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CIV498 Group Design Project CIBC Bank College and Spadina

Authors: Brett Sagert 997233845 and Shuliang (Peter) Sun 996007440

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Contents Project Description........................................................................................................................................ 2

Site Context ............................................................................................................................................... 2

Climate ...................................................................................................................................................... 2

Local Considerations ................................................................................................................................. 3

Current Condition ..................................................................................................................................... 3

HVAC ......................................................................................................................................................... 3

Business Objective .................................................................................................................................... 4

Final Condition .......................................................................................................................................... 4

Sustainability Measures ................................................................................................................................ 5

Energy, Cost and Emissions ....................................................................................................................... 5

Photovoltaics ......................................................................................................................................... 5

Passive Solar Lighting and Heating ....................................................................................................... 6

Non-Passive Lighting ............................................................................................................................. 8

Water Management .................................................................................................................................. 9

Green Roofs .............................................................................................................................................. 9

Rainwater Capture .............................................................................................................................. 10

Energy Efficient Water Fixtures .......................................................................................................... 10

Embodied Energy of Retrofits ................................................................................................................. 11

General Embodied Energy and Life Cycle Analysis ............................................................................. 11

Window Retrofits ................................................................................................................................ 12

Energy and Economic Analysis .................................................................................................................... 14

Base Load Summary ................................................................................................................................ 14

Photovoltaics........................................................................................................................................... 16

Passive Lighting and Light Shelves .......................................................................................................... 17

Internal Lighting ...................................................................................................................................... 18

Cisterns, Toilets and Faucets................................................................................................................... 18

Green Roofs ............................................................................................................................................ 21

Argon Filled Windows ............................................................................................................................. 21

Economic Payback for All Retrofits ......................................................................................................... 22

References .................................................................................................................................................. 25

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Project Description

Site Context

The main objective for this

project is to do a retrofit on a retail

store or establishment and determine

the effectiveness of the retrofit based

on sustainability measures discussed

later. Our group has decided to do a

retrofit of the CIBC bank located on the

North West corner of College and

Spadina at 268 College Street.

Figure 1 CIBC Location1

Climate

The intersection of College and Spadina can

be considered to just be on the outskirts of

Torontos core downtown area. The average

summer temperature is 15C and the average

winter is 0C. The daily sunlight hours average five

hours per day over a given year see Figure 22.

Monthly average rainfall is 60 mm with a peak

average in August and September of 80 mm per

month. Toronto also receives a small amount of

snow during the winter months, with an average of

30 mm per month.

Figure 2 Torontos Climate2

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Local Considerations

This site is located on one of the busiest intersections in the downtown Toronto area, due to the

locations of Chinatown to the south, University of Toronto St. George Campus to the north and east and

Little Italy to the west. The chosen site makes this bank prime real estate for walking traffic from all

directions. The site is also adjacent to two of the main streetcar lines that run through Toronto, the

Spadina 510 line which runs North-South3 and the College 506 line that runs East-West4. This makes

access to the site through public transportation easy and accessible. The bank also provides its

customers with temporary parking spots in the parking lot located behind the bank as well as bicycle

parking in front of the east entrance.

Current Condition

Based on the location and the aesthetic look of the building we concluded that it was built

sometime in the early 1980s. The building has a total of three entrances: two glass entrances, located

on the south and east faades, for customers and one opaque metal entrance, on the west faade, for

the employees. The exterior of the building is stucco and concrete tiles with the two customer entrances

having a high percentage of glass (around 40% glass and framing). The northern faade is shared with

the building to the north. The roof is a typical concrete roof with a simple stormwater management

drainage system that drains to the sewers.

During the summer months the southern faade and parking lot are shaded partially by the

trees planted along the sidewalk along College St. A small percentage of the roof is shaded due to the

cover of the trees from the neighbouring building to the north. During the winter months these trees

lose their leaves and allow for solar heat gain through windows. The bank currently has no lighting

schedule and all of the lights are either on when the bank is in operation or off when closed, except a

few outdoor lights for security reasons.

HVAC

The heating is controlled by a furnace with thermostat set temperatures of

and indoor design temperatures of

( . The cooling is controlled by DX coils with cooling with thermostat temperatures of ( )

to ( with design temperatures indoor of to supply of . The cooling

unit size was estimated at 5.5-7.5 tons with air flow set to 0.5 cfm/sqf.

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Figure 3 Graphical Representation of HVAC System.

Business Objective

The main objective of CIBC is to focus on providing its clients with banking and wealth

management strategies. While these clients are visiting the bank they need to feel comfortable and

welcome. CIBC is also committed to helping make a difference on a community level by investing

millions in projects all across Canada5. Sustainalytics and MacLeans have both ranked CIBC among the

50 most socially responsible corporations in Canada. By showing an interest in helping to protect the

environment by retrofitting their buildings, they can help to attract more customers and investors who

share similar goals6.

Final Condition

The final design will showcase three major areas of retrofication: the roof, the washroom

facilities and the windows. On the roof we will mount a solar voltaic system that will help generate

electricity for the building. Additionally, the roof will be used to collect rainwater and provide the site

with 100% self-reliance in terms of water consumption. All of the collected rainwater will be filtered and

used in the new washroom facilities. Lastly improvements will be made to the existing windows which

will help to allow more natural lighting and reduce electrical consumption.

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Sustainability Measures

For this project we have decided to focus on three main measures of sustainability to determine

the effectiveness of our potential retrofits. The measures are as follows: cost, water usage, and

embodied energy. Cost in any project is often the key driving factor to the owner; if the project is not

economically sustainable it will likely be rejected. Typically the project would be accepted if the costs

can be recouped by the savings over a defined period of time, as set by the owner of the building. The

team wanted to help the bank achieve self-sufficiency in water usage by utilizing the rainwater falling on

the rooftop. To help with the management of the new source of water, efficient fixtures would be added

to the sites facilities to reduce overall consumption. An additional benefit would be seen by Torontos

storm sewers, as the rooftop runoff from the bank will be captured and consumed, saving energy spent

on waste water treatment. When trying to achieve a sustainable building retrofit, the team felt it

necessary to analyze the retrofits from a life cycle perspective. By quantifying the energy that goes into

the material, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, demolition and disposal, we would be

able to make an informed decision. Also this will allow the team to empirically compare one retrofit

versus another and gauge the sustainability of the different options.

The final decisions for the retrofit projects will be chosen if and only if they can reasonably and

measurably show that they are energy saving and cost beneficial. Additionally, we will look into retrofits

that will positively impact the way in which water management or waste water management is handled.

In order to promote the life cycle sustainability of the site, we also want to consider the impacts of the

embodied energy that these projects have on the environment.

Energy, Cost and Emissions

Photovoltaics

Photovoltaics can be used to reduce the peak energy demand of the building consumption, due

to the fact that the time of energy consumption aligns with the power generation. Figure 5 on the next

page depicts a study done on photovoltaic demonstrating this effect. In Ontario, electricity users are

paying a premium of 1.5 billion dollars a year (1 cent/kWh) to make sure there is electricity for peak

demand7. By lowering the consumption from the grid at the time when electrical prices are high, we will

be able to save on energy costs.

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Figure 5 - Power Generation vs. Time of Day

Note: Location , comparable to Toronto (Yoo, Seung (2011), Han Yang University )

The photovoltaic setup considered in this retrofit is made by Siemens Solar Industries. The

average cost of an installed solar panel is approximately 5000 $/kW. The energy output of the solar

system will depend on annual insolation. In Toronto this number comes out to be about 1200 kWh/ (kW

installed capacity)8. When looking at the embodied energy of crystalline silicon, we see it takes about

5598 kWh equivalent of energy to manufacture 1 kW of silicon panels9.

Passive Solar Lighting and Heating

Passive Solar is a term referring to heat gain from natural radiation from the sun, without the

use of mechanical or electrical processes. There are two main ways in which the thermal energy stored

in the suns rays can be transferred into the building. The sunlight can directly enter the building through

surfaces that are transparent such as windows, glass doors and skylights, or the sunlight can be used to

heat up a thermal mass which then radiates energy into the building through long wave radiation10.

One of the prominent features of the CIBC bank is that it has large windows on the east and

south faade of the building. These windows allow significant amounts of insolation into the interior

during the heating season and, if not prevented, allow heat into the building during the cooling season.

The windows act as significant source of lighting for building throughout the year. According to the solar

isolation design tool, assuming a solar heat gain factor of 0.75, the annual solar isolation entering the

windows at the bank is estimated to be about 95,000 ekWh. Below is a table estimating monthly solar

gain from windows.

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Figure 6 Monthly Solar Heat Gains from Windows

Given the project is located in Toronto, it is important to note that our climate consists of two

distinct and diverse seasons: a heating season during the winter months, where we require as much

solar heat gain as possible, and conversely, a cooling season during the summer months, where the

need is to minimize the heat gain.

In order to prevent gaining heat in the summer months, there are numerous successful methods

in which we can prevent heat entering the building when we do not want it. We will review the

efficiency of overhangs, deciduous trees, window blinds, light shelves, and tinted window panes.

Overhangs are an effective way in which we can use the angle of the sun to our advantage.

During the summer months, when we want to avoid heat entering into the building, the sun is at its

highest point and during the winter months it is at its lowest point. By adding an overhang above the

windows, we are able to block the incoming solar rays during the summer, and allow them in during the

winter.

A second efficient method is provided by nature itself. Deciduous trees offer an opportunity to

use different seasons our advantage. During the summer months, the trees leaves block the incoming

solar radiation and absorb the heat gain, providing a noticeably cooler effect. During the winter when

the trees have shed their leaves, light is allowed to pass into the building11.

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

Jan

Feb

mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan Feb mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Series1 4636 5442 8131 9403 9717 7724 10542 9583 9915 8384 6323 4866

Monthly Solar Gains from Windows

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Window blinds, either manual or sensor operated, also provide the building with the ability to

prevent light and direct solar radiation to enter into the building. A main disadvantage of a conventional

blind system is that only two options are available: when blinds are closed, you have solar heat gain or

when blinds are open, light enters into the building. Exterior blinds can be used to provide shading, but

they do not allow as much long wave radiation into the building. Interior blinds, if highly reflective, can

reduce the internal heat gain through the windows by 45%12. Blinds can also be designed to allow for

the top half of the window to reflect the light up back into the celling while still blocking the lower part

of the window from receiving solar energy.

Light shelves can be a useful means for allowing natural light to be dispersed through the

building. These shelves work by reflecting the incoming solar rays onto the celling of the building, thus

lighting up more area. Unfortunately, these shelves do not reduce the amount of solar heat gain for the

building, as they only disperse the light. Depending on the given angle of the sunlight and the light shelf,

we can see illumination from 20 up to 100 times the unit area of the shelf itself. Not only does this help

to spread the light around, it also help to reduce the concentrated effects of the suns radiation13.

Tinted window glass provides another way in which you can adjust the amount of sunlight

entering the building through windows. By tinting the glass surface using a sensor, you are able to allow

block the incoming solar radiation reducing the incoming solar radiation significantly. This can be a very

useful process during the summer time when we are aiming to reduce the incoming solar radiation14.

All of these methods are simple and viable option for reducing the energy consumption for the

building in a year. In order to determine which of these options or combination of these options we

would choose, we utilized a decision matrix tree. The decision matrix tree took into account the cost of

the retrofit, the amount of light provided during the summer and winter months, as well as the heat

gain from the sun during the summer and winter months.

Non-Passive Lighting

Currently the building has rows of fluorescent tubing to provide lighting for the interior of the

building as well as task lighting at the bank tills and individual office spaces. The two customer entrances

of the building use incandescent bulbs to provide light 24 hours a day for safety purposes. In order to

reduce the electrical consumption of the building, we plan to replace the existing interior lights and

exterior with LED lights. This will reduce the electrical consumption of the interior area by half and the

exterior area by ten times the current consumption. The reason for this large reduction in electrical

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consumption is the fact that for the same amount of light LEDs require 50% less energy than CFLs and

require 90% less energy than incandescent light bulbs.15 It is important to note that LED lights produce

slightly less heat than CFLs, so there are minor savings in the summer and conversely, in the winter,

there would be a slight increase in heating cost. The average life span of a LED bulb is six times more

than CFLs, meaning the bank will have to replace them less often.

To further lower the amount of energy consumed by the building, installing sensors on the

reaming non-passive light sources will effectively maximize natural lighting, and deliver significant

savings. Using the sensors, we will provide the minimal necessary light required for the bank at any one

given time, with the option to turn on more lights if needed.

Water Management

Green Roofs

Green roofs provide numerous amounts of benefits for a building other than just an

aesthetically pleasing site. Toronto is the first North American city to have a bylaw requiring the

construction of green roofs on new development erected after 2009. Although the retrofit for the CIBC

bank will not be considered a new development and therefore would not force a green roof, we felt it

necessary to still consider it to be a potential retrofit.

Figure 7 Layer Breakdown of a Green Roof

The numerous benefits of green roofs include an increased R value of the rooftop, as well as a

noticeable reduction of urban heat island effect. Green roofs can be divided into two categories:

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extensive and intensive green roof. Extensive green roof have a thin layer of vegetation on top of the

rooftop and can be easily installed in modules. Intensive green roofs on the other hand have a thicker

layer of vegetation that can act like a park. This installation type usually requires structural modification

in order to support the new load; considering this factor, the team will only analyze the potential of

implementing an extensive green roof.

Currently, without a green roof during the summer, the building absorbs solar radiation and

transfers a portion of that heat into the building, thereby increasing the buildings cooling load. With a

green roof, the evaporative cooling of moisture from soil and shading reduces the temperature of the

roof. During the winter season the green roofs layers of vegetation and mediums provide additional

insulation and reduce the buildings heating load. The urban heat island effect is minimized by reducing

impermeable hardscape footprint and reducing the solar reflectance index (SRI) of the rooftop16.

Rainwater Capture

The process of capturing rainwater and reusing it for the sites main water source is an effective

way to cut down on water costs. By sloping the roof towards a drain, we are able to capture the fallen

rainwater in a cistern. The water is transferred from the roof through pipes to a cistern located below

the drainage area. Once in the cistern, the water is then filtered using mechanical and natural processes.

The now filtered water can be pumped back into the building and consumed by the utilities17.

The captured rainwater can be reused for the buildings systems that require water. On our

current site water is consumed in only the one bathroom and break room. If our project was to

implement green roof technologies, then the captured rainwater could also be used for irrigation of the

green roof.

Energy Efficient Water Fixtures

One of the main goals of this project is to make the site self-sufficient in water usage, so it is

important to consider energy efficient water fixtures. Even though the site only has one small bathroom

and one break room, the team feels that it is still important to consider the impact that inefficient water

fixtures can have on the water consumption. We have decided to replace the existing 13 L/flush toilet

with a dual flush toilet which will reduce the water consumption to 4.8L /flush18. Another retrofit will be

to replace the inefficient old faucets with new high-efficiency faucets which will bring the consumption

from 8 L/min down to 3.2 L/min19.

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Embodied Energy of Retrofits

General Embodied Energy and Life Cycle Analysis

When looking at embodied energy, we will typically consider carrying out a life cycle analysis

(LCA) to help users understand the complete energy impacts of a building retrofit.

Traditional building retrofit products typically focus exclusively on reducing the operational

energy of the building. The team wanted to get the complete picture of retrofit building products effect

on sustainability. This way the team would be able to empirically compare the sustainability of two very

different products, such as rooftop photovoltaic and green roofs. In order to create an LCA of a product,

the system boundaries and processes need to be known, as well as how much energy is consumed at

each stage. Level I of LCA includes the direct energy input into the construction, prefabrication,

maintenance, replacement, demolition, and disposal of the building. Level II of the LCA takes into

account the energy to produce the materials. Level III takes into account the energy embedded in

production, delivery and installation of machines that are used in building materials, manufacturing and

on-site and off-site construction processes. Level IV accounts for the energy involved in the machines

that are utilized to produce machines as well as (of third level regression) also the consumed energy in

their main, upstream, and downstream production processes. Figure 8 represents the four levels of LCA

for the construction, prefabrication, maintenance, replacement, demolition/disposal of building

products. In our study we will only focus on Level I (direct energy input) of the LCA.

Figure 8 The Four Levels of LCA18

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Within the 1st level of LCA the product looks at the embodied energy and operational energy.

The embodied energy takes into account the energy involved in the raw material acquisition, processing,

manufacturing, transportation, decommissioning, and disposal of a product. For a conventional

buildings LCA the embodied energy accounts for approximately 2-38% of LCA20. Figure 9 illustrates the

various processes involved in access level I of LCA.

Figure 9 General Process of LCA

Window Retrofits

Currently the way the bank is set up the windows are not utilized to their fullest

potential, as there are blinds that prevent sunlight from penetrating into the building. These

windows are all single glazed 1/4 thick panes with a clear tint and aluminum framing. This type

of window allowed for many different options in terms of ideas for the retrofit. These ideas

included: double glazed with argon fill, electro-chromic tinted windows, and lastly, keeping the

current system, making improvements to interior lighting.

Argon can be used as a fill for double glazed windows to increase the resistance value

and to lower the energy consumption of the building. This is done by reducing heat loss during

winter and preventing heat from the exterior exchanging with interior during summer.

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Electro-chromic windows utilize an electro-chromic coating that is a thin film of

switchable material applied to the glass that can change the windows optical transmission by

applying a small amount of voltage. This technology has the potential to reduce incoming

insolation and to reduce the solar heat gain coefficient of the window. Research further states

that this technology has potential to reduce up to 20% of the energy consumed by the building

during the heating and cooling season. Research states that the payback period for electro-

chromic windows is only 0.3 years due to the low amount of embodied energy in the product.

Figure 10 Shows the Layers of an Electro-Chromic Window21

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Energy and Economic Analysis

Base Load Summary

Figure 11 Base Load Summary

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From the base load summary table we can see that the building consumes a total of 62,900

ekWh a year in electrical consumption and 236,000 ekWh in Natural Gas consumption. This brings the

total energy consumption of the building to around 300,000 ekWh which means the bank consumes an

average of 652 ekWh/m2 which is an extremely high value. We want to reduce this value significantly

and will do so using the retrofits explained earlier. The water consumption for the single bathroom and

sink in a year was calculated to be 281,820 liters based on 50 people using the washroom in a given day.

Figure 12 Electrical Consumption Breakdown

Figure 13 Natural Gas Consumption Breakdown

Space Cool 27%

Vent. Fans 20%

Pumps & Aux. 0%

Misc. Equip. 27%

Task Lights 4%

Area Lights 22%

Electricity Consumption (Total = 62,900 ekwh)

Space Heat 99%

Hot Water 1%

Natural Gas Consumption (Total = 236,000 ekwh)

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Photovoltaics The team determined that rooftop photovoltaic panels would be suitable for the site because

the building has a large area of rooftop without any obstructions. A decision to use a ten kW system was

make as it would be ideal based on the sites size. The team decided use the company Sanyo because it

offers a unique HIT technology along with a fair price. Sanyo solar developed a unique technology

named Heterojunction Intrinsic Thin (HIT) layer. It utilizes amorphous and crystalline silicon layers to

create high efficiency solar panels. An amorphous layer is less energy intensive to make so the HIT cell

panels have a lower embodied energy compared to that of conventional solar panels. The panels chosen

for the site was the HIT 240 panels with rated power of 240 Watts,

with a rated cell efficiency is 21.6%. With this setup the site will

require a total of 42 panels grouped into six modules in order to

obtain the 10 kW capacity. Figure 14 shows a 3-D Sketch-up drawing

for layout of solar panels which was arranged to maximize solar gain.

Sanyo HIT 240S

Rated Power (S.T.C) 240 W

Cell Efficiency 21.6 %

Rated Power for 42 panels 10.1 kW

Panels per module 7 ( 1.68 kW)

Number of modules 6

Price per panel 22 $560

Total price (42 panels) $23,520

Figure 14- Proposed Photovoltaic System on Roof.

Sanyo HIT Power 240S

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Photovoltaics

1 kW System 10 kW System

Embodied Energy (kWh) 5598 55,980

Space Needed (ft^2) 100 1,000

Area (m^2) 9.7344 97

Energy Generated (kWh/year) 1200 12,000

Payback Period (years)

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Figure 15 Embodied Energy Payback for a Photovoltaics System in Toronto

We determined that the total cost of the solar project would amount to 50,000$. This cost

includes the cost of the panels, the racks, the labour for installation and renting a mobile crane for a day

load the solar panels onto the roof.

Passive Lighting and Light Shelves As each of the banks three faades with windows had different window sizes and qualities, we

analyzed the three faades individually and we decided separately which was the best option or options

for the given faade. For the eastern faade, we decided to use light shelves and blinds in the windows.

In the morning, the blinds would be open to allow for morning sun to be reflected throughout the

building, providing heat gain. In the afternoon, the blinds could be closed completely limiting unwanted

solar heat gain. For the southern faade, we decided to use the existing trees in combination with light

shelves and blinds. For both the eastern and southern faade the combination of the blinds and the light

shelves will help to control the amount of light entering into the building. When we reviewed the

western faade, we felt that no changes were necessary.

By utilizing the existing windows, blinds and trees, we are able to maximize the amount of light

entering into the building and control the interior lighting according to the level of lighting required.

There were several potential retrofits that we could have used to increase the amount of natural lighting

and we decided to go with adding light shelves to all of the eastern and southern faades. By using the

light shelves in combination with the existing blinds, we will be able to control the amount of light

entering into the building.

In terms of retrofit items, the only addition to the site will be the light shelves along the

windows on the eastern and southern faade. These light shelves cost 100 $/unit and for the site we

require a total of 16 light shelves. These light shelves reduce the required lighting in the building by

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75W/meter of the perimeter of the building. The reason for this is due to the incoming light being

reflected onto the ceiling and refracted in a way which increases the amount of light by reducing its

intensity. The total cost for the light shelves for the retrofit will be 1,600$ but will reduce the daily

lighting demand by 14% as compared to that of the current blinds system23.

Internal Lighting In order to calculate the amount of light bulbs required to light the building, it was important to

determine the acceptable lighting levels for a bank. Based on typical lighting levels required in an office

work space, 500 lumen/m2 is required24. This means that the banks lighting requirement is 230,000

lumens translating to roughly 275 LED bulbs at 840 lumens per bulb. At 30$ per LED light bulb the initial

cost to replace all of the bulbs will be 8250$; however, Energy Star is currently offering a 5$ discount on

LED light bulbs, so the total cost could be reduced to 6875$25 26. The energy consumption for the

buildings lighting will be reduced by 50%.

In order to ensure that the internal lighting will not be in operation when there is an appropriate

amount of sunlight, light sensors will be installed in the bank. These light sensors turn the lights on

automatically when there is not enough sunlight in the room. One light sensor can cover an area of 65

m2, which means in order to provide proper coverage for the bank, the site will require seven light

sensors. Each of these sensors cost a total of 63$, bringing the total cost for sensors to 441$27. A

combined energy savings for lighting sensors will reduce the banks energy consumption by 20% in the

lighting sector28.

Cisterns, Toilets and Faucets By having a major objective of completely taking the bank off of city water and being self-

sufficient in terms of water consumption, it is paramount that the site be able to generate its own

water. An ideal way to accomplish this task would be to utilize the roof of the bank as a collection

system for rainwater and storing it in a cistern. Using the rainwater capture tool, designed by Hannah

Wong for CIV498, we were able to determine the appropriate size for storage we would require in order

to convert all the water consumption from city water to reused rainwater. The design tool provided an

output stating that the maximum use of water in a month would be approximately 13.3 m3. For our

project we decided to go with a storage tank size that was 10.0 m3. The reason behind the smaller tank

is we will receiving far more water than we will be able to store or consume. Excess water will bypass

the cistern and enter into the city storm sewers to be treated as if it were runoff water.

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Figure 16 Harvested Rainwater Captured by Cistern

Initial cost of the cistern itself is 2100$ and will result in a 100% reduction in city water

consumption. The dimensions for the chosen cistern can be found in Figure 17 below29. We chose this

specific cistern design for two main reasons. Firstly, this cistern met the capacity size we were looking

for to store the sites water requirements. Secondly, the dimensions of the design were ideal for the two

potential locations for the cistern. Given that this site is not a new development, it would make things

difficult if we tried to place the cistern underground near the building. This means that the cistern could

either be located between the buildings on the north-west side, if the land was owned by the bank, or

within one of the designated parking spots for the bank, as the space would accommodate the cisterns

dimensions.

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35W

ate

r V

olu

me

[m

3]

Time

Harvested Water Use Gain (L)Use (L)

Net (L)

20

Figure 17 Proposed Cistern for Site

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To ensure that the bank consumes less water, we will upgrade the current washroom and break

room facilities. The existing toilet will be replaced with a dual flush toilet costing 200$ and the faucets

will also be replaced with a highly efficient faucet costing 65$ each. The savings for these upgrades will

be seen in an overall reduction of water consumption on the site. Since all of the water will be replaced

by captured rainwater, all of the cost savings for these three sections will be grouped together as seen in

Figure 21. The water consumption for the new washroom and break room facilities will be 63% of the

original consumption. Water captured in the cistern can also be used to clean the solar panels when

needed.

Green Roofs Using the study by Katherine Myrans (2009) we calculated the embodied energy of a green roof

by summing up the embodied energy of the various green roof components. Next we reviewed the

study done by Ryerson University (2005) which had estimated green roofs save about

4.15kWh/m^2/year in the Toronto region16. We used this information to calculate the payback period of

implementing a green roof.

Figure 18 Embodied Energy of a Green Roof in Toronto

Using Figure 18 we see that the payback period for a green roof with embodied energy is around

190 years. When we compared this to the 10 kW photovoltaic system which has an embodied energy

payback period of 5 years, we decided not to go with a green roof on the building.

Argon Filled Windows The embodied energy was one of our main concerns in the project, so we wanted to compare

the two types of windows. We did this by simulating each one separately in the program E-quest to see

which saved the most energy. Below is the table comparing the embodied energy of double glazed

clear/tint inch argon with double glazed clear/tint electro-chromic windows.

Area (m^2) MJ

Study(K.Myrans) 1 2,850

Rooftop 478 1,361,588

Total Savings (MJ/year) 7,170

Payback Period (years)

190

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Study:

( G.Weier & Muneer)

(E. Syrrakou, S. Papaefthimiou*, N. Skarpentzos and P. Yianoulis)

Type Argon Electro-Chromic

Area (m^2) ekWh ekWh

Windows m^2 199 51

West 3 656 169

East 60 11,933 3,067

South 85 16,905 4,344

Total = (N,E,S,W) 148 29,494 7,580

Figure 19 Argon Filled Window Comparison of Embodied Energy

We determined the embodied energy payback period of double glazed windows and found that

with only the argon fill the payback was 1.8 years, whereas if we added the electro-chromic property,

the payback period became 0.3 years. However, when we did the economic analysis on replacing the

windows, we found that it was not economically feasible, in fact, the cost of argon filled windows and

electro-chromic windows were around 800 $/m2 without including labour costs or additional

complexities in replacing the windows themselves. Since the eastern and southern faades have such a

high percentage of glass the added cost makes replacing the windows uneconomical.

Type Area (m^2) Argon Electro-Chromic

Total = (N,E,S,W) 148 106,179 27,287

Total Savings (MJ/year) 60,487 79,690

Payback Period (years) 1.8 0.3

Figure 20 Argon Filled Window Comparison Embodied Energy Payback Period

Economic Payback for All Retrofits In any retrofit project the ability to repay the capital costs of the retrofits is very important.

There are a few main concerns that need to be considered when taking out money for a project,

specifically, both how long until the entire loan is paid off and how prices will increase as time goes on.

For this project we wanted to make sure that all of the retrofits were paid off within in a ten year time

period. We assumed that the utilities would increase in cost 2% each year and the interest rate on the

banks loan would be 3% a year30. The total cost for the projects retrofit was around 65,000$ and would

be repaid within eight years and produce a profit of 24,750$ by the end of the ten year time period.

23

We have three main figures that help to explain the cost of the retrofits as well as their benefits

to the bank and when it will be paid off. Firstly we have Figure 21 which represents all of the retrofits

along with their costs and benefits. Secondly, Figure 22 which represents a cash flow diagram over the

ten year time period. Lastly, we have Figure 23 shows the breakdown of the savings over each year. In

conclusion we successfully shown that all of the proposed retrofits not only provide savings in energy or

water, but are also able to payback their capital costs within the ten year time period.

Retrofit Material Cost ($)

Number of Hours

Labour Cost ($)

Material and Labor Cost ($)

Electricity Energy Savings (Kwh)

Fit Electricity Energy Savings (Kwh)

Water Savings (m^3)

Electrical Photovoltaics 38,480 24 11520 50,000 0 12000 0

LED Lighting 6875 11 880 7755 8805 0 0

Light Shelves 1600 8 640 2240 1761 0 0

Light Sensors 441 1 80 521 1233 0 0

Water Cistern 2100 16 1280 3380 0 0 282

Toilet 200 4 320 520 0 0 0

Faucet 130 1 80 210 0 0 0

Total Savings 49,826 65 14,800 64,626 11,799 12,000 282

Figure 21 Economic Summary Sheet of Retrofits

Figure 22 Graphical Representation of Economic Payback

$(60,000)

$(50,000)

$(40,000)

$(30,000)

$(20,000)

$(10,000)

$-

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Capital Over A 10 Year Time Peroid

24

Annual Reduction Loan Electricity 11799 ekWh $64,626 Fit Elec 12000 ekWh Loan Repaid Water 282 m3 YES

Electricity Price Fit Electricity Price Water 0.13 $/kWh 0.54 $/kWh 2.62 $/m3

Year Electricity Savings Fit Savings

Water Savings Interest Repayment

Loan Principal

1 $1,564.51 $6,609.60 $753.62

$(1,936.83) $6,990.89

$(57,570.11)

2 $1,595.80 $6,741.79 $768.69

$(1,727.10) $7,379.18

$(50,190.93)

3 $1,627.71 $6,876.63 $784.06

$(1,505.73) $7,782.68

$(42,408.25)

4 $1,660.27 $7,014.16 $799.74

$(1,272.25) $8,201.92

$(34,206.33)

5 $1,693.47 $7,154.44 $815.74

$(1,026.19) $8,637.47

$(25,568.86)

6 $1,727.34 $7,297.53 $832.05 $(767.07) $9,089.86

$(16,479.00)

7 $1,761.89 $7,443.48 $848.69 $(494.37) $9,559.70 $(6,919.30)

8 $1,797.13 $7,592.35 $865.67 $(207.58)

$10,047.57 $3,128.27

9 $1,833.07 $7,744.20 $882.98 $93.85

$10,554.10 $13,682.37

10 $1,869.73 $7,899.08 $900.64 $410.47

$11,079.93 $24,762.30

Figure 23 Energy Savings Breakdown

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