budruk village
S. No. Crops A/D/R Reasons
1. Sugarcane (Co-740) D Low salt tolerance, long duration crop (18
months)
2. Sugarcane (Co-265,
Co-8014, Co-86032) A
Short duration, salt tolerance, good recovery
(11.5 %)
3. Wheat (HD-2189) A High yield, Resistant to rust, good baking quality
4. Pearlmillet (Shraddha,
Saburi) A High yield, resistant to Ergot disease
5. Cotton (N-44) D Red leaf disease susceptibility
6. Cotton (Bt hybrids like
rasi-2, Ajit-155) A
High yield due to bollworm resistance, high price
in the market
7. Onion (Baswant-780) A High yield, market quality, Resistant to leaf blight
8. Lucern A Green fodder crop
9. Marvel (marvel-8) A Green fodder crop, highly nutritive and palatable,
increase milk yield
10. Napier (Yeshwant) A Green fodder crop
Note: A= Adopted / D= Discontinued / R= Rejected
Table 8: The various Farm Implements technologies Adopted / Rejected /
Discontinued at Khadambe Budruk village
S. No. Farm Implements A/D/R Reasons
1. Tractor (Massey Ferguson) D Low draft power (35 HP) for compact soils
2. Tractor (Mahindra 575 DI, John Deere) A High draft power (45 & 55 HP)
3. Disc Plough A Convenient to use in heavy and trashy soils
4. M.B. Plough A Turning of soil, green manuring etc
5. Thresher (Sonalika) A Convenient to use, helps to enhance the work efficiency of the farmers, labour saving
6. Sprayer (Arcad, Aspee) A Ease of agro-chemical application
7. Chaff cutter A Easy and quick fodder cutting
8. Combine harvester A Easy and quick harvesting
Note: A= Adopted / D= Discontinued / R= Rejected
Table 9: The various Livestock technologies Adopted / Rejected / Discontinued at Khadambe Budruk village
S.No Livestock
Technologies A/D/R Reasons
1. Buffalo (Murrah, Surati) A More milk yield, more fat percent, early lactation, more lactation period
2. Cattle (Jersey, HF, Triveni, Tharparkar)
A Milk yield and draught purposes
3. Sheep rearing (Deccani)
A Alternative source of income for landless, less input requirement
4. Goat Rearing (Oosmanabadi, Sangamneri)
A Alternative source of income, less input requirement, less fodder requirement, easily digestible milk
6. Vaccination A Protection from viral (FMD) and bacterial disease (HS)
7. Artificial Insemination A Genetic improvement
Others
1. Biogas Partially Adopted
Fuel and fertilizer source
Note: A= Adopted / D= Discontinued / R= Rejected
6.11 MATRIX RANKING
Key informants: Babasaheb Khalekar, Anil Jethar, Yeshwant Takte, Babasheb Gaike, Mohan Khalekar
Matrix ranking was done in the village to know the technology decision behaviour
of adoption, rejection and discontinuance. The villagers of Khadambe Budruk village
have adopted and discontinued several varieties of sugarcane and breeds of cattles
over the years. The farmer‟s usage of four varieties of sugarcane and three breeds of
cattle were compared to know what drives their technology adoption behaviour. It was
found that despite being inferior the varieties and breeds that were adopted and are
being used mainly, had the highest yields. Hence the most decisive factor for a farmer
regarding crop and livestock adoption is its yield.
Table 10: Matrix Ranking of Sugarcane Varieties
Features KI CO-86032 CO-671 COM-265 CO-8014
Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points
Productivity
K1 C 2 D 1 A 4 B 3
K2 D 1 B 3 C 2 A 4
K3 B 3 D 1 A 4 C 2
K4 D 1 C 2 A 4 B 3
K5 C 2 D 1 A 4 B 3
Score 9 8 18 15
Recovery
K1 A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1
K2 A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1
K3 A 4 B 3 D 1 C 2
K4 B 3 A 4 D 1 C 2
K5 B 3 A 4 C 2 D 1
Score 18 17 8 7
Crop Duration
K1 D 1 C 2 B 3 A 4
K2 D 1 B 3 C 2 A 4
K3 D 1 B 3 A 4 C 2
K4 D 1 C 2 A 4 B 3
K5 C 2 D 1 A 4 B 3
Score 6 11 17 16
Disease Resistance
K1 B 3 C 2 A 4 D 1
K2 D 1 C 2 B 3 A 4
K3 B 3 C 2 A 4 D 1
K4 C 2 D 1 A 4 B 3
K5 B 3 D 1 A 4 C 2
Score 12 8 19 11
Total score 45 44 62 49
Rank C D A B
Table 11: Matrix Ranking of Cow Breeds
Features KI Phule Triveni HF JERRSY
Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points
Productivity
K1 A 3 C 1 B 2 K2 B 2 A 3 C 1 K3 C 1 B 2 A 3 K4 C 1 B 2 A 3 K5 C 1 B 2 A 3
Score 8 10 12
Fat Percentages
K1 B 2 C 1 A 3 K2 B 2 C 1 A 3 K3 A 3 C 1 B 2 K4 B 2 C 1 A 3 K5 B 2 C 1 A 3
Score 11 5 14
Disease Resistance
K1 B 2 C 1 A 3 K2 C 1 B 2 A 3 K3 A 3 C 1 B 2 K4 B 2 C 1 A 3 K5 B 2 C 1 A 3
Score 10 6 14
Age(Puberty)
K1 B 2 C 1 A 3 K2 C 1 B 2 A 3 K3 C 1 A 3 B 2 K4 C 1 B 2 A 3 K5 C 1 B 2 A 3
Score 6 10 14
Total score 35 31 54
Rank B C A
6.12 CONSEQUENCE DIAGRAM
Key informants: Dilip Jathar, Sanjay Takte, Mahindra Khalekar, Raju Gaike, Viju
Tambe.
The consequence diagram indicates the impact of adoption of technology.
Consequence diagram related to farm inventory was found out for COM 265 varieties of
sugarcane and Phule Triveni and Jersey breeds of cow in the village.
Consequence diagram for COM 265 adoption
Consequence diagram for Phule Triveni adoption
COM 265
- High Productivity - Good Resistance to Diseases - Short Duration - 5 to 6 times Ratooning - Local Adaptability - Low Cost of Cultivation - Resistance to Water
Stresses
+
_
- Low Recovery - Less Market Competition - Difficult in inter-operation like Digging
Phule Triveni
- High Productivity (3000 to 3500 lit/lactation) - High fat Percentages (3.8 to 4.2 %) - Good Disease Resistance - Next Generation Productivity is not Decelerated
+
_
- Cow Unavailability - High Price of Cow
Consequence diagram for Jersey adoption
6.13 BIO-RESOURCE FLOW
Key informants: Dattatray Gayke
Bio-resource flow diagram documents how resources flow between farm
household, farm and market. It is usually prepared for a single farmer by depicting the
interaction of various farm components. It helps to visualise flow of resources into and
out of production system and thereby act as a basis to chalk out new ways to improve
resource use.
Since medium sized farmers are more in the village the bio-resource flow diagram
is formulated accordingly. The existing flow of farm produces and by-products are shown
using black lines while proposed one is indicated with green line.
Jersey
- Highest Productivity - High fat Percentages - Good Disease Resistance - Easily Availability - Suitable to local Conditions - Less Fodder Requirements - Short duration between two calving
+
_
- Look not Attractive
6.14 WEALTH RANKING:
Key informants: Datta Bankar, Bhausaheb Padole, Ramesh Barde, Narsinghrao
Pawar, Dilip Pawar
Table 12: Criteria for wealth ranking in Khadambe Budruk village
Particulars Criteria Number of
families
Per cent
families
Rich
Land >4 acre, cattle >10,
tractor, pucca house,
service
29 13.43
Medium Land 1-4 acre, cattle 4- 10,
pucca house, service 90 40.3
Poor Land < 1 acre, cattle 4- 10,
pucca house, labour 59 26.87
Very poor Landless, cattle 1-2, Cacha
house, labour 43 19.4
Wealth ranking of farmers of Khadambe Budruk village
Wealth ranking shows the percentage distribution of village population into
different wealth classes. The five key informants from different wealth classes were
interviewed for this technique. The key informants were asked to categorize the 67
sample households of the village into different wealth classes on the basis of land
holdings of the farmers. They were also asked to make the number of wealth class
categories based on their perception. The five key informants determined certain criteria
for classification of wealth categories. All five key informants categorized village farmers
as rich, medium, poor and very poor. Those farmers who were having land holdings
more than 4 acres, 1-4 acres, less than 1 acres and having no land were categorized as
rich, medium, poor and very poor respectively.
LIVELIHOOD ANALYSIS:
Key informants: Jay Singh Pawar, Nar Singhrao Pawar, Balasaheb Padole, Barku
Sirsath, Dadu Kedari, Tukaram Barde
Livelihood analysis gives an idea about the income and expenditure pattern of the
households. Accordingly farmers were divided into rich, medium, poor and very poor
based on the resources, indicated by farmers themselves. For rich farmers 45% of the
income comes from agriculture, 36% from dairy and 19% from service; but 32% of the
income is spent on agricultural inputs, 16% for food, 15% for animal, 14% for education,
7% for health, 9% is savings and 7% spent on miscellaneous. In the case of medium
farmers, 47% of the income comes from dairy, 28% from agriculture and 25% percent
from service; but 22% of the income is spent on agricultural inputs, 27% for food, 13%
for animal, 12% for education, 9% for health, 7% is savings and 10% spent on
miscellaneous. Among poor farmers 74% of the income comes from dairy, 14% from
service and 12% percent from other agriculture; but 52% of the income is spent on food,
16% for animal, 12% for education, 10% for health, 4% is savings and 6% spent on
miscellaneous. For very poor farmers 95% income come from wages and 5% from dairy
but 70% of the income is spent on food, 5% for animal, 8% for education, 10% for health
and 7% spent on miscellaneous.
Livelihood Analysis of Rich Farmers
45
36
19
agriculture
dairy
service
16
7
14
159
32
7
food
health
education
saving
animal
agricultural inputs
miscellaneous
Income expenditure
Livelihood Analysis of Medium Farmers
Livelihood Analysis of Poor Farmers
Livelihood Analysis of very poor Farmers
28
47
25
agriculture
dairy
service
27
9
127
13
22
10
food
health
education
saving
animal
agricultural inputs
miscellaneous
12
74
14
agriculture
dairy
service 51
10
12
4
8
69
food
health
education
saving
animal
agricultural inputs
miscellaneous
5 0
95
labour
dairy
70
10
8
57
food
health
education
animal
miscellaneous
6.15 VENN DIAGRAM
Key informants: Sadashiv Kshirsagar, Datta Banakar, Bhagwat Takate
The Venn diagram highlights importance and influence pattern of key institutions
and individuals in various aspects of village life. It reflects the local perception of relative
importance of the different institutions and individuals in various aspects of village life as
well as the relations between them with the help of different sized circles. It identifies the
weak or lacking interaction where linkages need to be established or improved. Positive
and negative relations are noted to identify alliances and conflicts. Strength or weakness
with respect to decision making can also be highlighted.
The Venn diagram is usually drawn with a purpose. Since live stocks are
important component of the village economy, the Venn diagram is drawn for the
Livestock and Dairy development in the village. Villagers are found utilising the peri-
urban advantage for Dairy production. One private diary is located in the village while
bulk milk collection centres of other diaries also exist in the village. The progressive
farmers of the village have good influence on other villagers and are an important
component of the Venn diagram for the village. Inside the village co-op society and bank
are perceived as important by villagers as they provide financial assistance to farmers.
Outside the village, MPKV has substantial influence on the farmers through improved
breeds and fodder varieties. Veterinary polyclinics in the nearby village and private
veterinary practitioners from other areas are also perceived as important by the farmers.
6.16 MOBILITY MAP
Key informants: Bapu Markad, Dadu Kedari, Ranjana Angre
It is the map that leads to explore the spatial mobility of the villagers for the
different activities like health/medical, marketing, education etc. The KIs were asked to
give information on mobility of villagers and information was collected on locations,
purposes, distance, time required, mode of transport and cost for each location. It was
observed that Wambori is the most frequently visited place for most of the purposes due
to its vicinity and good connectivity with the village, followed by Rahuri, MPKV,
Ahmednagar, Shanishignapur and Shirdi. Farmers travel to Wambori for buying
agricultural inputs and home consumption items. Farmers travel Rahuri for buying
agricultural inputs, home consumption items and sale of agricultural produce at the
mandi. Farmers visit to Ahmednagar for buying big agricultural implements. Agricultural
labourers move to Wambori and Rahuri for daily wage labour and youth travel to Rahuri
for collegiate education. The nearest hospital to Khadambe Budruk frequented by the
villagers is at Rahuri. The devotees of Khadambe Budruk village visit pilgrimage
Shanishignapur and Shirdi.
Table 13: Mobility table for Khadambe Budruk village
S.No. Destination Distance
(km)
Mode of
Transport
Fare
(Rs.)
Purpose
1. Rahuri 12
Auto, Tractor,
Bus, Bike,
Bicycle
8 Education, Hospital, Agricultural
inputs, Mandi, Employment,
2. Ahmednagar 30 Bus 30 High capacity agricultural
implements
3. Shirdi 58 Bus 42 Sai Baba temple
4. MPKV 9
Auto, Tractor,
Bus, Bike,
Bicycle
5 Labour/employment, seed,
farmer training
5. Shani
Shingnapur 25 Bus. Auto 28 Shanaishevar Temple
6. Wambori 5 Auto, Bike,
Bicycle 4
Railway station, medical,
agricultural inputs
Figure 23: Mobility map of Paju Kalan village
6.17 INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE MAP
Key informants: Babasaheb Takate, Sadashiv Gayke, Ramesh Barde
Indigenous technical knowledges (ITKs) are the local wisdom of the people which
are communicated over generations by oral tradition. They are developed by trial and
error in response to various situations and problems in day to day life. Most of them are
specific to particular culture and context; even then wider adaptability will be possible in
most of the cases. Some of the ITKs collected from the village in relation to animal and
crop husbandry as well as for human health are listed here.
Table 14: Uses of ITKs in Khadambe Budruk village
Sr. No.
Practice Purpose
For crops
1. Treatment of Bajra seeds with cow urine To prevent soil born diseases
2. Neem leaves To control storage pests
For livestock
1 Feeding Leaves of wild Jetropha To control Bloats in animals
2 Pouring vegetable oil in nostrils
3 Drenching Jaggery solution
4 Feeding of shisham leaves To control Diarrhoea in animals
5 Drenching chalk powder solution
6 Feeding Cloves(Syzygium aromaticum) For removal of placenta
7 Custard apple leaf extract To control ticks
8 Hot water fermentation To control mastitis
For Human
1 Extract of Oscimum (Tulsi) leaves To control stomach ache
2 Extract of Pomegranate rind
3 Lemon tea
4 Ash of Neem bark and coconut oil For Wound healing
6.18 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE
Key informants: Sadashiv Dhaygude, Babasaheb Takate, Sandip Vaidya, Sandip
Gadade, Jagannath Rupnar
In this technique, efforts were made to identify the problems faced by villagers
especially in agricultural sector by interviewing 25 farmers using snow ball technique.
Five topmost problems were listed as per their perception and were ranked between one
to five according to severity. Information regarding extent of losses incurred in crops and
animals was obtained through discussion with farmers. Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) was
then calculated using following formula.
Rank Based Quotient
RBQ = ∑ fi (n+1-i) x100
N X n
Where,
i = Concerned ranks (1 to 5)
N = Total numbers of farmers (25)
n = Numbers of ranks (5)
fi = Frequency (Number of farmers reporting particular problem under ith rank)
The problems were ranked based on RBQ as given in the table-
Problems identified in Khadambe Budruk village
Sr no Problem Ranks RBQ Ranking of
problems I II III IV V
1 Weed infestation 10 6 4 2 3 74.4 1
2 Woolly aphid infestation in sugarcane 6 7 4 4 4 41.62 5
3 Mastitis in Milch animals 7 4 5 3 6 62.4 3
4 Repeat breeding in Milch animals 3 2 4 10 6 48.8 4
5 Increased soil salinity 8 6 7 2 2 72.8 2
6.19 PROBLEM AND SOLUTION TREE
Using top-down approach, all the possible causes for the problems faced by
villagers were discussed and possible solutions/ alternatives to be suggested were
analysed and presented in the form of dendrogram after finalising with the subject
matter specialists.
Problem Causal and Solution Tree for Weed Problem in Sugarcane
Problem Causal and Solution Tree for Soil Salinity
Problem Causal and Solution Tree for Mastitis in Milch Animals
Problem Causal and Solution Tree for Repeat Breeding in Milch Animals
Problem Causal and Solution Tree for Sugarcane Wooly Aphid Ceratovacuna
lanigera
6.20 Perspectives of problems
Problems identified were categorized as those arising out of gaps in research,
gaps in extension activities and gaps in developmental process.
Research gap
Need for screening of salt tolerant crop species suitable for the village
Lack of technologies suitable for small farmers
Lack of crop diversification
Extension gap
Lack of awareness among small farmers about group farming
Lack of know-how regarding food processing
Non- adoption of integrated nutrient management in Sugarcane
Non-availability of diagnostic kits and prophylactics against Mastitis
Non availability of efficient weeding techniques
Developmental gaps
No dairy cooperatives functioning in the village
No Agripreneurship in the village
Lack of good transport facilities (No bus is coming in the village)
No higher education available (Only primary school, no convent school)
Interrupted electricity supply (16 h load shading)
6.21 Research project proposals
Based on the problems and research gaps identified, the following research
projects are proposed.
1. Increasing agricultural sustainability in Khadambe Budruk village through crop
diversification by introducing high value horticultural crops.
2. Promotion and adoption of integrated farming systems for sustainable agricultural
livelihoods (Sugarcane + dairy + poultry).
3. Assessment of effectiveness and economic feasibility of various weeding
techniques and integrated weed management for controlling Cynodon dactylon in
sugarcane.
4. Soil and water testing for nutrient status and objectionable impurities in
Khadambe Budruk village of Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra.
5. Screening of salt tolerant crop species and suggesting suitable alternate cropping
pattern for Khadambe Budruk village
6. Implementation, evaluation and validation of integrated pest management in
Sugarcane in Khadambe Budruk village.
7. Development and validation of diagonistic kits and prophylactics against Mastitis
in dairy cattles.
8. Empowerment of rural women through formation of self help groups (SHG) and
training in value addition of agricultural produce in Khadambe Budruk village
9. Development of a dairy co-operative and milk processing units in Khadambe
Budruk village of Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra for higher milk productivity
and efficient milk marketing.
10. Economic upliftment of rural farmers through Agripreneurship development
programs for alternate agricultural livelihoods: organic farming and Food
Processing units
11. Documentation, evaluation and standardisation of the ITK‟s and innovations
reported in the Khadambe Budruk village.
12. Training of farm families in improved animal husbandry practices and its Impact
analysis on health of animals and livelihoods of farmers in Khadambe Budruk
village of Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra
Action plan
What Who Where When
How Project cost
Expected outcome
Project I Agronomist, Horticulturist, Plant breeder Agril. Economist
MPKV, Rahuri 2010-11 Introduction of
horticulture and agronomic crop species
suitable to the region
6 lakhs
Higher productivity, optimal
use of resources, increased
farm income
Project II
Agronomist, Animal scientist
Deptt of Agronomy and
Deptt. Of Animal Science and
Dairy Science, MPKV, Rahuri,
2010-13
Implementation and
validation through trails
and demonstration
10 lakhs
Improved agricultural productivity, income generation
s
Project III
Agronomist, Agril.
chemist, Agril.
Economist
Deptt. of Agronomy,
MPKV, Rahuri, Directorate of
Weed Research Jabalpur
2010-12
Implementation, evaluation and validation of integrated
weed management
5 lakhs
Control of Weeds, higher
productivity
Project IV
Soil Scientist, Agronomist
CSSRI, Karnal 2010-13
Collection and analysis of soil and water samples
6 lakhs
Project V
Soil Scientist, Plant breeder, Agronomist
CSSRI, Karnal 2010-14
8 lakhs
Availability of salt tolerant crop varieties, increased yield
Project VI
Entomologist, Extension Scientist
NCIPM, New Delhi
2010-12
Development of location specific IPM modules and their validations at farmers fields
4.5 lakhs
Reduced pest damage, reduced cost of crop protection
Project VII
Veterinary pathologist, Veterinary bio chemist
IVRI 2010-13
Testing and standardization of diagnostic
kits and prophyl actics
13 lakhs
Improved animal health,
Increase milk
productivity
Project VIII
Extension scientist, Food Technologist, NGOs.
Deptt of Agril. Extension,
Deptt. Of Food Sci. and Tech MPKV, Rahuri, KVK,Babhalesh
war
2010-12
Training to the rural women in food processing
4 lakhs
Improved economic status of farm women through income generation
Project IX
Dairy Scientist,
Extensionist, Agricultural
MPKV, Rahuri 2010-12
Spread and assist in
starting self run milk
10 lakhs
Higher returns
and motivation
economist, cooperatives among farmers
to farmers for milk
production
Project X
Agricultural extensionist,
Food Technologis
t, Agronomist
KVK Babhaleshwar, MPKV, Rahuri
2010-15
Organizing regular training pro grammes for farmers
and providing requisite infra
structure
10 lakhs
Higher income to
small farmers
from alternate
agricultural livelihoods
Project XI
IPR experts IPR cell of ICAR 2010-12
Documentation of ITK‟s and
validation
5 lakhs
Revival of old and
generation of new
knowledge
Project XII
Extensionist,
Veterinarian
KVK, Babhaleshwar, MPKV, Rahuri
2010-13
Imparting training for
healthy animal husbandry practices to farm women
10 lakhs
Healthy animals
and increased productivit
y
ALTERNATE LIVELIHOODS
KIs: Santosh Kshirsagar,
The village is mainly dependent on agriculture and dairy for their livelihood. Several
alternate livelihood options in village include jobs, tailoring, vehicle drivers, brick kiln
owners, non-farm labour and jaggary preparation.
7. SEMINARS
7.1 VILLAGE SEMINAR
Village seminar was conducted on 4th July at the village primary school, which was
conveniently placed and easily approachable for all. Around 45 farmers attended the
seminar. The local FET coordinators, an agricultural officer, a veterinary doctor, a
chairman and vice chairman of the village cooperative society along with the village
sarpanch were also present during the seminar. Villagers took active participation in the
drawing of the village social map and also asked questions related to the crop
production and animal husbandry problems they are facing.
The information gathered through different PRA techniques was triangulated with
the villagers and the necessary feedback and corrections were taken up. The top most
researchable problems we identified by discussions and using the ranking technique
were triangulated. The topics discussed in the village seminar were the reclamation of
saline soils, solutions to mastitis and repeat breeding, management of wooly aphid in
sugarcane, management of weeds especially haryali in sugarcane, crop diversification
and alternative livelihood options available in the village.
Weed problem in sugarcane was perceived as top most problem by the villagers.
Our FET team explained them that because of continuous cropping of sugarcane, one of
the long duration crops requiring high water, there is always high moisture in the soil
which makes the haryali to spread faster. In addition to this improper weed management
practices like mixing of incompatible chemicals (herbicide + insecticide) gives no
satisfactory control of the target weed. Therefore, there is a need for diversifying the
cropping pattern with rotation of different crops rather than growing sugarcane after
sugarcane, which can improve the soil health and enhance the productivity.
The farmers were convinced with the advice given to them related to their problems
by the scientists of University as well as our FET team. Most of them have taken the
contact numbers of University scientists and also shown keen interest to get advice for
the soil and crop related problems from the Agril. University and Agril. Department.
Thus, our efforts to conduct the seminar in village were fruitful.
7.2 INSTITUTE SEMINAR
The institute seminar was held on 7th July, 2010 in the Department of Agronomy,
MPKV, Rahuri. Our local FET co-ordinators Dr. Ananda Wani, Head of the Department,
Dr. M.B. Dhonde, Chief Scientist, Water Management Scheme, Dr. B.D. Bhakare,
Assoc. Professor of Soil Physics, Dr. P.S. Bodake, Assoc. Professor of Agronomy,
Heads of the various departments, distinguished faculties and M.Sc. and Ph.D. students
of MPKV were present during the seminar. During the institute seminar each FOCARS
trainee presented about different PRA tools.
Raghu Raj Singh: Basic information, village transect and agro ecological map
Sajesh V K: Resource and social maps, Bio-resource flow, Venn diagram, ITKs
Tejveer Singh: Daily activity profile and daily routine diagrams of both men and women,
wealth ranking
Kamble Ankush Lala: Technology map, matrix ranking, consequence diagram
Yogesh P Gadekar: Seasonal calendar, gender disaggregated calendar, time line, time
trend
Babasaheb B Fand: Problem identification, problem causal and solution tree and
proposed research projects.
We presented the researchable issues to overcome the problem of weed
infestation, soil salinity, mastitis and repeat breeding in milch animals and wooly aphid
management in sugarcane. We triangulated the information collected from the villagers
with the scientists of university. After the seminar, active discussion was held among
scientists and feedback was received.
The dignitaries were very happy with the FET group presentation and the PRA
work we carried out in the village. It was suggested that further “farmer oriented - need
based” research programmes should be initiated.
.
8. Industrial and Institutional Visits
As an important component of PRA, we visited agro-based industries in and
around Rahuri that influence the livelihood of farmers of the area. We visited five agro-
based industries, as follows:
1) Input suppliers :
2) Output buyers and processors :
a. Dr. Baburao Bapuji Tanpure Co-operative Sugar Factory, Rahuri
b. Mula Agro Products Pvt Ltd, a milk chilling and processing plant
c. Priyadarshani Food products Pvt Ltd, Ahmednagar, a chilling plant unit at
Khadambe Budruk
3) End-to-end support :
Haryali Kissan Bazaar, Rahuri
8.1 Dr. Baburao Bapuji Tanpure Co-operative Sugar Factory, Rahuri
Dr. Baburao Bapuji Tanpure Co-operative Sugar Factory, Rahuri is a leading
sugar mill in Ahmednagar District of Maharashtra. We visited the sugar factory on 8th
July, 2010 where we met the Managing Director of the firm, Mr. B.B. Pawar and
Secretary, Mr. S.H. Bangal. The secretary told about general procurement procedures,
crushing capacity and annual turnover of the sugar factory. We also visited different
departments of the sugar mill to collect related information.
Agriculture Department:
KI: Mr. Pawar, Dighe and Bhausaheb Banakar
This department is taking care of
Registration of sugarcane transplanting in the operational area of the factory
The operational area of the factory is spread over near about 12,000 ha
comprising three Tehsils viz., Rahuri, Ahmednagar and Shrirampur through 22 divisional
offices.
Supply of sugarcane seed sets to the sugarcane cultivators
e.g: CO- 86032, CO- 94012, COM-0265
Harvesting and transport of sugarcane from farmers field
Variety based subsidy to sugarcane cultivators as per the decision of Ministerial
cabinet in the state Govt.
Providing press mud (minimum charges) and molasses (free of cost) to the farmers
as organic manures to enrich the soil.
Department of Sugarcane development:
This department deals with,
Popularization of newly released varieties of sugarcane in the operational area.
Maintenance of sugarcane seed plot
Seed distribution @ Rs 400/1000 seed sets, the cost of which is recovered through
payment of goods at the time of crushing in the factory.
Services and technical facilities offered:
The factory is in the service of farmers of the region by providing following
facilities to them,
Soil testing laboratory:
This laboratory is playing a pivotal role since 1984 by providing nutrient testing
facilities mainly for N, P, K, pH, EC and organic carbon of the soil at a nominal rate of Rs
15/ sample within 3 days. The report containing nutrient status along with technical
advice regarding nutrient management is also provided to the farmers.
Bio-fertilizer production unit:
Since 2002, the unit is producing different bio-fertilizers viz., Azotobactor
cruccum, Phosphorous solubilising bacteria and Trichoderma viridi.
„SAMPADA‟ organic manure:
Sampada is a very popular brand name in the area. This organic manure is
enriched with NPK, micronutrients viz., boron, zinc, iron, manganese etc and bio-
fertilizers like Azotobactor and Trichoderma. The nutrients are mixed with a base
material like lignite or press mud from sugar factory in 1:3 proportion.
8.2 Visit to Mula Agro Products Pvt Ltd, a milk chilling and processing plant
We visited the Mula Agro Products Pvt Ltd, a model Dairy Plant in the Rahuri
Tehsil, on 7th July, 2010 as part of our industrial visit for FET. The Plant is located at the
Brahmani village of Rahuri Tehsil, at a distance of 12 km from MPKV Head quarter
which was our FET centre. The plant is processing 1lakh litres of milk per day.
The important activities of dairy plant are,
Procurement of milk:
Milk is procured through private milk collection centers in the three Tehsils of
Ahmednagar District viz., Rahuri, Shrirampur and Newasa as well as from two milk
chilling centere located at Guha in Rahuri Tehsil and Padhegaon in Shrirampur Tehsil.
Raw chilled milk (RCM):
After receiving milk at a plant it is stored in chilled condition (3-40 C) in Silo tank
with 30,000 litres capacity from which it enters the Pasteurizer after filtration.
Pasteurization:
Pasteurization is done at a temperature of 720 C for 15 seconds (HTST).
Homogenization:
This is done to break down the fat globules uniformly.
Storage tank:
Homogenized milk is collected in a storage tank of 10,000 litres capacity whre it is
chilled by using Ammonia as refrigerant/ cooling gas.
Packaging:
Chilled milk is packed in different sized packs like 250 ml, 500 ml and one litre
capacity by using automated form and film machine.
Other processed milk products:
The plant is also producing different value added milk products like Shrikhand,
Pedha, Lassi, Ghee and Flavored milk.
Marketing of chilled milk and processed milk products:
Marketing is done through regional marketing offices located at three important
Districts viz., Pune, Nashik and Aurangabad. The Dairy Plant is a commercial success in
an area.
8.3 Hariyali Kisan Bazaar
KIs: Vipul Mandhare (Manager), Navnath Navghare (Agronomist), Kiran Shendge
(Salesman)
The Hariyali Kisan Bazaar is a rural business centre set up by DCM Shriram
Consolidate Ltd (DSCL) located at New Delhi, in 2002 in over 302 locations in eight
states of India. The FET team visited the unit located at Rahuri in Ahmednagar District. It
was started on 15th Nov, 2008. The aim of each Hariyali Bazaar is to provide the farmers
of India with end-to-end ground level support. The unit is covering whole of Rahuri
Tehsil.
The centre provides following services to the farmers of the region,
Agricultural inputs:
Fertilizers, seeds, Cattle feed, farm implements, pesticides etc
Non- agril. Inputs:
Food items like pulse, oils, biscuits, rice, sugar, processed food products like
jams, jellys, dry fruits etc
Life style:
Hosiery, clothing etc
Agricultural information and technical advice:
Organizing seminars and visits of sales managers and regional officers of
fertilizer and pesticide MNCs like Syngenta, Rallis India Ltd, Byre Crop Sciences,
Dhanuka Pesticides Group and Shri ram Fertilizers.
The farmers of village Khadambe Budruk are regular visitors to this Hariyali
bazaar for their agricultural as well as other needs.
8.4 Visit to KVK, Babhaleshwar
Our FET team visited the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, located at Babhaleshwar, Tehsil
Rahata in Ahmednagar District, on 7th July, 2010. The KVK is run by NGO, PIRENS
(Pravara Institute of Research and Education in Natural and Social Sciences) and is
actively engaged since 1992 in uplifrtment of socio-economically weaker sections of
rural community through various activities like vocational trainings, frontline
demonstrations, on farm testing and technology dissemination.
Dr. Bhaskar Gaikwad, Programme Coordinator, Dr. Sunil Borude, SMS, Agri.
Extension briefed us about activities and role of KVK in the operational area. The KVK
received national level Best KVK Award- 1998-99 from ICAR, New Delhi. KVK has
seven Departments viz., Agronomy, Horticulture, Veterinary sciences, Home Science,
Soil Science, Plant protection and Agril. Extension to organize these activities.
Additionally, they also have a well equipped biotechnology laboratory engaged in
production of bio-fertilizers, biopesticides and biofood like Spirulina on a commercial
scale. The KVK also has maintained good nursery of important horticultural crps like
mango (Keshar), Pomegranate, Aonla etc. To provide latest weather updates and
weather forecasting to the farmers the KVK has established automated weather station.
The KVK is in the service of farmers of the area through,
Mobile alert system for latest market prices and weather, pest and disease
forecasting
Agriclinics and agribusiness programmes to encourage Agripreneurship
development
Conducting regular training programmes on improved agricultural practices
It serves as agril. Information and input service center
8.5 Visit to krishi Seva Kendra
Krishi Seva Kendra plays an important role in supply of basic agricultural inputs
like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides to the Farmers in an area. So, keeping this in view,
our FET team visited Jai Kissan krishi Seva Kendra, near to Agricultural Produce Market
Committee, Rahuri.
This Krishi Seva Kendra is supplying following major inputs since 1978,
Insecticides
Fungicides
Fertilizers (Urea, HB 10:26:26, Murate of Potash, Micronutrients etc)
Seeds (Onion, soybean, wheat, bajra, gram, maize etc)
It is also providing technical guidance to farmers related inputs supplied by
receiving complaints and facilitating interaction between farmers and company
representatives.
9. ICTs: use in Agriculture and Development
Innovations seen in the village:
Farm implements like tractor, disc harrow, deep plough, rotavator, chaff cutter etc
were the major innovations we could find the village. Milking machine was also used by
most of the dairy farmers. New varieties of sugarcane and fodder crops developed by
MPKV, Rahuri are being adapted by the villagers. A practice of growing grasses in the
alleys of teak plantations is also followed by a farmer named Santosh Kshirsagar.
In most of these cases Progressive farmers act as important communication
channel for diffusion of innovations among the villagers. Progressive farmers have very
good contact with outside information sources like Agril. University, Agril. Department,
KVK, innovative farmers in other areas etc. News papers followed by television and
radio are other important information sources. Agrowon, agriculture daily, fully dedicated
for agriculture sector is playing a lead role in supplying agricultural information.
Early uses of ICT
Earlier uses of ICTs in the village were limited only to personal communication
entertainment. Since, agriculture is major occupation of the village; ICTs were also used
to access the agricultural information. Some villagers are using SMS service providing
information on market intelligence, weather forecasting etc. Agricultural programmes
and advertisements on television are found to have influence on the farmers in the
village. With the improvement in the level of education, the younger generation is using
ICTs for their academic and career activities.
Differences in use of ICTs by men and women
Men are using mainly mobiles, news paper and TV while women are mostly using
TV and Radio, landline phones as information and entertainment source.
Possible constraints in ICT use by farmers:
Constraints faced by farmers in using ICTs are,
1. Related to infrastructure
2. Related to level of awareness
Most of the farmers are using mobile phones, landlines etc, while use of computers
and internet facility is very much limited. Erratic power supply, lack of connectivity,
absence of E-kiosks, E-choupals are infrastructural problems whereas functional
illiteracy and unfelt need are awareness related problems.
Possible constraints in ICT use by Extension officials
With the advance of ICTs extension officials- farmers contact has become much
easier Both the extension official and farmers are widely using mobile and landline
facilities for knowledge sharing and feedback, but use of internet related facilities are still
in the question due to infrastructure and awareness problems as in the case of farmers.
Consequences of ICTs not being used effectively
ICTs are mainly found to be used for communication and entertainment purpose
only. Very few farmers are using SMS based market and weather information based
services. Since, agriculture is heavily dependant on the weather conditions, as well as
market fluctuations also affect the farmer‟s income farmers can take adequate
precautions if weather and market related information are made available in advance.
Promoting ICT use in the village
To improve the ICT use by farmers, infrastructural and human constraints should
be removed. Villagers should be trained for using ICTs. Training should be
supplemented by establishment of village resource center or any E-choupal type of
setting, where villagers can access computer and internet facilities.
Training should be need based such that, farmers should be made aware of and
should be prompted to used various internet based services for them. Expert system,
agri-portals and expert systems and SMS based services which provide advisory
services should be exposed to farmers.
10. CONCLUSIONS
Khadambe Budruk Village is mainly dependent on agriculture and dairy. As most of
the village land was occupied by MPKV, Rahuri in 1972, only option left with farmers is
small scale farming and search for job. As such 80% of households are employed by the
University under project displacement plan. Livestock rearing is also a widespread
activity in the village with all farmers having crossbred cows. Most of the farmers have
medium sized land holding for whom dairy is the major source of income. Twenty per
cent of the villagers are landless.
Village is devoid of any major social conflicts and other problems like alcoholism.
The village has been declared as “free from quarrels (tanta mukti)”, free from alchohol
and other intoxicating products. Good level of sanitation is observed in the village. Every
household has toilet facility. Village has already received „Nirmal Gram Puraskar, an
appreciation for the level of sanitation in the village.
The villagers are progressive with respect to agriculture adopting the latest crop
varieties and farm technologies developed by the university. The farmers of Khadambe
budruk have used a number of sugarcane and wheat varieties over the years and are
presently using CoM-0265 and Co- 86032 in sugarcane and HD-2189 in wheat. Similarly
most farm activities are mechanized in the village and the villagers have not lagged
behind in adopting latest technologies.
Despite all the progress made by the farmers of Khadambe Budruk village, only
few farmers are aware of the gradual soil degradation mainly because of increased
salinity. Similarly fertilizer doses used are high since the soil nutrients have been lost
due to continuous sugarcane cultivation. Monocropping of sugarcane lead to built up of
weed problem and wooly aphid infestation on sugarcane crop.
Most of the farmers are using mobile phones, landlines etc, while use of
computers and internet facility is very much limited for accessing the information. To
improve the ICT use by farmers, villagers should be trained for using ICTs. Training
should be supplemented by establishment of village resource center or any E-choupal
type of setting, where villagers can access computer and internet facilities.
This FET and PRA exercise has given us insight about livelihood of villagers. It was
a very good opportunity to interact with various stake holders playing important role in
overall development of village. The information gathered through this PRA study can
help us in taking up need-based research projects in the future and also help to
strengthen our research base for future to serve the rural community more efficiently.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dr. P.K. Joshi, Director, NAARM, Hyderabad
Dr. D. Rama Rao, Coordinator, 90th FOCARS, NAARM, Hyderabad
Dr. V.K.J. Rao, Coordinator, 90th FOCARS, NAARM, Hyderabad
FET Comittee, NAARM, Hyderabad
Dean, PGI, MPKV, Rahuri
Dr. C.B.Gaikwad, Ex-Head, Department of Agronomy, MPKV, Rahuri
Dr. Ananda Wani, FET Head, Head, Department of Agronomy, MPKV,
Rahuri
Dr. M.B. Dhonde, FET Center Coorddinator, Chief Scientist, Water
Management Scheme, MPKV, Rahuri
Dr. B.D. Bhakare, Assoc. Prof, Soil Science and Agril. Chem., MPKV,
Rahuri
Dr. P.S. Bodake, Assoc. Prof, Department of Agronomy, MPKV, Rahuri
Mr. Sursinghrao Pawar, Sarpanch, Khadambe Budruk Village
Mr. Babasaheb Takate, Progressive farmer, Khadambe Budruk Village
Mr. Shete, Agril. Asst., Khadambe Budruk Village
Dr. Pawar, Veterinary doctor, Khadambe Budruk Village
Mr. Jadhav, Gram Sevak, Khadambe Budruk Village
Mr. Khatavkar, Land record keeping officer, Khadambe Budruk Village
Figure 1: A satellite image of Khadambe Budruk village (Source:
www.google.com/maps/satellites/). The image includes residential
area fallow/ waste land and agricultural fields.
Figure 2: A view of the residential area, cultivated field and waste land in
Khadambe Budruk village
Figure 3: Rapport Building with the villagers
Figure 4: Discussion with villagers about their agricultural livelihoods
Figure 5: Agro-ecological map of Khadambe Budruk depicting the various agricultural and ecological resources of the village
Figure 6: The weed diversity of Khadambe Budruk village: Cynodon
dactylon, Parthenium hysterophorous and Lantana camera
Figure 7: Mula Right Bank Canal, a major source of irrigation to Khadambe
Budruk village
Fig. 8: Social map of Khadambe Budruk village
Figure 9: Villagers actively involved in the drawing of the Social Map of the village
Figure 10: Resource map of Khadambe Budruk village
Figure 11: Various resources of Khadambe Budruk village (tube well, chaff
cutter, tractor and Bullock cart)
Figure 12: Gender disaggregated activities in Khadambe Budruk village
Figure 13: Bio-resource flow in Khadambe Budruk village
Figure 14: a. Village seminar (Upper half), b. Institute seminar
Figure 15: Visit to Sugar factory and bio-fertilizer production unit
Figure 16: Visit to Haryali Kisan Bazar located at Rahuri, Maharashtra
Figure 17: Visit to KVK Babhleshwar, Maharashtra
