Report Compiled By:

Pur wa nto, Muhaj i r, Joa nne Wi lson , Riz ya Ardiwi ja ya , a nd Sa ngeet a Ma ng ubhai

August 2012

Indo-Pacific Division

Indonesia

Report No 6/12

Coral Reef Monitoring in Kofiau and Boo Islands Marine Protected Area, Raja Ampat, West Papua.

20092011

August 2012

Indo-Pacific Division

Indonesia

Report No 6/12

Report Compiled By: Report Compiled By: Report Compiled By: Report Compiled By:

Pur wa nto, Muhaj i r, Joa nne Wi lson , Riz ya Ardiwi ja ya , a nd Sa ngeet a Ma ng ubhai

Coral Reef Monitoring in Kofiau and Boo Islands Marine Protected Area, Raja Ampat, West Papua.

20092011

vii

Published by: Published by: Published by: Published by: TheNatureConservancy,Indo-PacificDivision

Purwanto:TheNatureConservancy,IndonesiaMarineProgram,Jl.Pengembak2,Sanur,Bali,Indonesia.Email:purwanto@tnc.org

Muhajir:TheNatureConservancy,IndonesiaMarineProgram,Jl.Pengembak2,Sanur,Bali,Indonesia.Email:muhajir@tnc.orgJoanneWilson:TheNatureConservancy,IndonesiaMarineProgram,Jl.Pengembak2,Sanur,Bali,Indonesia.

RizyaArdiwijaya:TheNatureConservancy,IndonesiaMarineProgram,Jl.Pengembak2,Sanur,Bali,Indonesia.Email:rardiwijaya@tnc.orgSangeetaMangubhai:TheNatureConservancy,IndonesiaMarineProgram,Jl.Pengembak2,Sanur,Bali,Indonesia.Email:smangubhai@tnc.org

Suggested Citation:Suggested Citation:Suggested Citation:Suggested Citation:

Purwanto,Muhajir,Wilson,J.,Ardiwijaya,R.,Mangubhai,S.2012.CoralReefMonitoringinKofiauandBooIslandsMarineProtectedArea,RajaAmpat,WestPapua.2009-2011.TheNatureConservancy,Indo-PacificDivision,Indonesia.ReportN,6/12.50pp.

2012012012012222 The Nature ConservancyThe Nature ConservancyThe Nature ConservancyThe Nature Conservancy

AllRightsReserved.Reproductionforanypurposeisprohibitedwithoutpriorpermission.

AllmapsdesignedandcreatedbyMuhajir.

CoverPhoto:DatacollectionactivityPurwanto/TNC

Availablefrom: IndonesiaMarineProgram Asia-PacificResourceCentre

TheNatureConservancy TheNatureConservancyJl.Pengembak2 245RiversideDriveSanur80228,Bali WestEnd,QLD4101Indonesia Australia

Orviatheworldwidewebat:www.nature.or.idwww.conservationgateway.org/

viii

Acknowledgements

TheauthorswouldliketothankAndreasMuljadi,ReinhartPaatandMarkusKrey,whoparticipatedinthe2009and2010monitoring,andKofiauresidentsNaftaliManggaraandNicoMambraku,whoactivelyparticipatedinthereefhealthmonitoringinKofiauandBooIslandsMarineProtectedArea.WewouldalsoliketothanktheRajaAmpatFisheriesandMarineAffairsAgency(DinasPerikanandanKelautan)andtheWestPapuaNatureResourceConservationAgency(BalaiBesarKonservasiSumberDayaAlam)whoarealsosupportthemonitoring.SpecialthankstoDariusAronggearandUsielWatem,whoinadditiontodrivingthespeedboatJou,frequentlyhelpedlaytransectswhencollectingdata.WearegratefultoAlisonGreenwhoprovidedextensivefeedbackandtrainingonfishdataanalyses.Lastly,wewouldliketothankourdonors,inparticulartheWaltonFamilyFoundationandprivatedonorswhosegeneroussupportallowedthesemonitoringactivitiestobeundertaken.

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Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... VIII

CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................................. IX

LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... X

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1

2. METHODS ......................................................................................................................................... 2

2.1. Kofiau Marine Protected Area ...........................................................................................................2

2.2. Zoning plan ...............................................................................................................................................2

2.3. Location and site selection ...................................................................................................................2

2.4. Reef Health monitoring fish and benthic communities .........................................................2

2.4.1. Fish community surveys ............................................................................................................................ 3 2.4.2. Benthic community surveys ....................................................................................................................... 4 2.4.3. Data analysis comparing zones.............................................................................................................. 5

2.5. Location and site selection ................................................................................................................... 5

2.5.1. Field surveys .............................................................................................................................................. 5 2.5.2. Data analyses ............................................................................................................................................ 6

2.6. Surface water temperature .................................................................................................................. 6

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................ 9

3.1. Fish communities ................................................................................................................................... 9

3.1.1. Fish biomass by location and monitoring year ........................................................................................... 9 3.1.2. Fish communities in each zone ................................................................................................................. 12 3.1.3. Differences among zones for select families of fish ................................................................................... 14 3.1.4. Fish biomass, density and families recorded during long swims ................................................................. 15 3.1.5. Sharks and rays ....................................................................................................................................... 16

3.2. Benthic cover .......................................................................................................................................... 17

3.2.1. Benthic composition of reef communities in Kofiau MPA ...................................................................... 17 3.2.2. Benthic community composition by zone type ..........................................................................................19 3.2.3. Coral bleaching ....................................................................................................................................... 20

3.3. Surface water temperature ................................................................................................................ 23

4. CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 26

5. RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................... 27

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................... 28

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................ 30

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List of Figures

Figure 1. Map of coral reef health monitoring locations and designated zones in Kofiau Marine Protected Area. Site pengamatan tambahan = Additional Site, Site pengamatan tetap = permanent site. .................................................................................................................................................. 7

Figure 2. The average biomass (kg/ha) and density (number/ha) of fish from all sites around Kofiau and Boo Islands from 2009-2011. Error bars = standard error. .....................................................10

Figure 3. Average fish biomass (kg/ha +SE) by location in Kofiau and Boo Islands in all monitoring years. Large schools of fish of the family Caesionidae in Lampu Bay and Tomna in 2010 are not included. .....................................................................................................................................................10

Figure 4. Biomass (kg/ha) of all families of fish in each survey year 2009-2011 at Kofiau Marine Protected Area. Error bars = standard error. .......................................................................................... 11

Figure 5. Average fish biomass (kg/ha) and density (number/ha) for sites in each zone of Kofiau Marine Protected Area from 2009-2011. Error bars = standard error. ....................................... 13

Figure 6. Annual average biomass of most important fish families in Kofiau MPA between no take and use zones, from 2009-2011. These fish are important to local communities as a source of food or income grouper, emperor, sweetlip, snapper, pelagic and/or important to the ecology of the reef (i.e. herbivore families surgeonfish, rabbitfish and parrotfish). The zones were designated and became locally enforced in October 2011, after the March 2011 monitoring. Error bars = standard error. ................................................................................................ 15

Figure 7. Average fish biomass (kg/ha +SE) and density (individuals/ha +SE) in all locations and all monitoring years.............................................................................................................................................. 16

Figure 8. Annual changes in percent benthic cover (average +SE) from 2009-2011 in Kofiau Marine Protected Area. ................................................................................................................................................ 18

Figure 9. Comparison of changes in annual benthic cover (average percent cover + SE) beteen Boo and Kofiau Islands from 20092011....................................................................................................... 19

Figure 10. Average percentage (%) benthic coverage in each zone for all monitoring years in Kofiau MPA (NTZ = No Take Zone, TUZ = Traditional Use Zone). ................................................. 20

Figure 11. Composition (%) of coral colonies by monitoring location and proposed zone in Kofiau Marine Protected Area. NTZ = No Take Zone, TUZ = Traditional Use Zone. ................... 22

Figure 12. Composition (%) of coral genera conditions. Only 20 coral genera shown in the figure. .... 22

Figure 13. Scatter plot of percentage of bleaching corals compare to percentage of susceptible genera. ............................................................................................................................................................................... 23

Figure 14. Fluctuations in average surface water temperature (C) by month and year for all monitoring sites in Kofiau Marine Protected Area. ............................................................................ 25

List of Tables

Table 1. Sampling details of Kofiau MPA from 2009-2011. ............................................................................... 2

Table 2. Fish families recorded during coral reef health monitoring in Kofiau MPA 20092011. (Key: + = recorded, - = not recorded, C = commercial fish, P = pelagic fish). ........................... 4

Table 3. Benthic categories recorded during coral reef health monitoring in Kofiau Marine Protected Area from 20092011. ................................................................................................................................... 5

Table 4. Coral condition categories. ............................................................................................................................. 6

Table 5. Locations of temperature loggers in Kofiau Marine Protected Area. ............................................... 6

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Table 6. Species of shark recorded in transects and during the long swims in Kofiau MPA from 20092011. .............................................................................................................................................. 17

Table 7. Surface water temperatures (C) in Kofiau Marine Protected Area, 2009 2011 (Max = maximum, Avg = average, Min = minimum, - = no data. Highest and lowest temperatures (across all years) are highlighted in grey. ..............................................................24

List of Appendices

Appendix 1. The names and GPS locations of sites sampled in Kofiau Marine Protected Area. ......... 30

Appendix 2. List of fish biomass constants used to calculate biomass ............................................................ 31

Appendix 3. Additional fish data analyses for Kofiau Marine Protected Area. .......................................... 40

Appendix 4. Additional benthic data analyses for Kofiau Marine Protected Area. ...................................42

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

KofiauandBooIslandsMarineProtectedArea(MPA)islocatedinRajaAmpatRegency,WestPapua,IndonesiaintheheartoftheCoralTriangle.ThereefsofRajaAmpathavetheworldshighestdiversityoffishandcoralsandalsosustainthelivelihoodsoflocalcommunitiesthroughfisheriesproduction,tourismandothermarineindustries.ManagementandzoningplansarecurrentlybeingdevelopedforallsevenoftheMPAsinRajaAmpat,includingKofiauandBooIslands.ReefhealthmonitoringwasconductedinKofiauandBooIslandsMPAin2009,2010and2011to:(a)obtaindataonthestateofthecoralreefstoguidethedesignofthezoningplanfortheMPA;and(b)establishastrongbaselinetoassesstheeffectivenessofthezoningandmanagementplansbycomparingchangesinbenthicandfishcommunitiesindifferentzonesovertime.CoralreefmonitoringfollowedtheprotocolbyWilsonandGreen(2009).Reefhealthwasassessedbydocumentingthecompositionofthebenthicandfishcommunitiesat10mdepthusingpointintercepttransectsandunderwatervisualcensusalongtransectsplusalongswim,respectively.Atotalof25permanentmonitoringlocationsand16additionalmonitoringlocationswereselected.Inaddition,seawatertemperaturesweremonitoredusingeightinsitutemperatureloggerspositionednearreefsthroughouttheMPA.

DespiteoverfishingpressurethefishcommunitiesinKofiauandBooIslandsMPAarestillinrelativelyhealthycondition,comparedtootherpartsofIndonesia.AveragetotalfishbiomassintheMPAwas35.4kg/ha,withanaverageof49.1kg/hainBooIslandandof27.7ha/kginKofiauIsland,withhighestfishbiomassrecordedin2010.TheMPAstillhaslargesizefishpredatorssuchassharks,groupersandNapoleonwrasse(Cheilinusundulatus).However,fishbiomassdecreasedatmostsitesfrom2009to2010,especiallyforherbivores,andthismayhavebeenduetointensivefishingbyoutsidefishersfromDecember2009toJanuary2010.TherehasbeenadecreaseinthenumberofsharksandraysintheMPAovermonitoringyears.Whitetipreef(Trianodonobesus),blacktipreef(Carcharhinusmelanopterus)andnursesharks(Nebriusferrugineus)wererecordedinKofiauandBooIslandsMPA,althoughnumbersofsightingsofhavedecreasedfrom2009to2011,indicatingfishersaretargetingsharkspecies.

ThemajorityofreefsinKofiauandBooIslandsMPAaregentlyslopingfringingreefssurroundingtheislands.Coralcoverrangedfrom9.2to78.0%withhighestcoverseeninfrontofDeerVillage(KampungDeer).SitesatBooIslandhadhighercoralcoverthanreefssurroundingKofiauIsland.TheaveragelivehardcoralcoverfortheMPAwas29.9%.TherewasnosignificantchangeinanyofthebenthiccategoriesintheMPAbetweenthemonitoringyears2009and2011.Adecreaseincoralcoverwasrecordedin2010,butthisislikelyaresultofusingadifferentobserverthatyear.Coralcoverinrecentlydeclarednotakezoneswashigherthaninzoneswherefishingandotherusesisallowed,whichsuggeststhatthezoningplanforKofiauandBooIslandsMPAhasbeenwelldesignedbylocalcommunities,governmentandpartners.

Minorcoralbleachingwasrecordedin2009,2010and2011buttherewasnoapparentmortality(recordedasincreaseinrockcover).Bleachingsurveysin2011showedthat

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TraditionalUseZones(TUZs)alsohavehighbiomassoffishfamiliesthatareatargetforKofiauresidentsandsotheyshouldstillbeabletohaveenoughfisheriesresourcesfortheirlocalneeds.However,toaddressthedecliningfishbiomassinKofiauandBooIslandsMPA,itisimportantforlocalcommunitiesandenforcementagenciestoactivelyenforcethezoningsystemtobothprotectNTZsfromanyfishingactivityandalsoensurethatthenumberofoutsidefishersandgeartypesareadequatelymanagedinTUZs.

Photographs(fromlefttorightandtoptobottom):AerialviewofWaloIslandandlagoon(M.Ammer/PapuaDiving),coralreefsadjacenttomangrovehabitats(M.Lazuardi/CI),exampleoftypicalfringingreeffoundatKofiau(J.Yonover),abundantfishlifeinKofiau(J.Yonover),coralreefmonitors(J.Yonover),coralandfishlifeinKofiauMPA(J.Yonover).

1

1. INTRODUCTION

TheRajaAmpatIslandsencompasses4millionhectaresofseaandlandlocatedinWestPapua,Indonesia,rightintheheartoftheCoralTriangle.TheRajaAmpatIslandsareapartoftheBirdsHeadSeascape,whichhasthegreatestcoralreefbiodiversityontheplanet(Veronetal.2009,AllenandErdman2009,2012,Mangubhaietal.2012)andisaglobalpriorityforconservation.SurveyshaveshownthattheRajaAmpatwatersarehometo553speciesofcoral,or75%oftheworldsknownspeciesofhardcoral,699speciesofmollusc,and1,437speciesoffish(Donnellyetal.2002,Veronetal.2009,AllenandErdman2009,2012).

Coralreefsareextremelyimportanttolocalcommunitiesbecausetheysupportkeyfishandinvertebrate(e.g.seacucumberandTrochus)fisheries.LikemanyIndonesiancoastalpeople,thecommunitiesofRajaAmpatdependontheircoralreefsasasourceoffoodandincomethroughfishingandtourism(Larsenetal.2011).However,thehealthofcoralsandassociatedfisheriesinIndonesia,includinginRajaAmpat,arethreatenedbytheuseofdestructivefishingmethodssuchasexplosivesandpoison,andoverfishing(Ainsworthetal.2008,Varkeyetal.2010,Mangubhaietal.2012).Elevationsinwatersurfacetemperatureassociatedwithclimatechangealsoathreattoreefecosystems(Hoegh-Guldbergetal.2007).

Inrecognitionoftheconservationvaluesofcoralreefsandtheirimportancetosustainingthelivelihoodsoflocalpeople,anetworkofsevenmarineprotectedareas(MPAs)1coveringover1millionhawasestablishedinRajaAmpat.FiveofthesevenMPAsweredeclaredin2007byaHeadofRajaAmpatRegencydecree(No.66/2007),andformalizedbyaRegencyRegulation(No.27/2008),andarehereafterreferredtoasRegencyMPAs.In2009,theHeadoftheRajaAmpatRegencyissuedasecondRegencyRegulation(No.5/2009)toformthebasisforthemanagementoftheRajaAmpatMPAnetwork.ThemainaimofestablishingtheMPAnetworkwastoconservefishhabitats,reproductionfunctionandstocks,toensuresustainablefisheriesandwiseuseofothermarineresources,througheducation,researchandeco-tourismintheRajaAmpatRegency.KofiauandBooIslandsMPA,hereinafterreferredtoasKofiauMPA,isoneoftheseMPAs.

UnderIndonesianlaw,MPAsallowformultipleuseswhichareregulatedthroughmanagementandzoningplans.In2008,managementandzoningplanswereinitiatedforthefiveRegencyMPAs,includingKofiauMPA.InOctober2011,therewasatraditionaladatdeclarationofthezoningplanforKofiauMPAwhichwassupportedbytheRegencygovernment.TheKofiauMPAzoningplanisnowactivelybeingenforcedbylocalcommunitypatrolssupportedbylocalpolice.

Coralreefhealthmonitoringdataisusedtosupportthedevelopmentofmanagementandzoningplansand,whenrepeatedovertime,canbeusedtoassesstheeffectivenessofzoningandmanagementplansandinformadaptivemanagement.Thereforereefhealthmonitoringwasconductedannuallyfrom2009to2011inKofiauMPA.TheobjectivesofreefhealthmonitoringsurveysinKofiauMPAwereto:

a. GatherbasicdataonbenthicandfishcommunitiestoinformKofiauMPAmanagementandzoningplans.

b. ProvidebaselinedatatoevaluatetheeffectivenessofKofiauMPAzoningandmanagementsystems.

1Inthisreport,thetermMarineProtectedAreaorMPAisusedasitisstipulatedinLaw27/2009.

2

2. METHODS

2.1. KOFIAU MARINE PROTECTED AREA

KofiauMPAislocatedinsouthernRajaAmpatandencompasses170,000hectaresofislands,reefsandsurroundingwaters(Figure1a-b).KofiauMPAprovidesfoodandlivelihoodstothe2000peoplelivinginfivevillagesonthelargerislandofKofiau.Ethnically,thepeopleofKofiauareBetieuwithstrongconnectionsandlanguagelinkstoBiakinthenorthernBirdsHead.TherearefewlivelihoodoptionsintheMPA,andthemajorityofresidentsfishorfarmcopra.

2.2. ZONING PLAN

TheKofiauMPAzoningplanwasgazettedinOctober2012andincludetwotypesofzones(Figure1b).TheFoodSecurityandTourismZonewhichprohibitsextractiveactivitiesiscalledanotakezone(NTZ)forthepurposesofthisreport.TheTraditionalUseZone(TUZ)allowsforfishingactivitiesbylocalKofiauresidents.Inthe2011zoningplan,fourareaswithinKofiauMPAweredesignatedasNTZsandallotherareasareclassifiedintwolargeTUZsTUZ1encompassesallthesitesaroundKofiauIslandsandtheotherwhileTUZ2includessitesfromBooIsland.

2.3. LOCATION AND SITE SELECTION

WithinKofiauMPA,sitesforreefhealthsurveyswereselectedthatwererepresentativeofthemainreeftypefoundthoughouttheMPA.SiteswerechosentoencompassbothNTZsandTUZsalthoughin2009theexactconfigurationofthezoningplanhadnotbeendecided.In2009,25locationsweredesignatedaspermanentreefmonitoringlocations,whichareexpectedtobeincludedinlong-termmonitoringprograms.In2009,2010and2011,monitoringwascarriedoutinseven,fiveandoneadditionalsites,respectively,(Figure1a,Appnedix1)togetmoredetailedinformationaboutreefresilienceasinputtoKofiauMPAzoningandmanagementplans.Thedataaboutreefresiliencewillbeanalysedandpresentedinaseparatereport(Mangubhaietal.inprep.).

2.4. REEF HEALTH MONITORING FISH AND BENTHIC COMMUNITIES

ReefhealthwasassessedinKofiauMPAannuallyfrom2009-2011bymeasuringbenthicandfishcommunitiesfollowingcoralreefhealthmonitoringprotocolsdevelopedbyWilsonandGreen(2009).Surveysweretimedtooccuratthesametimeeachyearduringcalmweatherperiods(March-April)afterthenorthwestmonsoonseason(DecemberFebruary)andbeforethesoutheasttradewinds(JuneSeptember)(Table1).

Table1.SamplingdetailsofKofiauMPAfrom2009-2011.Year Datesofsampling No.ofsites

2009 15-26April 30

2010 16-26March 32

2011 22-31March 26

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2.4.1.Fish community surveys

Fishdensityandbiomassweremonitoredbyunderwatervisualcensus(UVC),usingacombinationofbelttransectandlongswimmethodsdetailedinWilsonandGreen(2009).Thetaxarecordedwerecommercialfishtargetedbyfishersandpelagicspeciesthathaveanassociationwithcoralreefs(Table2).Thenumberoffamiliesrecordedwasincreasedfrom12in2009to18in2010.In2011,thefamilyKyphosidaewasaddedinresponsetothepublicationoftheherbivoremonitoringprotocol(Greenetal.2009).

Belt transectsBelt transectsBelt transectsBelt transects

FishcommunitycompositionwasassessedbyUVCalongfivetransects,each50minlength,at10mdepthwithspecies,numberandestimatedlengthofeachfishrecorded.AllfishofthefamiliesinTable2wererecorded.Fishwithatotallengthof10-35cmwererecordedin5mwidetransects,2.5mtotheleftandrightofthetransecttapes.Fishwithatotallengthof>35cmwererecordedin20mwidetransects,10mtotheleftandright.In2009and2001,oneexperiencedfishobserverrecordedbothsizeclassesononepassofthetransects.In2010,twofishobserverswereavailableandonerecordedfishinsmallsizeclassesandtheotherrecordedfishinlargesizeclasses.

Long Long Long Long swimsswimsswimsswims

Longswimfishsurveyswereperformedafterthefifthfishsurveytransect,atthereefcrestatadepthof2-5m.Thenumberandsizeoflargefish>35cm(samefishfamiliesasfortransectsurveys)wererecordedwhileswimmingadjacenttothereefcrestforapproximately20minutes.Allfishseen10meithersideofthesurveyorwererecorded.Thetimingoftheswimwasadjustedtotheconditionstoensurethedistancecoveredwasatleast400m.Theexactlengthofthelongswimswascalculatedbyrecordingthepositionofbuoysatthebeginningandendofthelongswimwithaglobalpositioningsystem(GPS)device.Ifthereweredifficultiestrackingthelongswimdirectly(e.g.ifbuoyswerelost),thelengthofthelongswimwascalculatedbydrawingtherouteonthemappingprogramapplicationArcGIS10.Visibilitywasalsorecordedduringeachsurvey.

Observer trainingObserver trainingObserver trainingObserver training

Priortothefieldsurveys,theobserversweregiventraininginidentifyingfishspeciesandestimatingfishlengthtobringtheircapacityuptostandardof100%accuracyforidentificationofthefishfamiliesinTable2,and>75%accuracyoffishlengthestimationwithin5cmintervals.Iftheobserverwasunsureofthefishspecies,thefamilywouldberecordedinstead.

4

Table2.FishfamiliesrecordedduringcoralreefhealthmonitoringinKofiauMPA20092011.(Key:+=recorded,-=notrecorded,C=commercialfish,P=pelagicfish).Fishfamily Speciesrecorded Category Year2009 2010 2011Acanthuridae - C + + +Caesionidae + - - + +Carangidae + P + + +Carcharhinidae + C + + +Dasyatidae + - + + +Ephippidae + - - + +Haemulidae + C + + +Hemigaleidae + C - + +Kyphosidae + C - - +Labridae - C + + +Lethrinidae + C + + +Lutjanidae + C + + +Muraenidae + - - + +Myliobatidae + - - + +Scarini - C + + +Scombridae + P + + +Serranidae + C + + +Siganidae + C + + +Sphyraenidae + P - + +

Length to biomass conversionLength to biomass conversionLength to biomass conversionLength to biomass conversion

Estimatedfishlengthvalueswereconvertedintofishbiomassbasedontherelationshipbetweenlengthandweightforeachfishfamilyorspecies,usingtheformuladevelopedbyKulbickietal.(2005)ofW=aLb,whereW=fishweightingrams(g),L=fishlengthorforklength(FL)incentimetres(cm),andaandb=biomassconstantsforeachfishspeciesorgenus.Thevaluesforfishbiomassconstants(aandb)wereobtainedfromKulibickietal.(2005)orFroeseandPauly(2012),andarelistedinAppendix2.Inthisreport,totallengthisusedtocalculatetherelationshipbetweenfishweightandlengthbecausethiswaseasiertoestimateorcollectdataoninthefield.Fishbiomassismassperunitofarea,sofishbiomasscanbecalculatedbyconvertingfishweightinkilograms(1kg=1,000g)perunitofareainhectares(1ha=10,000m2).Thus,averagebiomasscanbecalculatedusingthefollowingformula:

() =()

()10.000

2.4.2.Benthic community surveys

Benthiccommunitydatawascollectedusingthepointintercepttransect(PIT)method,recording100substratepointsalongeachof3x50mtransectsonfringingreefslopesatadepthof10m(WilsonandGreen2009).Atotalof28typesofbenthiccoverwererecorded(Table3)whichweresubsequentlygroupedintosevencategoriesfordataanalysis:hardcorallive(HCL),softcoral(SC),algae(AL),availablesubstrateforcoralsettlement(AS),mobilesubstrate(MS),other(OTH),andbleachedcoral(BC).HardcoralwasrecordedtolifeformlevelasAcroporaornon-Acropora.Ineachyear,differentobserversrecordedbenthiccategories.Allweretrainedandexperiencedobserversofbenthiccommunitystructure.

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Table3.BenthiccategoriesrecordedduringcoralreefhealthmonitoringinKofiauMarineProtectedAreafrom20092011.

Typeofbenthos Code CategoryAcroporabranching ACB HardcoralliveAcroporaencrusting ACE HardcoralliveAcroporasubmassive ACS HardcoralliveAcroporatabulate ACT HardcoralliveHardcoralbranching CB HardcoralliveHardcoralencrusting CE HardcoralliveHardcoralfoliose CF HardcoralliveHardcoralmassive CM HardcoralliveHardcoralsubmassive CS HardcoralliveMushroomcoral CMR HardcoralliveTubipora(hardcoral) CTU HardcoralliveMillepora(firecoral) CME HardcoralliveHeliopora(bluecoral) CHL HardcoralliveSoftcoral SC SoftcoralXenia XN SoftcoralHalimedaspp. HA AlgaeMacroalgae MA AlgaeTurfalgae TA AlgaeCorallinealgae CA StablesubstrateRock RCK StablesubstrateDeadcoral DC StablesubstrateSand S MobilesubstrateRubble R MobilesubstrateSilt SI MobilesubstrateSponge SP OtherHydroid HY OtherOther OT OtherBleachedcoral BC Bleachedcoral

2.4.3.Data analysis comparing zones

Fishbiomassandbenthiccommunitydatawereanalysedstatisticallytodetermineiftherewereanysignificantdifferencesbetweenyearsandbetweenzones.Onlypermanentmonitoringsiteswereusedintheanalysis,wherethreeyearsofdatawereavailable.Forfishbiomassanalyses,wechosethosefamilieswhichwererecordedinallyears.Differencesweredetectedusingaonewayanalysisofvariance(ANOVA)usingSystatSoftware.Asthezoningplanhadnotyetbeenimplemented,theanalysiswassetuptocompareeachzoneareatoeveryotherzonearea(i.e.NTZ1,NTZ2etc.).Theanalysiswasunbalancedbecausetherewasavariablenumberofsiteswithineachzonearea.WhentheANOVAshowedsignificantdifferences,post-hoctestswereusedtodeterminewhichzoneareasweresignificantlydifferentfromeachother.WedidnotincludeNTZ4intheanalysisbecausethisisthesubmergedpinnacleandthehabitatisverydifferenttotheotherreefsaroundKofiauandBooanditwasonlysurveyedin2010.

2.5. LOCATION AND SITE SELECTION

2.5.1.Field surveys

Dedicatedcoralbleachingsurveysweredonein2011,atthe25permanentreefhealthmonitoringsites(Figure1a).Thegenera,sizeandbleachingconditionofallcoralcolonieswererecordedalongthree15mx1mbelttransectsat5and10mdepth.Eachcolonywasassignedasinglebleachingconditioncategorybyestimatingthepercentageofeachcolonysurfaceasnormal,pale,bleachingor

6

dead(Table4).Coralbleachingsurveyswerecarriedoutin2009and2010aspartofcoralreefresiliencesurveysinKofiauMPA(Mangubhaietal.inprep.).

Table4.Coralconditioncategories.Colonycondition OtherconditionmeasureNormal - 50-100%colonysurfaceishealthywithnormalcolorPale - 50-100%colonysurfaceisstillalivebutpalerthannormaldue to

lossofsomezooxanthallaeBleaching - Anypartofcolonysurfacehasbleachedtissuetissueisstillalive

butcompletelywhite

Dead - 50%ofthecolonysurfaceisrecentlydeadlikelyduetobleaching

2.5.2.Data analyses

Theincidenceofbleachingwasanalysedbycomparingdifferencesamongcoralfamiliesandsamplingsites.Inaddition,aregressionofthepercentofbleachedcoloniesversustheproportionofthecoralcommunitymadeupofbleachingsusceptiblegenerawasdoneusingExcel.BleachingsusceptiblegeneraweredefinedasAcropora,Montipora,Pocillopora,Seriatopora,Stylophora,MilleporaandAstreoporaasperMarshallandBaird(2000).

2.6. SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE

SurfacewatertemperaturewasmeasuredusingHOBOProv2(U22-001)watertemperaturedataloggers.Eighttemperatureloggerswerepositionedatdepthsofbetween2mand25mineightseparatelocations(Table5)onreefsaroundKofiauandBooIslands.Thetemperatureloggerswereretreivedandreplacedatleastonceperyeartodownloadthedata.Thetemperatureloggersrecordedsurfacewatertemperatureat15-minuteintervals.Thisisthesamerecordingintervalastheother78temperatureloggersinstalledthroughouttheBirdsHeadSeascape,andmanagedbytheStateUniversityofPapuaandConservationInternational.ThesedatafromKofiauwereusedtoidentifyperiodswhencoralbleachingwaslikelytooccurintheMPA.

Table5.LocationsoftemperatureloggersinKofiauMarineProtectedArea.

Nameoflocation Depth(m) CoordinatesLatitude(South) Longitude(East)BooKecilLagoon 2 0110.760' 12926.840'Wamei 5 0110.106' 12958.375'Wamei 25 0110.106' 12958.375'GebeBesar 5 0112.873' 12938.811'TanjungLampuBooBesar 22 0110.578' 12917.955'TanjungLampuBooBesar 5 0110.578' 12917.955'JailoloBesar 5 01o08.809' 129o46.354'Rataitapor 5 0115.046' 12949.875'

7

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. FISH COMMUNITIES

FishcommunitiesinKofiauMPAareconsideredtoberelativelyhealthyduetogooddiversityandabundanceoffishandtheoccurrenceoflargeindividualsofsomepredatorssuchassharks,grouperandNapoleonwrasse(Cheilinusundulatus).HoweverthereisevidenceofoverfishingatKofiauindicatedbythefactthatitisrelativelyraretoencountertheseverylargepredatorsanddecliningbiomassofmanyfamiliesincludingherbivoresandsharksoverpastthreeyears.In2011,thefishcommunityofKofiauMPAwasdominated(intermsofbiomass)byherbivoresofthefamiliesScaridaeandAcanthuridae(parrotandrabbitfish),Casesoinidae(fusiliers),andpredatorsfromLutjanidae(snappers),Serranidae(grouper),Haemulidae(sweetlip),andLethrinidae(emperors).ThemostabundantfishcommunitieswerefoundontheeasterntipofKofiauIsland(WameiandWambongKecil)andthisareamaybeanimportantspawningaggregationsite.AtBooIsland,thehighestfishcountswererecordedonthewesterntipatTangjungLampu.

3.1.1.Fish biomass by location and monitoring year

Overall,therewasasignificantdeclineinbiomassanddensityintheMPAbetweenyears(p

10

Figure2.Theaveragebiomass(kg/ha)anddensity(number/ha)offishfromallsitesaroundKofiauandBooIslandsfrom2009-2011.Errorbars=standarderror.

InBoo,thegreatestfishbiomasswasrecordedinTanjungLampuandTapordoker,andinKofiau,inWambongKecilandWamei(Figure3).ThelowestfishbiomassinBoowasrecordedinWarmaret,andthelowestinKofiauwasinYenmandur(Figure3).Fishbiomassdecreasedfrom20092011at18ofthe25monitoringsites.Themoststrikingdecreaseinfishbiomassbetween2009and2011wasinJailoloBesaronthenorthsideofKofiauclosetoTolobiandDibalalvillagesandthereforemaybeduetointensiveuseofresourcesinthislocation.Fishbiomassincreasedat4sites(WambongKecil,Wamei,YendotandMaet)(Figure3).

Figure3.Averagefishbiomass(kg/ha+SE)bylocationinKofiauandBooIslandsinallmonitoringyears.LargeschoolsoffishofthefamilyCaesionidaeinLampuBayandTomnain2010arenotincluded.

11

Figure4.Biomass(kg/ha)ofallfamiliesoffishineachsurveyyear2009-2011atKofiauMarineProtectedArea.Errorbars=standarderror.

TanjungLampuinBooandWameiinKofiauhadthehighestfishbiomassandthesesiteshavebeenidentifiedaspotentialfishspawningandfeedinglocations(Muljadi2009).Thesetwositesarebaysorislandpoints,whicharecharacterisedoceanographicallybystrongcurrents,andhavewaterswithaspecificbasetopographywell-suitedtofishspawningsites(SadovyandDomeier2005).ThefishcommunityatTanjungLampuandTomnainBooweredominatedbyfusiliers(Caesionidae),at126kg/haand487kg/ha,respectively.Thisisthoughttobeduetoseveralfactors,includingthebiologicalcharacteristicsofthisfamily,oceanographiccharacteritics,andtheveryhealthycoralconditionatthesetwosites(Appendix1).

Thethreefamilieswiththehighestbiomassarefusiliers(Caesionidae),parrotfish(Scarini),andsurgeonfish(Acanthuridae)(Figure5).Fusiliersliveinlargegroupsinshallowwatersonreefs(FroeseandPauly2012).Althoughtheiraveragesizeissmall(

12

3.1.2.Fish communities in each zone

Figure5showsacomparisonoftheaveragebiomassanddensityoffishfamiliesforsitesincludedinareasdesignatedasnotakeandusezonesintheKofiauMPAzoningplantraditionallydeclaredinOctober2011.FishbiomassanddensitydeclinedinallzonesofKofiauMPAfrom2009to2011withtheexceptionofNTZ1wherefishbiomassincreasedfrom2010to2011.In2011,fishbiomasswashigheratsitesinusezonesandgenerallylowerinareaschosenasnotakezonesagainwiththeexceptionofNTZ1.Itisimportanttonotethatdeclinesinfishbiomasswerenotstatisticallysignificantforanyofthezones,whichsuggeststhateither(a)therearenodeclinesoccurringintheMPA,or(b)therearesomedeclinesthatarehappening,butthesearestillverysmallandifproperlyaddressedthroughmanagementcanbereversed.Ifmanagementfailstoaddressfishingpressureortoadequatelyimplementthezoningplan,wewouldexpectthatthenextmonitoringmaystarttorecordsignificantdeclines.

Therearevariationsinaveragefishbiomassacrossthezones,bothTUZandNTZ.Thisisthoughttobeduetothebiologicalcharacteristicsofthefishandalsothepressureoffishing,whichvariesacrossallthezonesinKofiauandBoo.ThehighfishbiomassinTUZ2orBooIslandandNTZ1ortheeasternpartofKofiauIslandisthoughttobeduetothedistanceoftheselocationsfromhumansettlement,andalthoughthereisuseofresourcesintheselocationsitisnotasintensiveasintheotherzones.TheselectionofareaswithhighfishbiomassontheeasterntipofKofiauandthewesterntipofBoo,wherefishcommunitiesareabundantandmayalsobethesiteofspawningaggregations,shouldsupportsustainablefisheriesastheseareasareexpectedtobethesourceoffishandlarvaeforthesurroundingareas.

PhotographsshowingfishingactivitiesinKofiauandBooIslandsMarineProtectedArea(D.AHandono./TNC).

13

Figure5.Averagefishbiomass(kg/ha)anddensity(number/ha)forsitesineachzoneofKofiauMarineProtectedAreafrom2009-2011.Errorbars=standarderror.

14

3.1.3.Differences among zones for select families of fish

TherearesomedifferencesinthebiomassofdifferentfishfamiliesinthedifferentzonesofKofiauMPA.AveragegrouperbiomasswassimilarinnotakeandusezoneswiththeexceptionofNTZ3wheregrouperbiomassisslightlylower,butthisisnotsignificant(p>0.05,Figure6).SomesiteswithinNTZ1andNTZ2havebeenidentifiedaspotentialgrouperspawningsites(Muljadi2009),andwitheffectivecomplianceandenforcementofNTZs,thenumberandbiomassofgroupershouldincreaseatthesesites.However,manygrouperhavelife-historypatternsthatmakethemvulnerabletoexploitationandslowtorecover,asseeninotherpartsofIndonesia(Mangubhaietal.2011).ThelownumbersofgrouperinNTZ3(Figure6)maybeduetounsuitablehabitatbecauseherethereefendsatapproximately10-12mdeepandthebenthosbecomessandy.

Foremperorsandsweetlips,thebiomassin2011wasgenerallylowerinNTZsthaninTUZs(Figure6).However,withtheexceptionofemperorsinNTZ3(p0.05).ThismeanstherearestillabundantfishresourcesinareaswherelocalcommunitiesarestillallowedtofishanditisexpectedthatthebiomasswillincreaseinNTZsafterprotectionfor5years.

Thebiomassofsnapperincreasedorwasstableinallzonesfrom2009-2011andtheaveragebiomassissimilarinallzones(Figure6).ThegreatestincreasesinsnapperswererecordedinTUZ1(p

15

Figure6.AnnualaveragebiomassofmostimportantfishfamiliesinKofiauMPAbetweennotakeandusezones,from2009-2011.Thesefishareimportanttolocalcommunitiesasasourceoffoodorincomegrouper,emperor,sweetlip,snapper,pelagicand/orimportanttotheecologyofthereef(i.e.herbivorefamiliessurgeonfish,rabbitfishandparrotfish).ThezonesweredesignatedandbecamelocallyenforcedinOctober2011,aftertheMarch2011monitoring.Errorbars=standarderror.

3.1.4.Fish biomass, density and families recorded during long swims

Duringthelongswims,stingrayorDasyatidaeandsharksofthefamiliesCharcharinidaeandGynglymostomatidaehadthegreatestbiomass(Figure7a).FishoftheKhyposidae,Sphyraenidae(barracuda)andLutjanidae(snapper)familieshadthehighestdensity(Figure7b).Napoleonwrasse(Cheilinusundulatus,familyLabridae)hadthelowestbiomass.Fishbiomassisdeterminedbythenumberandsizeofthefish.Rayandshark,whichhavelargebodies,haveahighbiomassbutalowdensity,becausetheyarefoundinsmallnumbers.AdditionalanalysesoffishdatacollectedareavailableinAppendix3.

16

Figure7.Averagefishbiomass(kg/ha+SE)anddensity(individuals/ha+SE)inalllocationsandallmonitoringyears.

3.1.5.Sharks and rays

Atotalof51individualsofthreespeciesofsharkwererecordedforallmonitoringyears.Blacktipreefshark(Carcharinusmelanopterus)wasthespeciesmostfrequentlyrecordedinKofiau.Onlyoneindividualofnurseshark(Nebriusferrugineus)wasrecorded,in2010(Table6).TwospeciesofrayorDasyatidaewererecorded:bluespottedribbontailstingray(Taeniuralymma)andwhitetailstingray(Himanturagranulata).Atotalof42individualsofthespeciesTaeniuralymmawererecordedin2009,nonein2010,andonein2011.OnlyoneindividualofthespeciesHimanturagranulatawasrecorded,in2010.

0

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17

Table6.SpeciesofsharkrecordedintransectsandduringthelongswimsinKofiauMPAfrom20092011.

Species Commonname

2009 2010 2011 TotalTranse

ctsLongswim

Transects

Longswim

Transects

Longswim

Carcharhinusmelanopterus Blacktip 13 6 11 10 5 1 46

Nebriusferrugineus Nurse 0 0 0 1 0 0 1Trianodonobesus Whitetip 0 1 1 1 1 0 4Total 13 7 12 12 6 1 51

Sharksareatargetforfishers,especiallyoutsidefishersfromButon,Seram,SuluwesiandHalmahera(Muhajiretal.2012).Theyhaveahigheconomicvalueandaretakenfortheirfins,whichfetchIDR800,0001,000,000perkg,dependingonspeciesandquality(Mangubhaietal.2012).Thehighpricetheyfetchislikelyencouragedmoreintensivefishingofsharks,whichhasinturn,ledtoadecreaseinthenumberofsharksinKofiauMPA.MostfisherswhofishforsharkarenotlocalsfromKofiau,andtheyuselonglinesandnets.SharkarenotaprimarytargetforlocalKofiaufishers,andonlyoccasionallydotheycatchsharkunintentionally,trappedinnetsortakingbaitmeantforotherspeciesoffish(Muhajiretal.2012).

3.2. BENTHIC COVER

3.2.1.Benthic composition of reef communities in Kofiau MPA

ThereefsofKofiauMPAarehealthyasindicatedbyabundantlivecoral(30%)andsoftcorals(13%)growingonthereefslopesandlowalgalcover(

18

Temporal differencesTemporal differencesTemporal differencesTemporal differences

Onaverage,thecompositionofthebenthiccommunityinKofiauMPAwasrelativelystablefrom2009-2011(Figure8).HardcoralcoverwasloweratKofiauin2010(18%)comparedwith2009and2011(around27%).InBoo,hardcoralcoverdeclinedslightlyfrom43%in2009toaround37%in2010and2011(Figure9).AveragesoftcoralcoverageatBoodecreasedfrom15%in2009to10%in2010-2011.Stablesubstratewhichprovidessurfacesforcoralsettlementincreasedslightly,from11%in2009to15%in2010and2011(Figure9).Thepercentcoverofmobilesubstratesuchasrubblewasrelativelystableoverthemonitoringyears(around28%),whichindicatesthatthereisrelativelylittleuseofexplosivesforfishingorofotheractivitiesdamagingtothereefsinKofiauMPA.Thisisconfirmedbytheabsenceofanysightingsoftheuseofexplosivesduringresourceusemonitoring(Muhajiretal.2012),orduringroutineenforcementpatrols.ItisnotedthoughthatasmallgroupofbombfishersfromSulawesiwerecaughtinFebruary2012inKofiauMPA,andsuccessfullyprosecutedwhichwillsendastrongmessagetootherpotentialoffenders.

Whilesmall(5-10%)variationisexpectedbetweensurveysduetonaturalvariabilityinhabitatandthelocationoftransects,largeinterannualvariationsarenotexpectedunlessthereareeventssuchascrownofthorns,severebleachingorstormswhichmayhavedamagedreefs.ThesewerenotrecordedinKofiauduringthestudyperiod.In2010,adifferentobserverconductedPITinKofiauMPA.Giventhecoralcoverin2011wassimilarandnotsignificantlydifferentwithcoverrecordedin2009(p>0.05),andgiventhatcoralshaveslowgrowthrates,itislikelythatthedeclinerecordedin2010relatestoobserverbias(Figure8and9).Thereforeingeneral,someofthedifferencesseenin2010,mayrelatetoobserverdifferencesinrecordingbenthiccategories.Thismayalsoexplainapproximately5%ofthevariabilitybetweenyears.

Figure8.Annualchangesinpercentbenthiccover(average+SE)from2009-2011inKofiauMarineProtectedArea.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Hard Coral Soft Coral Algae Available

Substrate

Mobile

Substrate

Other Bleach

Coral

Co

ve

r (%

)

Benthic categories

2009

2010

2011

19

Figure9.Comparisonofchangesinannualbenthiccover(averagepercentcover+SE)beteenBooandKofiauIslandsfrom20092011.

3.2.2.Benthic community composition by zone type

ThecompositionofthebenthiccommunityineachzoneandeachyearofsamplingisshowninFigure10.Thisprovidesinformationonthebaselineconditionsineachzonetypeandareajustpriortoimplementationofthezoningplan.Thesedataalsoshowthelevelofvariabilityamongsamplingyearsduetonaturalandobservervariability(adifferentobserverwasusedin2010).TheresultsofcomparisionsofbenthiccommunitiesindifferentzonetypesshowtherewerefewdifferencesamongzonesandmostdifferencesreflectspatialorhabitatdifferencesbetweensitesaroundtheBooIslandcomparedtoKofiauIsland.ThisistobeexpectedbecausethezoningplanwasnotimplementedandenforceduntilOctober2011,afterthelastsamplinginMarch2011,andreefsareverysimilarthroughoutKofiauMPA.Additionalanalysesofbenthicdata(e.g.individualsites)areavailableinAppendix4.Usingthe2011data,statisticaltestswereruntolookatdifferencesbetweendifferentzonesforthethreebenthiccategoriesbelow.Thefewdifferencesinbenthiccommunitiesamongzonesinclude:

a. Hard coral cover: significantly higher coral cover in both NTZ 3 and TUZ 2 around BooIslandthanintheTUZ1aroundKofiau(TUZ1)(p

20

Figure10.Averagepercentage(%)benthiccoverageineachzoneforallmonitoringyearsinKofiauMPA(NTZ=NoTakeZone,TUZ=TraditionalUseZone).

3.2.3.Coral bleaching

Bleachedcoralswereobservedin2009and2010althoughinlownumbersandonlyincoloniesoutsidethetransects(Mangubhaietal.inprep.).In2011,bleachedcoralswereobservedontransectsforthefirsttimeandtheresultsofdedicatedsurveysin2011arereportedhere.ThepresenceofbleachedcoralinKofiauin2011isthoughttobeduetowarmerthannormalsurfacewatertemperaturesfromNovember2010February2011inmanypartsofKofiauMPAwhichwasdocumentedbyinsitutemperatureloggers(Section3.3).

21

Overall,thenumberofcoloniesaffectedbybleachingin2011waslow.Fromthe17,402coloniesthatweresurveyedfrom25sites,onaveragemorethan95%wereinnormalcondition,lessthan2%pale,lessthan3%bleached,andlessthan1%dead.Howeverthereweresomespatialdifferenceswithmorecoralsaffectedinshallowtransects(5%)comparedtodeepertransects(3.5%).Therewerealsodifferencesamongsiteswith25%ofcoloniesrecordedasbleachedorpaleatTwanyauhner,9%atYenmandurand6%atWamei(Figure11).AtYenimafanalmost10%ofthecolonieswerepale.

Somecoralgeneraaremoresusceptibletobleachingthanothers.In2011,Acropora(Acroporidae)andPorites(Pocilloporidae)werethedominantgeneraintermsofcoralcoveratKofiauMPA.AcroporidaeandPocilloporidaearetwocoralfamiliesknowntobesusceptibletobleaching(MarshallandBaird2000).InKofiau,Poriteswasthegenuswiththehighestpercentageofpalecoloniesrecorded.Poritesisagenusthatismoderatelysusceptibletobleaching(MarshallandBaird2000).Stylophora(alsofromthefamilyPocilliporidae)whichformssmallcoloniescommononthereefsofKofiauMPA,wasthemostaffectedbybleachingwithmorethan60%ofallcoloniesrecordedasbleached.Bleachingwasalsorecordedinseveralothergenera,includingMontipora(foliose&encrusting),Acropora,Hydnophora(encrusting),andPhysogrya(massive)(Figure12).

Thecompositionofthecoralcommunityexplainspartofthevariationinbleachingimpactamongsites.Aregressionofpercentcompositionofgeneraagainstthepercentofcoralsbleachedorpaleshowsthat36%ofthevariationinamongsitescanbeexplainedbydifferencesinthepercentageofsusceptiblegenera(Figure13).AtTwanyauhner,YenmandurandYenimfan,morethan50%ofcolonieswerebleachingsusceptiblegenerafromfamilyAcroporidae.Wameihadfewercoloniesofsusceptiblegenerae.g.Acropora,butasligthlyhigherincidenceofbleachingcomparedtoothersites.Itisnotknownwhythissiteexperiencedmorebleachingthanothersitesbecauseithasgoodwatermovementandsometimesexperiencesstrongcurrents.

In2011,therewasadifferenceinthevaluesforbleachedcoralbetwenthereefhealthsurveysusingPITandbelttransects.Thisisbecausealargernumberofcoralcolonieswassurveyed(averageof120coloniesperbelttransect)comparedwithanaverageof20-30coloniespertransectusingPIT.

22

Figure11.Composition(%)ofcoralcoloniesbymonitoringlocationandproposedzoneinKofiauMarineProtectedArea.NTZ=NoTakeZone,TUZ=TraditionalUseZone.

Figure12.Composition(%)ofcoralgeneraconditions.Only20coralgenerashowninthefigure.

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Composition (%)

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23

Figure13.Scatterplotofpercentageofbleachingcoralscomparetopercentageofsusceptiblegenera.

3.3. SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE

FromFebruary2009toMarch2011,surfacewatertemperatureinKofiauMPAvariedbetween24.40Cand34.70C,withanaverageof27.90C.Thehighesttemperatureatadepthof2mwasrecordedinBooKecilinMay2009,andthehighesttemperatureatadepthof5mwasrecordedinGebeBesarinSeptember2009(Table7).

TheseasonaltemperaturepatternrecordedbytheeighttemperatureloggersshowedtemperaturesincreasedfromFebruarytotheirpeakinAprilfollowedbyadeclineoverwinterwithminimumtemperaturesinJuly-AugustandgraduallyincreasingtoDecember(Figure14).Januarywasusuallycoolerduetowesterlywindsandcloudwhichcoolthearea.Temperaturesin2010weregenerallyhotterthanin2009andnotablytherewasverylittledifferencebetweensummerandwintertemperatures.InDecember2010February2011,surfacewatertemperaturewas11.5oChigherthanotheryearsandstayedbetweeen2930oCinmanylocations.ThecoralbleachingdocumentedinApril2011isthoughttobeassociatedwiththisextendedperiodofwarmerthannomaltemperaturesin2010andearly2011.

Acomparisonoftemperaturerecordsfromloggersat25mand5mdepthatWameiandBooBesarindicatedtherewasnodifferenceinthetemperaturepatternsbetweendepths(Figure14)indicatinggoodmixingatthesesites.TemperaturefluctuationsinBooKecilarealittledifferentfromthoseinotherlocations,becauseheretherearelargefluctuationsinashortperiodoftime.Thisisbecausethetemperatureloggersarepositionedatadepthof2minashallowlagoon,whichmeansthatsunlightisabsorbedmorequicklyintothewatercolumnanddispersesmorequicklyfromthesea.Thismeansthatfluctuationsinsurfacewatertemperatureoccurmorequicklythaninotherlocationsthataremoreopenandhavedeeperwaters.Coralslivingintheseenvironmentswhichexperiencelargetemperaturefluctuationsandelevatedtemperaturesmayhaveincreasedtolerancetobleaching.

Althoughpersonalobservationindicatesthatseverallocationswherethetemperatureloggersarepositioned,suchasinWameiandTanjungLampu,havestrongcurrents,therearenorapiddecreasesintemperatureinanyofthemonitoringsites,includingthesetwolocations.ThissuggeststhatthereisnoupwellinginthelocationswherethetemperatureloggersarepositionedinKofiau.

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25

Figure14.Fluctuationsinaveragesurfacewatertemperature(C)bymonthandyearforallmonitoringsitesinKofiauMarineProtectedArea.

2009 2010

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

Jan

ua

ry

Fe

bru

ary

Ma

rch

Ap

ril

Ma

y

Jun

e

July

Au

gu

st

Se

pte

mb

er

Oct

ob

er

No

vem

be

r

De

cem

be

r

Te

mp

era

ture

(oC

)

Location : Boo Besar Island

Depth : 5 meters

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

Jan

ua

ry

Fe

bru

ary

Ma

rch

Ap

ril

Ma

y

Jun

e

July

Au

gu

st

Se

pte

mb

er

Oct

ob

er

No

vem

be

r

De

cem

be

r

Te

mp

era

ture

(oC

)

Location : Boo Besar island

Depth : 25 meters

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

Jan

ua

ry

Fe

bru

ary

Ma

rch

Ap

ril

Ma

y

Jun

e

July

Au

gu

st

Se

pte

mb

er

Oct

ob

er

No

vem

be

r

De

cem

be

r

Te

mp

era

ture

(oC

)

location : Wamei

Depth : 25 meters

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

Jan

ua

ry

Fe

bru

ary

Ma

rch

Ap

ril

Ma

y

Jun

e

July

Au

gu

st

Se

pte

mb

er

Oct

ob

er

No

vem

be

r

De

cem

be

r

Te

mp

era

ture

(oC

)

Location : Wamei

Depth : 5 meters

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

Jan

ua

ry

Fe

bru

ary

Ma

rch

Ap

ril

Ma

y

Jun

e

July

Au

gu

st

Se

pte

mb

er

Oct

ob

er

No

vem

be

r

De

cem

be

r

Te

mp

era

ture

(oC

)

Location : Boo Kecil lagoon

Depth : 2 meters

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

Jan

ua

ry

Fe

bru

ary

Ma

rch

Ap

ril

Ma

y

Jun

e

July

Au

gu

st

Se

pte

mb

er

Oct

ob

er

No

vem

be

r

De

cem

be

r

Te

mp

era

ture

(oC

)

Location : Jailolo island

Depth : 2 meters

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

Jan

ua

ry

Fe

bru

ary

Ma

rch

Ap

ril

Ma

y

Jun

e

July

Au

gu

st

Se

pte

mb

er

Oct

ob

er

No

vem

be

r

De

cem

be

r

Te

mp

era

ture

(oC

)

Location : Rataitapor

Depth : 5 meters

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

Jan

ua

ry

Fe

bru

ary

Ma

rch

Ap

ril

Ma

y

Jun

e

July

Au

gu

st

Se

pte

mb

er

Oct

ob

er

No

vem

be

r

De

cem

be

r

Te

mp

era

ture

(oC

)

Location : Gebe Besar island

Depth : 5 meters

26

4. CONCLUSIONS

FromthefindingsanddiscussionofthecoralreefhealthmonitoringinKofiauMPA,thefollowingconclusionscanbemade:

The fish community in Kofiau MPA still in health condition due to good diversity andabundanceof fish and theoccurrenceof large individualsof somepredators suchas sharks,grouperandnapoleonwrasse.

However,fishbiomasshasdecreasedatmostsitesfrom2009to2010especiallyforherbivoresandthismayhavebeenduetointensivefishingbyoutsidefishersinDecember2009-January2010.

Thenumberofsharksightingswasverylowin2011comparedto2009and2010andthismaybe due to the continued high fishing pressure on sharks in Kofiau and the wider the RajaAmpatregency.

Three speciesof sharkhavebeen recorded fromKofiauMPAblack tip reef (Carcharinusmelanopterus),whitetipreef(Trianodonobesus)andnurse(Nebriusferrugineus)sharkswererecorded.FromtherayorDasyatidaefamily,twospecieswererecordedbluespottedribbontailstingray(Taeniuralymma)andwhitetailstingray(Himanturagranulate).

Therehasbeennosignificantchange inbenthiccoverage inKofiauMPAbetween theyears2009and2011.

Totalaveragepercentagecoverageoflivehardcoralwas30%,ofsoftcoralwas13%,andofotherbenthoswas10%,withalittlevariationbutnosignificantdifferencebetweenmonitoringyearsandproposedzones.

Mild coral bleaching was recorded in 2009 and 2010 during reef resilience surveys(Mangubhaietal.inprep.),andwasalsodocumentedinbelttransectsattwodepthsin2011.However,lessthan5%ofcoralswereaffectedin2011.

Stylophora was the genus of coral most commonly affected by bleaching (57% of 559colonies).Othergenera,suchasMontipora(folioseandencrusting),Acropora(sub-massive),Hydnophora(encrusting)andPhysogrya(massive)werebleachedbetween3%and7%.

SurfacewatertemperatureinKofiauMPAvariesbetween24.40Cand34.70C,withanaverageof27.90C.AnextendedperiodofwarmerthannormalwatertemperaturesthroughoutKofiauMPAin2010andearly2011probablycausedthemildcoralbleachingseeninApril2011.

27

5. RECOMMENDATIONS

Fromfindingsanddiscussionofthereefhealthmonitoring,thefollowingrecommendationscanbemade:

The Kofiau MPA zoning plan protects a number of sites with good fish and benthiccommunitiesinNTZsandthesewillactasfishbanksandreservesforthespilloveroflarvaeandadultstootherareas.

TheTUZsalsohavehighbiomassoffishfamiliesthatareatargetforKofiauresidentsandsotheyshouldstillbeabletohaveenoughfisheriesresourcesfortheirlocalneeds.

ToaddressthedecliningfishbiomassinKofiauMPA,it is importanttoenforcethezoningsystemtobothprotectNTZsfromanyfishingactivityandalsoensurethatoutsidefishersareprohibitedfromfishinginTUZs

It is especially important to protect the sites which are likely fish spawning and feedinggroundssuchasNTZ1andNTZ3.

It is essential to maintain and strengthen the local patrols and outreach activities to ensurecompliancewiththezoningsystem.

ThebestsitefortourismactivitiesisisNTZ3becauseofthedramaticunderwaterlandscapefeatures.

FuturemonitoringatsitesinNTZandTUZsinKofiauMPAwillprovideinformationontheeffectivenessofthezoningplanie.Iffishbiomassandcoralhealtharestableorincreasing.Itisrecommendedthisbeundertakenevery2-3years.

InformationaboutfishdensityandbiomasscanbefurthercombinedwithinformationaboutcatchesfromresourceusemonitoringtoobtainclarificationaboutthestatusoffishresourcesinKofiauMPA.

28

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30

APPENDICES

Appendix1.ThenamesandGPSlocationsofsitessampledinKofiauMarineProtectedArea.SiteID SiteName Island Zone ReefType Exposure Latitude(S) Longitude(E

2200 KampungDeer Kofiau TUZ1 slope sheltered 109.267 12950.7032201 Warmariar Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 109.361 12949.9602202 TanjungDeer Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 108.553 12951.0332203 Twanyauhner Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 108.723 12952.7252204 Yenmandur Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 109.770 12955.7852205 Wamei Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 110.106 12958.3752206 WambongKecil Kofiau NTZ1 slope exposed 110.997 12958.3232207 Maet Kofiau NTZ1 slope exposed 112.233 12956.3022208 Yenpapir Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 112.672 12954.2602209 Rataitapor Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 115.040 12949.8252210 Warturenmyotkuer Kofiau TUZ1 slope semi-exposed 113.413 12947.1032211 WaloBommoes Kofiau NTZ2 patch semi-exposed 116.255 12940.0972212 Walosouth Kofiau NTZ2 slope exposed 116.514 12939.5022213 GebeKecilWall Kofiau NTZ2 wall exposed 113.721 12938.7722214 Karabas Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 113.818 12942.1762215 Tabek Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 116.937 12943.6262216 Pamali Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 116.306 12946.1832217 Walo Kofiau NTZ2 slope exposed 115.601 12939.5782218 Cina Kofiau NTZ2 slope exposed 114.878 12940.8802219 GebeKecil Kofiau NTZ2 slope exposed 113.568 12938.9992220 GebeBesar Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 112.189 12939.2722221 Tolobi1 Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 110.558 12940.6482222 Tolobi2 Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 109.786 12942.1532223 Tolobi3 Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 109.395 12944.3752224 JailoloBesar Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 108.792 12946.2022225 Taupadwar Boo TUZ2 slope exposed 110.748 12928.5242226 NorthBooKecil Boo TUZ2 slope exposed 110.051 12927.2692227 Tomna Boo TUZ2 slope exposed 108.958 12926.5522228 Taroiukoyer Boo TUZ2 slope exposed 109.156 12925.2382229 Warmaret Boo NTZ3 slope exposed 109.866 12922.0272230 Yenimfan Boo NTZ3 slope exposed 109.388 12920.8432231 Tapordoker Boo NTZ3 slope exposed 109.279 12919.0902232 TanjungLampu Boo NTZ3 slope exposed 110.578 12917.9552233 BooBarrierReef Boo TUZ2 barrier exposed 112.502 12925.7892234 Donakarmalita DonaKarmalita NTZ4 patch exposed 117.753 12926.8552235 LagunaWalo Kofiau NTZ2 lagoon sheltered 116.024 12939.9752236 WallGebeBesar Kofiau NTZ2 wall exposed 112.175 12938.8392237 KorMangKwan Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 113.655 12952.8972238 Yendot Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 114.508 12951.3982239 Tampagula Kofiau TUZ1 slope semi-exposed 112.239 12942.3722240 Huriba Kofiau TUZ1 slope exposed 112.320 12940.9482241 BajuLagoon Boo TUZ2 slope semi-exposed 110.930 12923.780

31

Appendix2.Listoffishbiomassconstantsusedtocalculatebiomass

FishID Species_name Family Biomass constant a Biomass constant b Reference Notes

1 Acanthurus bariene Acanthuridae 0.028 2.983 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Acanthurus spp.

2 Acanthurus blochii Acanthuridae 0.0251 3.032 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used A. blochii

3 Acanthurus dussumieri Acanthuridae 0.0426 2.868 Kulbicki etal 2005

4 Acanthurus fowleri Acanthuridae 0.028 2.983 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Acanthurus spp.

5 Acanthurus leucocheilus Acanthuridae 0.028 2.983 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Acanthurus spp.

6 Acanthurus lineatus Acanthuridae 0.0126 3.064 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)

7 Acanthurus mata Acanthuridae 0.0222 3.008 Kulbicki etal 2005

8 Acanthurus nigricans Acanthuridae 0.067 2.669 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)

9 Acanthurus nigricauda Acanthuridae 0.0168 3.168 Kulbicki etal 2005

10 Acanthurus nigrofuscus Acanthuridae 0.0264 3.028 Kulbicki etal 2005

11 Acanthurus olivaceus Acanthuridae 0.007 3.398 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)

12 Acanthurus pyroferus Acanthuridae 0.0051 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)

13 Acanthurus spp. Acanthuridae 0.028 2.983 Kulbicki etal 2005

14 Acanthurus spp. (ringtail) Acanthuridae 0.028 2.983 Kulbicki etal 2005

15 Acanthurus triostegus Acanthuridae 0.0831 2.57 Kulbicki etal 2005

16 Acanthurus xanthopterus Acanthuridae 0.0267 2.984 Kulbicki etal 2005

17 Ctenochaetus binotatus Acanthuridae 0.0392 2.875 Kulbicki etal 2005

18 Ctenochaetus cyanocheilus Acanthuridae 0.0237 3.056 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Ctenochaetus spp.

19 Ctenochaetus spp. Acanthuridae 0.0237 3.056 Kulbicki etal 2005

20 Ctenochaetus striatus Acanthuridae 0.0231 3.063 Kulbicki etal 2005

21 Ctenochaetus tominensis Acanthuridae 0.0237 3.056 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Ctenochaetus spp.

22 Naso annulatus Acanthuridae 0.051 2.715 Kulbicki etal 2005

23 Naso brevirostris Acanthuridae 0.0107 3.243 Kulbicki etal 2005

24 Naso hexacanthus Acanthuridae 0.0202 2.956 Kulbicki etal 2005

25 Naso lituratus Acanthuridae 0.0497 2.839 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)

26 Naso lopezi Acanthuridae 0.0594 2.854 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)

27 Naso minor Acanthuridae 0.0085 3.25 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Naso spp.

28 Naso spp. Acanthuridae 0.0085 3.25 Kulbicki etal 2005

29 Naso unicornis Acanthuridae 0.0179 3.035 Kulbicki etal 2005

30 Naso vlamingii Acanthuridae 0.0753 2.843 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)

31 Zebrasoma scopas Acanthuridae 0.0291 2.993 Kulbicki etal 2005

32 Zebrasoma spp. Acanthuridae 0.0378 2.857 Kulbicki etal 2005

33 Zebrasoma veliferum Acanthuridae 0.0343 2.866 Kulbicki etal 2005

34 Albula spp. Albulidae 0.0205 2.869 Kulbicki etal 2005

35 Antennarius spp. Antennariidae 0.0236 3.293 Kulbicki etal 2005

36 Apogon angustatus Apogonidae 0.0049 3.78 Kulbicki etal 2005

37 Apogon aureus Apogonidae 0.0064 3.509 Kulbicki etal 2005

38 Apogon bandanensis Apogonidae 0.014 3.25 Kulbicki etal 2005

39 Apogon catalai Apogonidae 0.0052 3.935 Kulbicki etal 2005

40 Apogon compressus Apogonidae 0.0186 2.984 Kulbicki etal 2005

41 Apogon cookii Apogonidae 0.0058 3.689 Kulbicki etal 2005

42 Apogon cyanosoma Apogonidae 0.0074 3.563 Kulbicki etal 2005

43 Apogon doderleini Apogonidae 0.009 3.46 Kulbicki etal 2005

44 Apogon ellioti Apogonidae 0.0172 2.991 Kulbicki etal 2005

45 Apogon exostigma Apogonidae 0.0164 3.069 Kulbicki etal 2005

46 Apogon fraenatus Apogonidae 0.013 3.165 Kulbicki etal 2005

47 Apogon fuscus Apogonidae 0.0407 2.699 Kulbicki etal 2005

48 Apogon hyalosoma Apogonidae 0.0071 3.449 Kulbicki etal 2005

49 Apogon kallopterus Apogonidae 0.0101 3.314 Kulbicki etal 2005

50 Apogon lateralis Apogonidae 0.0184 3.051 Kulbicki etal 2005

51 Apogon lineolatus Apogonidae 0.0045 3.683 Kulbicki etal 2005

52 Apogon nigrofasciatus Apogonidae 0.0086 3.51 Kulbicki etal 2005

53 Apogon norfolcensis Apogonidae 0.0102 3.277 Kulbicki etal 2005

54 Apogon novemfasciatus Apogonidae 0.0086 3.414 Kulbicki etal 2005

55 Apogon spp. Apogonidae 0.0155 3.121 Kulbicki etal 2005

56 Apogon trimaculatus Apogonidae 0.0217 2.971 Kulbicki etal 2005

57 Archamia fucata Apogonidae 0.0089 3.323 Kulbicki etal 2005

58 Archamia leai Apogonidae 0.0072 3.48 Kulbicki etal 2005

59 Archamia lineolata Apogonidae 0.0485 2.586 Kulbicki etal 2005

60 Archamia spp. Apogonidae 0.0084 3.395 Kulbicki etal 2005

61 Cheilodipterus artus Apogonidae 0.0038 3.59 Kulbicki etal 2005

62 Cheilodipterus lachneri Apogonidae 0.0022 3.858 Kulbicki etal 2005

63 Cheilodipterus macrodon Apogonidae 0.0054 3.433 Kulbicki etal 2005

64 Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Apogonidae 0.0161 2.999 Kulbicki etal 2005

65 Cheilodipterus spp. Apogonidae 0.0132 3.085 Kulbicki etal 2005

66 Fowleria aurita Apogonidae 0.0376 2.776 Kulbicki etal 2005

67 Fowleria marmorata Apogonidae 0.0024 4.136 Kulbicki etal 2005

68 Fowleria spp. Apogonidae 0.0082 3.567 Kulbicki etal 2005

69 Fowleria variegata Apogonidae 0.0134 3.35 Kulbicki etal 2005

70 Atherinomorus lacunosus Atherinidae 0.0064 3.298 Kulbicki etal 2005

71 Aulostomus chinensis Aulostomidae 0.0002 3.514 Kulbicki etal 2005

72 Abalistes stellaris Balistidae 0.0472 2.76 Kulbicki etal 2005

73 Balistapus undulatus Balistidae 0.0058 3.5540 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com) Used Balistoides spp.

74 Balistoides conspicillum Balistidae 0.019 3.078 Kulbicki et al 2005 Used Balistoides spp.

75 Balistoides spp. Balistidae 0.019 3.0780 Kulbicki etal 2005

76 Balistoides viridescens Balistidae 0.0244 3.018 Kulbicki etal 2005

77 Belonidae semi-elongated Balistidae 0.0008 3.203 Kulbicki etal 2005

78 Melichthys vidua Balistidae 0.0058 3.554 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)

79 Odonus niger Balistidae 0.0366 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)

80 Pseudobalistes fuscus Balistidae 0.0726 2.76 Kulbicki etal 2005

32

81 Sufflamen bursa Balistidae 0.0326 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)

82 Sufflamen fraenatus Balistidae 0.0287 2.966 Kulbicki etal 2005

83 Sufflamen spp. Balistidae 0.0324 2.929 Kulbicki etal 2005

84 Strongylura incisa Belonidae 0.0016 2.996 Kulbicki etal 2005

85 Strongylura spp. Belonidae 0.0011 3.101 Kulbicki etal 2005

86 Strongylura urvilli Belonidae 0.0005 3.361 Kulbicki etal 2005

87 Tylosurus crocodilus Belonidae 0.0006 3.285 Kulbicki etal 2005

88 Atrosalarias fuscus Blenniidae 0.0149 3.018 Kulbicki etal 2005

89 Cirripectes chelomatus Blenniidae 0.0147 3.099 Kulbicki etal 2005

90 Cirripectes spp. Blenniidae 0.013 3.15 Kulbicki etal 2005

91 Cirripectes stigmaticus Blenniidae 0.0183 2.969 Kulbicki etal 2005

92 Ecsenius bicolor Blenniidae 0.0239 2.5830 Kulbicki etal 2005

93 Ecsenius spp. Blenniidae 0.0239 2.584 Kulbicki etal 2005

94 Meiacanthus spp. Blenniidae 0.0009 4.47 Kulbicki etal 2005

95 Petroscirtes spp. Blenniidae 0.0097 3.016 Kulbicki etal 2005

96 Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos Blenniidae 0.0012 3.792 Kulbicki etal 2005

97 Plagiotremus spp. Blenniidae 0.0018 3.581 Kulbicki etal 2005

98 Plagiotremus tapeinosoma Blenniidae 0.0057 2.908 Kulbicki etal 2005

99 Salarias fasciatus Blenniidae 0.0138 2.98 Kulbicki etal 2005

100 Arnoglossus spp. Bothidae 0.0002 4.811 Kulbicki etal 2005

101 Asterorhombus intermedius Bothidae 0.001 4.075 Kulbicki etal 2005

102 Bothus pantherinus Bothidae 0.002 3.751 Kulbicki etal 2005

103 Engyprosopon grandisquama Bothidae 0.0168 2.894 Kulbicki etal 2005

104 Grammatobothus polyophthalmus Bothidae 0.0148 2.895 Kulbicki etal 2005

105 Dinematichthys spp. Bythitidae 0.0072 3.155 Kulbicki etal 2005

106 Caesio caerulaurea Caesionidae 0.02 2.991 Kulbicki etal 2005

107 Caesio cuning Caesionidae 0.0149 3.121 Kulbicki etal 2005

108 Caesio lunaris Caesionidae 0.0149 3.121 Kulbicki etal 2005

109 Caesio spp. Caesionidae 0.0093 3.253 Kulbicki etal 2005

110 Caesio teres Caesionidae 0.0149 3.121 Kulbicki etal 2005

111 Pterocaesio diagramma Caesionidae 0.0069 3.341 Kulbicki etal 2005

112 Pterocaesio marri Caesionidae 0.0092 3.234 Kulbicki etal 2005 Used Pterocaesio spp.

113 Pterocaesio pisang Caesionidae 0.0092 3.234 Kulbicki etal 2005

114 Pterocaesio spp. Caesionidae 0.0092 3.234 Kulbicki etal 2005

115 Pterocaesio tile Caesionidae 0.01120606 3 Fishbase (www.fishbase.com)

116 Pterocaesio trilineata Caesionidae 0.0107 3.