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8/8/2019 Report Cip Formation
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Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION (BACKGROUND AND THEORY): ............ .............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ..... 2
2.0 OBJECTIVE .................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.0 EQUIPMENT................................................................................................................................................... 94.0 PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................................................ 11
5.0 RESULT ........................................................................................................................................................ 11
6.0 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................................ 13
7.0 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................. 21
8.0 REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................................. 22
9.0 GROUP MEMBER CONTRIBUTION ........................................................................................................... 23
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TITLE: STUDY OF CHIP FORMATION.
1.0 INTRODUCTION (BACKGROUND AND THEORY):
In the metal cutting process, layers from metal are removed systematically from a work
piece by the action of the cutting tool. The metals removed referred to as chips and the
chip produced are in different formed sizes due to various conditions. In practice, it is
impossible to produce three distinct types of chip namely; a continuous chip, a
continuous chip with a built-up-age (BUE) and a discontinuous chip. The type of chips
produced depends on the work and tools materials, the geometry and the speed of the
cutting process and the existence or absence of lubrication. Knowing about chip
formation and control is very important because among others, it affect tool life, surface
finish of type product, disposal problem and cost. The basic mechanism of chip
formation is that of shear formation. The material is assumed to shear along a shear
plane extending from the tool tip to the surface.
The chip formation process is the same for most machining processes, and it has been
researched in order to determine closed-form solutions for speeds, feeds, and other
parameters which have in the past been determined by the "feel" of the machinist.
With CNC machine tools producing parts at ever-faster rates, it has become important
to provide automatic algorithms for determining speeds and feeds. The information
presented in this section are some of the more important aspects of chip formation.
Reasons for machining being difficult to analyze and characterize can be summarized as
follows:
y The strain rate is extremely high compared to that of other fabrication
processes.
y The process varies considerably depending on the part material, temperature,
cutting fluids, etc.
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y The process varies considerably depending on the tool material, temperature,
chatter and vibration, etc.
y The process is only constrained by the tool cutter. Unlike other processes such as
molding and cold forming which are contained, a lot of variation can occur even
with the same configuration.
For all types of machining, including grinding, honing, lapping, planning, turning, or
milling, the phenomenon of chip formation is similar at the point where the tool meets
the work.
Below is illustrated the basic geometry of two-dimensional chip formation. The model is
two-dimensional for simplicity.
Figure 3.1 : 2-d dimensional movements
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The material immediately in front of the tool is bent upward and is compressed in a
narrow zone of shear which is shaded on the drawing above. For most analyses, this
shear area can be simplified to a plane.
As the tool moves forward, the material ahead of the tool passes through this shear
plane. If the material is ductile, fracture will not occur and the chip will be in the form of
a continuous ribbon. If the material is brittle, the chip will periodically fracture and
separate chips will be formed. It is within the shear zone that gross deformation of the
material takes place which allows the chips to be removed. As on the stress-strain
diagram of a metal, the elastic deformation is followed by plastic deformation. The
material ultimately must yield in shear.
The figure below depicts the cutting area in terms of lines of flow. As the material flows
from the bulk of the work piece to the shear area, it is violently sheared, and then
continues into the chip section.
Figure 3.2 : cutting area in term of lines of flow
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a) Continuous chip
Continuous chip are usually formed when machining ductile material such as mild
steel, iron, cooper or aluminum. The formation of chip takes place in the zone
extending from the tool cutting edge to the junction between the surface of the chip
and the work piece known as primary deformation zone. The chip flows in a
continuous ribbon without breaking when it is compressed by the action of the
cutting tool and as the chip separates from the metal. Depending upon the cutting
conditions, a normal continuous chip or continuous chip with built-up-edge (BUE)
would be formed.
Continuous chip generally produce good surface finish but they are not always
desirable. They tend to become tangled around the tool holder, the fixture, and the
work piece, as well as chip-disposal systems and the operation has to be stopped to
clear away the chips. Long continuous chip may damage the machine tool, damage
the surface finish of the machined surface, may cause the inserts to break, or even
hurt the machinist. Usually a chip breaker is used to fracture the chip into small bits
so it does not get tangled in the machine and become a safety hazard.
Some of the conditions favorable for continuous chip formation can be summarized
as:
y Ductile work piece material.
y Small chip thickness.
y Fine feeds.
y Sharp cutting edge of the cutting tool.
y A large rake angle on the cutting tool.
y High cutting speeds.
y Using coolant.
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b) Discontinuous chip (segmented chip)
This is formed in small segments separately due to periodic rupture ahead of the
cutting tool due to high stress applied by the cutting action. The chip then separates
from the unmachined portion. As a result of this successive ruptures, a poor surface
is produces on the work piece. This is typical of brittle material such as cast iron, or
cast brass. This is due to brittle failure at the shear plane before any tangible plastics
flow occurs. Discontinuous may also be produced when machining ductile materials
at very low speeds and high feeds.
Conditions favorable for discontinuous chip formation are as listed below:
y Brittle work piece material.
y Small rake angle on the cutting tool
y Large depth of cut or uncut chip thickness.
y Low cutting speed.
y Work piece materials that contain hard inclusions and impurities, or have
microstructures such as the graphite flakes in gray cast iron.
y Lack of effective cutting fluid.
y Low stiffness of the machine tool.
c) Continuous chip with built-up-edge (BUE)
The continuous chip and built-up-edge (BUE) is similar to continuous chip but with
the additional molten metal material sticking to it. Under most cutting conditions,
some of the work piece material will form or attach to the face of the cutting tool.
This is the formation of layer after layer of molten material onto the rake face at the
tool nose due to high pressure and temperatures. This phenomenon is called the
built-up-edge (BUE). Due to work hardening and the deposition of the successive
layers of material, the BUE hardness increases significantly and sometimes
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exceeding the hardness of the parent metal. The molten metal would be welded
onto the rake face, grows larger and then would reach a critical size, becomes
unstable and breaks. Part of it would be welded onto the chip and partly onto the
machined surface. The one on the rake face tends to cause the cut to deeper then
the tip of the cutting tool and degrades surface finish. Often the BUE continuous to
grow and then breaks down when it becomes unstable, the broken pieces then
carried away by underside of the chip and the new work piece surface. The process
of BUE formation and destruction is repeated continuously during the cutting
operation, unless measures are taken to eliminate it.
At high speeds, the BUE gradually disappears and the chip once again makes full
contact with the tool. Periodically the BUE on the rake face of the cutting tool will
break off and remove some of the cutting tool and leaves the cavity. This crater
wear and thus, tool life is reduced. Decreasing the depth of cut, increasing rake
angle and using sharp cutting tool and an effective cutting fluid, reduces the
tendency for BUE to form.
Conditions for BUE formation while machining:y Mating metals must be mixable with each other.
y Metallic bonding.
y High temperature (do not use coolant/cutting fluid)
y High stresses
y Softer non-ferrous metals.
y Ductile materials and low carbon steels.
y Low cutting speed.
y BUE chip formation increases as the tool begins to dull.
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Some problems due to BUE can list as follows:
y A major factor that affects surface finish, bad surface finish.
y Loss of dimensional accuracy due to changing tool geometry during
operation.
y Cutting tool becomes dull.
y Low tool life.
In general, BUE can be reducing by:
y Increasing cutting speed.
y Decreasing feed rate.
y Decreasing depth of cut.
y Increasing ambient work piece temperature.
y Increasing rake angle.
y Using sharp cutting tool.
y Reducing friction.
y Using a tool that has lower chemical affinity for the work piece material.
Figure 3.3 : types of chip formation
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2.0 OBJECTIVETo purpose of experiment /demonstration is to illustrate various types of chip that can be
produce during metal cutting process and to examine the effect of lubrication on chip
formation. . We also want to know the uses of lathe machine and their part that involve for
metal cutting process. Other than that we want to identify the important of study chip
formation for applying in industry.
3.0 EQUIPMENT
1) LatheMachine
2) Work pieceM
aterial (mild steel)
3) Cutting Fluid (mineral oil base)
4) Cutting tools
LatheMachine Work pieceMaterial Cutting Fluids
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FIGURE 1: Lathe machine
DIGITAL READ OUT
MAIN SPINDLE HANDWHEEL
WAYS
LEA
SCR
FEED RODCLUCTH
BED
REDUCTION
GEAR BOX
TAILSTOC
THESPINDLE
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4.0 PROCEDURE1) The work piece material was securely clamped in a chuck. The work piece material
should not extend more than three times its diameter.
2) Then a cutting tool (Tungsten Carbide) been installed.
3) The cutting tool then been moved off the part by backing the carriage up with the
carriage hand wheel and then use the cross feed to set the desired depth of cut.
4) The machine was then been started so that the cutting tool cut the work piece material.
The different feed rates apply to produce different chip with cutting or without cutting
fluid.
5.0 RESULTTable 1 : Result of demonstration
Type of Chips With Coolant Without Coolant
Continuous Chips
Speed : 790 rpm
Feed rate : 0.05 mm/rev
( AEV3X )
Depth of Cut : 2 mm
Surface Finish : Fine
Chip Formation
> low temperature> curl
> silver colour /original
colour
> thick width
Chip Formation
> high temperature
> curl
> bright colour / burning
> thin width
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Built-Up-Edge (b.u.e)
Speed : 130 rpm
Feed rate : 1.00 mm/rev
( BER7X )
Depth of Cut : 2 mm
Surface Finish : Course
Chip Formation
> low temperature
> curl> silver colour /original
colour
> thick width
Chip Formation
> high temperature
> curl
> bright colour / burning
> thin width
Discontinous Chips
Speed : 300 rpm
Feed rate : 0.15 mm/rev
(AET8X)
Depth of Cut : 2 mm
Surface Finish : Too course
Chip Formation
> low temperature
> small curl
> dark colour
> thin width
Chip Formation
> high temperature
> small size
> bright+blue colour
> thin width
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6.0 DISCUSSION
I. Discuss the result of the demonstration.
Continous Chip B.U.E Chip Discontinous
Velocity Of Cutting High cutting speed Low cutting speedVery low or very high
cutting speed
Advantages
Very good surface
finish.
Reduce cost.
Reduce tool wear by
protecting its rake
face regarded the
condition.
Good surface finish.
Desirable for ease of
chip disposal.
Disadvantages
Stick at tool or
machine.
Chip disposal system.
Changes the
geometry of the
cutting edge and
dulls it.
Poor surface finish.
Can affect surface
finish and cause
vibration and
chatter.
Other Factor
Contributing.
High rake angles.
Steady cutting
forces.
Depth of cut is high.
Low rake angles.
Blank tools.
Low rake angles.
Large depth of cut.
Brittle material.
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II. Why the knowledge on chip formation is very important in metal cutting.
It is important to study the formation of chip during the machining processes as the
former affects the surface finish, cutting forces, temperature, tool life and dimensional
tolerance. Understanding the chip formation during the machining process for the specific
materials will allow us to determine the machining speeds, feed rates and depth of cuts for
efficient machining and increase tool life in the specific actual machining operation.
The chip formation is important because of the importance of machining for any
industrial economy, has been extensively studied. The chip formation process is the same for
most machining processes, and it has been researched in order to determine closed-form
solutions for speeds, feeds, and other parameters which have in the past been determined by
the feel of the machinist. It has become important to provide automatic algorithms for
determining speeds and feeds. The information presented in this section is some of the more
important aspects of chip formation.
The chip formation is important to observe whether the surface finish of the work piece is good
or not. From the observation of the chip can be a measurement that can be used to improve
and verify the accuracy of the work piece. From the formation, we could observe of the chips
colour and shape. From the colour we can be measured the temperature affected from the
friction is very high that change the colour of the work piece that might be change the strength.
There are several shapes that we can observed which are continuous, built-up edge and
discontinuous chip as function of experiment that determined the best machining operation.
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III. The trend in machining now is for dry machining. Explain and give reasons
why.
There are some reasons why the world has minimized or eliminated the use of
metalworking fluids, and switch to dry machining trend. Dry or near dry machining
major benefits are:
y Alleviating the environmental effect of using cutting fluids, improving air quality in
manufacturing plants, and reducing health hazards
y Reducing the cost of machining operations, including the cost of maintenance, recycling
and disposal of cutting fluids
y Further improving surface quality
Dry machining is also a viable alternative. With major advances in cutting tools, dry
machining has been shown to be effective in various machining operations especially
turning, milling, and gear cutting.
IV. Comment on the various chuck used by the lathe machine.
Lathe chuck is a relatively simple device. There are only a few major parts that go into
the construction of a lathe chuck. Each lathe chuck consists of a spindle and jaws. The jaws
are used to grip the item to be worked on with the lathe. A lot of lathe chuck models are
available with either two, three, four or six jaws depending on the manufacturer. A chuck is
usually equipped with three or four jaws. Three jaw chucks generally have a geared scroll
design that makes the jaws self centering. They are used for round work pieces (such as bar
stock, pipes, and tubing), which can be centered to within 0.025mm.
Four jaws (independent) chucks have jaws that can be moved and adjusted
independently of each other. Thus, they can be used for square, rectangular, or odd shaped
work pieces. Because they are constructed more ruggedly than three jaw chucks, four jaw
chucks are used for heavy work pieces or for work requiring multiple chucking where
concentricity is important.
Power chucks, actuated pneumatically or hydraulically, are used in automated
equipment for high production rates, including the loading of parts using industrial robots.
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1. Self Centring Lathe Chuck (True Chuck) (Three Jaws)These chucks are having 3 jaws & these types of chucks have maximum demand. These
chucks are suitable for gripping round or hexagonal jobs. One set of reverse jaws is
supplied with each chuck
2. Self Centring Lathe Chuck (True Chuck) (four Jaws)These chucks have 4 jaws & are suitable for gripping round or square jobs. These
chucks are available with extra set of reverse jaw.
An independent jaw chuck is designed with 4 jaws which may be moved independently
of another. A t-handle wrench is used to actuate a screw on each jaw
independently. When the t-wrench in inserted into the end of a jaw screw and turned
clockwise the jaw moves to the center of the chuck. These chucks may be used to
center an irregular shaped work part or to position a work part off center by
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choice. Independent chucks are available with solid one piece jaws or 2 piece jaws with
a removable top jaw.
Different types of lathe chucks command different prices. Lathe chucks are generally not
cheap. Lathe chuck systems can be bought assembled or disassembled. The cost of a
lathe chuck is heavily dependent on type and size.
V. Give three important accuracy aspects/procedures in metal cutting
process.
y Cutting speed.
Cutting speed play an important role to produce high quality of workpiece.
Selection of the suitable cutting speed is the main factor to be considered before
machining process start. The cutting speed can effect on the volume of metal removed.
When the volume of material removed is directly proportional to the distance the tool
has travel or the feed, we will be less likely to be over cutting the piece, thus making it
more accurate. It is also need to be understood that by decreasing the cutting speed,
the longer the time required to machine a part.
y Type of cutting tool that is being use.
In any metal cutting operation, to get the best product there must be a proper
selection of the cutting tool. The selection of various material of cutting tool depends
on the different application. The cutting tool materials commonly made by high speed
steels, uncoated or coated carbides, ceramic and diamond. The properties or quality of
the cutting tool material also differ from each other. The cutting tool which has a
thermal shock resistance can withstand the rapid change in temperature encountered in
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interrupted cutting. While the cutting tool with chemical stability can avoid or minimize
any adverse reaction and adhesion which can affect the cutting tool quality. Using the
right cutting tool will not just result in better precision but it will also ensure longer tool
life.
y The use of lubricant.
To retain accuracy, to get a good surface finish on the workpiece and at the same
time to have a longer tool life the use of good lubricants or coolant is needed. During
the metal cutting process heat is generated due to the deformation of the material and
friction at the tool tip. Heat generated due to the friction can be reduced by use of
lubricant. The heat from the friction will be carried away by the lubricants during the
machining process. Too much heat cause by the friction can affect the material which
will cause distortion, tool wear and accuracy. Thus the use of a cutting fluid will serve to
reduce the tool wear, give better surface finish and a tighter dimensional control. The
proper selection, mixing and application of cutting fluids is however often
misunderstood and frequently neglected in machining practice. In order that the cutting
fluid performs its functions properly it is necessary to ensure that the cutting fluid be
applied directly to the cutting zone so that it can form a film at the sliding surfaces of
the tool.
VI. Discuss three ways for you to manage chips efficiently
Lubricants
y The easiest way to manage chips from machining processes is to use lubricants or
coolant. Lubricants as we already know is use to reduce heat that occur from the friction
of tool tip and material surface. In addition to the heat reducing ability, lubricants can
also be use to flush away chips that is produce so that it wont be entangled during
machining process which is not preferable in CNC machining.
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y There are many types of lubricants such as:
a. Water
It has a high specific heat but is poor in lubrication and also encourages rusting. It is used
as a cooling agent during tool grinding
b. Soluble Oils
Oil will not dissolve in water but can be made to form an intimate mixture or emulsion by
adding emulsifying agents. The oil is then suspended in the water in the form of tiny
droplets. These fluids have average lubricating abilities and good cooling properties.
Soluble oils are suitable for light cutting operations on general purpose machines where
high rates of metal removal are often not of prime importance. There are many forms of
soluble oil in the market and the suppliers instruction should be followed regarding the
proportions of the mix'.
c.Mineral Oils
They are used for heavier cutting operations because of their good lubricating properties
and are commonly found in production machines where high rates of metal removal are
employed. Mineral oils are very suitable for steels but should not be used on copper or
its alloys since it has a corrosive effect.
d. Vegetable Oils
They are good lubricants but are of little used since they are liable to decompose and
smell badly.
Chip breakers
Chip breakers can be use to control chip flow during machining,
eliminating long chips and reducing vibration and heat generated. The
selection of chip breakers depends on the feed and depth of cut of the
operation, the work piece material, the type of chip produced during
cutting, and whether it is a roughing or finishing cut.
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Continuous and long chips are undesirable so chip-breakers are use in
this kind of situation. It is use to break the chip intermittently.
Traditionally chip breakers are a piece of metal clamp together with the
work piece to bend and break the chip. However, nowadays there are
chip breakers that have built in chip breakers features of various designs.
Chips also can be broken by changing the geometry of the tool to control
chip flow, in any machining processes. The ideal chip breakers are the
type that can break the chips into the shape of letter C or number 9 and
fits within a 25 mm square space.
Cutting in a small increment
Another method of removing the chips is by cutting it in a small
increment. Machinist usually will machine at small increment and
pausing, so that the chips can be removed. But, the chip breakers are not
efficient to be used for soft work piece material such as aluminum and
copper. Therefore, for this type of material, the method by cutting in a
small increment will be used.
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7.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, many types of chip that can be produced during metal cutting
process after our group did the experiment. Also we see that the lubrication effect on
the chip formation and from the experiment, we found that different color has different
of chip formation due to the lubrication hat we use. If without coolant, the chip
formation color is brown color and if with the coolant the chip color is silver color. The
color different also because of the different of the temperature during metal cutting
process occur the chip formation that produce without coolant during metal cutting is
more higher temperature than the chip formation that produce with coolant, it is
because the coolant make the temperature during metal cutting process much lower. It
also will make the different structure of the chip formation with the different cutting
speed, feed and depth cut, it also produce different shape of the chip formation. When
the depth of cut is decreases, the width of the chip that produce will decreases. And
when the feed rate is decreases, the chips that produce will not continuous. The high
speed will produces a smooth surface on the work piece, and the resulting surface will
be smoother and good.
Although continuous chip generally produce good surface finish, continuouschips are not always desirable, particularly with the computer-controlled machine tools
widely used today, as they tend to be tangled around the tool holder, the featuring, the
work piece, as well as the chip disposal system. This problem can be eliminated by chip
breakers, or by changing parameters such as cutting speed or depth of cut
A BUE consists of layers of material from the work piece that are gradually are
deposited on the tool tip. As it becomes larger, the BUE becomes unstable and
eventually breaks apart. Discontinuous chips consist of segments that may be firmly orloosely attached to each other. Discontinuous chip also produce a good surface but not
as good as continuous chip. Lastly, this experiment had given us a knowledge about the
process that effect the work piece if we not us a right method such use a suitable tool,
the speed of the cutting process and other factor.
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8.0 REFERENCE
i. Serope Kalpakjian, Steven Schmid (2005), Manufacturing Engineering &
Technology, Fifth Edition. Singapore: Pearson PrenticeHall.
ii. MEM 560 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES COURSE MANUAL, chapter 6:
traditional machining process, facilitator: Mohd Yusoff Bin Mohd al-Rangi (Assoc.
Prof.,Haji)
iii. http://www.efunda.com/processes/machining/chip.cfm
iv. http://machine-tools.netfirms.com/01_Chip_Formation.htm#continuous
v. http://www.cpmt.com/newsletter_related_docs/Part%203%20-
%20Basics%20of%20Metal%20Chip%20Formation.pdf
vi. http://web.mit.edu/2.670/www/Tutorials/Machining/physics/Description.html
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9.0 GROUP MEMBER CONTRIBUTION
Fauzany INTRODUCTION (BACKGROUND AND THEORY)
Azman
y OBJECTIVE
y CONCLUSION
Arez
y EQUIPMENT
y RESULT
Kamarul
y PROCEDURE
y DISCUSSION