This document has been used for an international negotiation simulation organized by the Master of European Politics of Sciences Po Rennes. This is NOT an offical document from the European Parliament.

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 2009 – 2014

Session document

3.11.2010

REPORT on the relation between UE and Turkey

Committee on International Trade

Committee on Foreign Affairs Delegation to the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee

Rapporteurs: Metin KAZAK

Hélène FLAUTRE

CONTENTS

MOTION FOR A EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT RESOLUTION

EXPLANATORY STATEMENT

MOTION FOR A EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT RESOLUTION

on the relation between EU and Turkey

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The European Parliament,

having regard to the Commission’s Turkey 2009 Progress Report (SEC(2009)1334),

having regard to its resolutions of 27 September 2006 on Turkey's progress towards accession, of 24 October 2007 on EU-Turkey relations, of 21 May 2008 on Turkey's 2007 progress report,

and of 12 March 2009 on Turkey's 2008 progress report,

having regard to the Negotiating Framework for Turkey of 3 October 2005,

having regard to Council Decision 2008/157/EC of 18 February 2008 on the principles, priorities and conditions contained in the Accession Partnership with the Republic of Turkey, as well as to the previous Council decisions on the Accession Partnership of 2001, 2003 and 2006,

having regard to the Agreement of 12 September 1963 establishing an Association between the European Economic Community and Turkey,

having regard to Decision No 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council of 22 December 1995 on implementing the final phase of the Customs Union (96/142/EC),

having regard to the latest WTO Trade Review on Turkey, published in 2007,

having regard to the report of the Committee on International Trade (A7-0238/2010),

having regard to the Policy Department’s analysis of the 2009 annual program for Turkey under the Pre-accession Instrument (IPA) in the context of the 2009 enlargement package,

A. whereas accession negotiations with Turkey were opened on 3 October 2005 after approval by the Council of the Negotiating Framework, and whereas the opening of those negotiations was the starting point for a long-lasting and open-ended process,

B. whereas Turkey has committed itself to reforms, good-neighborly relations and progressive alignment with the EU, and whereas these efforts should be viewed as an opportunity for Turkey itself

to modernize,

C. whereas full compliance with all the Copenhagen criteria and EU integration capacity, in accordance

with the conclusions of December 2006 European Council meeting, remain the basis for accession to the EU, which is a community based on shared values,

D. whereas, after a wave of reforms introduced between 2002 and 2004, the pace of reforms in Turkey has slowed down; whereas on 17 April 2007 the Turkish Government adopted its 'Program for Alignment with the EU Acquis 2007-2013', and whereas on 31 August 2007 the new Turkish

Government presented its program, which includes strengthening the economy, drafting a new constitution and accelerating the reforms needed to bring Turkey closer to the EU,

E. whereas in its Turkey 2009 Progress Report, the Commission has taken up and elaborated on issues highlighted by Parliament in its last resolution on Turkey's progress,

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F. whereas the Commission concluded that limited concrete progress was made on political reforms in 2009,

G. whereas four negotiating chapters were opened in 2008,

H. whereas the Customs Union with Turkey remains one of the most advanced and close commercial relationships that the EU has with any third country and whereas Turkey has become the EU’s seventh largest trade partner and the EU is Turkey’s largest trading partner,

I. whereas Turkey is the seventeenth largest economy in the world, according to World Bank statistics, and the sixth largest economy in Europe, with industrial goods amounting to over 90% of its exports;

1. Calls, in the context of the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon and complex negotiations, to enrich the relation between UE and Turkey;

2. Welcomes the progress made by Turkey in meeting the Copenhagen political and economic criteria, as well as Turkey's efforts towards alignment with the acquis communautaire;

3. Calls on Turkey to continue and intensify its efforts to fully meet the Copenhagen criteria

and to bring Turkish society together in support of the necessary reforms;

4. Calls on the Commission to identify in its regular report those subjects which have to be addressed by Turkey as a matter of priority, focusing on the achievement of the short-term and medium-term priorities set out in the Accession Partnership, and to pay particular attention to the subjects highlighted in this resolution; expects the Commission to fully use all appropriate means to support the reform process efficiently, reminding Turkey that honoring its commitments within the timetable set by the Accession Partnership is of paramount importance to its credibility ;

5. Notes that progress in terms of concrete reforms has remained limited in 2009, and encourages

the Government to translate its political initiatives into concrete changes of legislation and their subsequent implementation;

6. Welcomes the adoption of the 2010-2011 Action Plan of the "European Union Strategy for

Turkey's Accession Process" and looks forward to its implementation.

Rapporteur: (ALDE, Bulgaria)

The Customs Union: commercial sovereignty, autonomy in negotiation of preferential agreements 7. Welcomes the establishment of the Customs Union (CU) in 1996, which has provided increased market

access and allowed trade volumes between the EU and Turkey to reach EUR 100 billion per annum at their peak in 2008;

8. Welcomes the fact that the EU’s trade relations with Turkey are at an advanced level but recalls that with regards to the Customs Union, there remain a number of unfulfilled commitments by the Turkish;

9. Calls on Turkey to simplify procedures and bureaucracy and remove remaining tariff and non-tariff barriers; stresses the importance of constructive dialogue between the two parties in order to further

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improve these relations;

10. Finds it regrettable that, according to the latest WTO review, the average tariff rate on agricultural products applied by Turkey is relatively high and in some cases extremely high (on corn, for example the duty applied is 130%); calls on the Turkish Government to substantially reduce these barriers;

11. Deplores the fact that, for the fifth consecutive year, Turkey has neither fully implemented the Additional Protocol to the Association Agreement nor removed all the obstacles to the free movement

of goods; calls on Turkey to implement fully and without delay all its obligations deriving from this Protocol in a non-discriminatory way that will contribute to the further development of its trade relations with all EU Member States, and recalls that failure to do so may further seriously affect the negotiating process;

12. Welcomes the alignment of the Turkish Customs Code with that of the EU and, in particular, the

adoption of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP); calls for greater alignment of Turkish legislation with the Community acquis as regards free trade, combating counterfeiting, and post-

clearance checks and authorizations for duty-free shops;

13. Calls for the removal of all unnecessary barriers to trade between the EU and Turkey, including

technical ones;

14. Welcomes the positive conclusions of the latest WTO review on Turkey; urges the Turkish Government, however, to take the necessary measures to fulfill the recommendations there in and to accelerate structural and legislative reforms;

15. Notes the role of Turkey within regional platforms such as the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization, the Black Sea Trade and Development Bank and the South East European Cooperation

Process; encourages Turkey to take a leading role in promoting open and fair trade with due regard for social, economic and environmental well being;

16. Notes Turkey’s role in the Mediterranean region as a founding partner of the Barcelona Process and

calls on Turkey to fully respect all the states partners of the Process; emphasizes that there is huge scope to improve Turkey’s trade in the Mediterranean basin;

17. Notes that while the EU remains Turkey’s largest trade partner, Russia, China, the United States and Iran were among Turkey’s main trade partners as of 2009; underlines that the trade volume between

Turkey and the EU decreased during 2009, while an increasing trend has been noted in the first two quarters of 2010; notes also that Turkey is diversifying its trade partners; asks the Commission to conduct a study on the causes, which may involve the financial crisis, and economic impact of the relative decline of EU’s share in Turkey’s foreign trade volume;

18. Calls on the Commission and the Council to re-examine visa procedures with a view to eliminating obstacles to trade;

19. Notes that as regards the Customs Union and external relations, alignment needs to be completed; with regards to free movement of goods legislative alignment is quite advanced, but limited progress

was made in the reporting period.

Preferential trade agreement

20. Notes that the original rule which applies to every product is defined in the protocol ''origin of

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every preferential trade agreements'' concluded by the European Community with the partner countries; so the declaration of the Turkish supplier has to establish clearly the list of countries for

which the mentioned origin is applicable;

21. Calls to review and improve the preferential trade agreement.

Dispute Settlement Mechanism

22. Calls on the Commission to continue its engagement and dialogue with Turkey on trade,

encourages both sides to use these platforms more effectively, by rapidly resolving outstanding issues;

23. Encourages both the EU and Turkey to pay due attention to their interlinked economies, to

maintain open trade and investment regimes and to use trade defense instruments in compliance with the WTO;

24. Notes that if the contracting parties do not manage to get by consensus enter within the Counci l of association, the dispute can be never adjusted.

25. Stresses that the CU would greatly benefit from a review of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism, which would allow a swift and fair resolution of pending issues; the procedure planned in the regime

of association is not sufficient to adjust the potential disputes which can arise in the relations between Turkey and the European Community.

ESCP/ESPD domain: a privileged involvement of Turkey in ESCP and ESPD missions:

26. Notes that Turkey’s alignment with the EU’s common foreign and security policy continued; Turkey has further strengthened its contribution to the stabilization of regions such as the South Caucasus and

the Middle East; Turkey has strengthened its diplomatic relations with Iraq, including contacts with the Kurdish regional government; significant diplomatic efforts to normalize relations with Armenia were

made.

27. Notes that Turkey plays an important strategical and geopolitical role in the Mediterranean region; Turkey has been playing an active and constructive role in the Middle East. In line with the EU position,

Turkey continued to support the Middle East peace process, including the Annapolis process.

28. Notes that Turkey offers to EU an important contribution to ESDP missions, both in people and in

equipments (255 Turkish soldiers are deployed within the mission ESDP Althea in Bosnia)

29. Notes that good relationships between Turkey and Cyprus and Greece are very important for the equilibrium of the Mediterranean region; Believes that a settlement of the Cyprus question will bring greater stability, prosperity and security to the Eastern Mediterranean and allow a rapid improvement in EU-NATO relations as well as unblocking Turkey's own accession process to the European Union;

30. Notes that Turkey still have to make progress concerning the reforms and the modernization of the

army;

31. Calls on the Turkish Government to intensify its foreign policy coordination with the EU’s common

foreign and security policy; Calls to develop and improve the implication of Turkey in the definition of ESCP and ESDP missions.

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32. Notes Turkey's increasingly active foreign policy and appreciates its efforts to contribute to

solutions in various crisis regions; acknowledges Turkey’s role as an important partner of the EU with a view to the realization of EU foreign policy goals in the Black Sea region, Central Asia and the broader Middle East;

33. Calls on the Commission and the Council to better exploit the potential of close EU-Turkey relations in these regions;

34. Appreciates Turkey's continuous contribution to the ESDP and NATO operations; regrets, however, that NATO-EU strategic cooperation extending beyond the ‘Berlin plus’ arrangements continues to be blocked by Turkey's objections, which created problems for EU-NATO co-operation in the context of civilian ESDP missions, in particular in Kosovo and Afghanistan;

35. Notes that Turkey has not aligned with the EU position on membership of the Wassenaar

Arrangement.

36. Calls on the EU's High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Pol icy to analyze synergies between the EU's and Turkey's foreign policies and to make more intensive use of them in order to contribute to security and stability in the world;

The forms of participation in the policies (programs and agencies) and in the in stitutional mechanisms of the European Union:

37. Calls on the Commission to implement the recommendations of the Report of the Court of Auditors when providing assistance under the Instrument for Pre-accession (IPA); requests the Commission to launch, in particular, an evaluation of the entire program of pre-accession assistance and report about its implementation to the European Parliament;

38. Recalls that the participation of Turkey in the community programs is a mean to intensify the strategy of pre-accesion;

39. Recalls that a framework agreement between European Community and Turkey signed in December

2001 allows her to participate to all the community programs, subjected to the same conditions, rules and procedures as those which are applied to the participants of Member states.

40. Notes that actually Turkey participates to 9 of the Community programs, from environment to science and technology, from education and health to energy as: FISCALIS, PROGRESS, PUBLIC HEALTH

PROGRAMME, the framework program of research and technical development in Europe and Socrates, Leonardo da Vinci and Youth Programs etc;

41. Recalls that Turkey also participates in the Program of prevention of the drug addiction; however Turkey still has to make progress in this domain.

42. Calls to an alignment of the Turkish strategy concerning the fight against drug with the European anti-drug strategy.

43. Believes that a more intense and richer participation of Turkey to the European programs and agencies, is important and allows her to fulfill a juridical acquis and a ''savoir-faire'' before she becomes a Member State; Calls to the Commission and Turkey to find ways to improve Turkey's

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participation to the policies of European Union.

44. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council, the Commission and the Government of Turkey.

EXPLANATORY STATEMENT

Introduction

The relationship between the European Union and Turkey is an issue of immense importance for the Union. Turkey’s role as a world trade actor has grown in recent years, particularly as the country is capitalizing more on its unique geopolitical position. It acts as a link amongst the Mediterranean, the Middle East, the Asian, the Black Sea and the Caucasus regions.

The Customs Union (CU)

The roots of the CU date back to 1963, when Turkey and the EEC entered into an association agreement that provided for the attainment of a custom union by 1996. A considerable degree of market integration has been achieved since, especially concerning the free movement of goods. A particular recent noteworthy achievement towards integration has been the adoption of the new Turkish Customs Code and the adoption of the Generalized System of Preferences.

Turkey has been a WTO member since 1995 and is also a founding partner of the Barcelona Process

and a key player in the establishment of a Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area. Turkey is a founding member of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and also a member of the South East European Co-

operation Process.

The EU is the major trade partner of Turkey by far but with a decreasing share. Russia and China have

been increasing their shares in Turkey’s trade. Turkey’s top non-EU trade partners are Russia, China,

United Arab Emirates, the US and Iran. As regards Foreign Direct Investments, the EU continues to be the biggest source of FDI inflows in Turkey. In 2008 75% of FDI inflows in Turkey came from EU

countries, while in the first five months of 2009 the figure increased to 88%.

Products covered by the CU include all industrial products and processed agricul tural goods. The

success of the CU can be seen numerically: Turkey has become a key commercial partner of the EU, ranking 7th in the EU’s top import markets and 5th in the export markets. In 2009 Turkey exported €

33, 6 billion worth of products to the EU and imported € 40,4 billion worth of products from the Union. Turkey has also become 15th largest economy in the world.

Although the CU was established in 1996, it is not, as yet, complete. Taking into account the accession negotiations, the CU can be deepened with the coverage of agricultural products and areas such as services and public procurement and can be redesigned to remove the current deficiencies.

However, the CU seems to be suffering from recurrent issues concerning remaining technical barriers

to trade and excessive use of safeguard measures. Conformity assessment processes, and the use of technical regulations and standards as a means to protect domestic markets still remain in place.

The visa problems for Turkish traders entering the EU and the lack of parallelism in the negotiation and

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conclusion of Free Trade Agreements with third countries, and the lack of enforcement of intellectual property rights are other problems encountered in the framework of the Customs Union between the

EU and Turkey. Taking into account the accession negotiations, deepening trade relations and market integration would certainly a way forward to making the CU wider and stronger.

Dispute Settlement Mechanism

The CU could greatly benefit from the establishment of an effective Dispute Settlement Mechanism.

Any substantial reform to the CU appears, however, to be difficult to carry out as it is being hindered by the issue of Turkey’s candidacy to the European Union.

Conclusion

Given the important trade volume and rooted relations between Turkey and the EU, their trade and economic relations should be paid due attention. In this context, necessary steps should be taken to

further improve these relations. To date, several technical issues remain to be resolved and immediate actions should be taken in this respect.

Overall, some progress has been made in this chapter both as regards legislative alignment and administrative capacity. Turkey's customs legislation is highly aligned with the EU acquis, thanks to the Customs Union. Turkey needs to make further efforts to align its legislation and practices on duty-free shops, free-trade zones, customs duty relief, transit, fight against counterfeit goods and post-clearance. Additional efforts are needed to fight against counterfeit goods.

Customs Union has to be rendered more functional; pending issues need immediately attention and

Turkey and EU should further align their trade policies. These actions are likely to lead to a win-win situation which will be beneficial to both economies.

Foreign, security and defence policy

Because of its geographical situation, of its demographic weight and its quality of member of the Atlantic Alliance, Turkey is an essential partner in the foreign policy of the Union. In the crossroads of Caucasus, the Balkans, the Middle East and Central Asia, Turkey occupies a strategical position which assures her a role of first importance.

An intensification of the dialogue with Turkey, has been justified by the fact that Turkey is "an increasing power including from the military point of view" in a region of instability.

Turkey has required to be better integrated in the structures of the ESDP and the interest of the EU is to involve at most Turkey to the process of construction of the ESDP so that she makes her contribution and bring her experience in this domain.

The constitution of a strategical partnership with Turkey has become one of the aspects of the implementation of the foreign, security and defence policy. The regular political dialogue between the EU and Turkey has continued to cover international issues of common interest, including Iraq, Iran, the

South Caucasus and the Middle East peace process .

Turkey’s broad alignment with common foreign and security policy (CFSP) statements, declarations,

and initiatives continued. In 2008, Turkey aligned itself with 109 out of 124 CFSP declarations.

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Turkey has not aligned with the EU position on membership of certain suppliers' groups, such as the Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and

Technologies. Concerning EU-NATO relations beyond the “Berlin Plus” arrangements, Turkey continues to object to EU-NATO co-operation which would involve all EU Member States. This created problems

for EU-NATO co-operation in the context of civilian ESDP missions.

Within the framework of the European security and defence policy (ESDP), Turkey continues to contribute to the EU-led military mission EUFOR/ALTHEA in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Turkey is also

supporting the EU-led police missions EUPM in Bosnia- Herzegovina. Turkey is one of five non-EU countries contributing to the EULEX mission in Kosovo.

Conclusion

Turkey’s alignment with the EU’s common foreign and security policy continued. Turkey has enhanced

its positive role of regional stabilization, in particular as regards the Caucasus and the Middle East. Turkey is contributing substantially to ESDP and seeking greater involvement in ESDP activities.

The forms of participation in the policies (programs and agencies) and in the institutional mechanisms of the European Union

As regards financial assistance, some € 540 million have been earmarked for Turkey from the Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA) in 2008. In addition, Turkey is benefiting from a series of regional and horizontal programs under IPA.

Turkey participates (or plans to participate) to 9 of the Community programs ranging from

environment to science and technology, from education and health to energy.

In the Accession Partnership Document, it was declared that the national contributions of Turkey to

the agencies would be financed under the pre-accession strategy. Turkey fully participates in the European Environment Agency (EEA) in accordance with the accession agreement signed on 9 October

2000. This agreement was published in the Official Newspaper on 28 January 2003. The agreement on

Turkey´s participation in European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction was signed on 26 August 2006 and the agreement came into force on 30 October 2007.

Rapporteur: (ALE- Verts, France)

- vu les décisions n° 2/76 et 1/80 du Conseil d’association institué par l'accord d'association

Ankara conclu le 12 septembre 1963 entre la Communauté économique européenne et la République de Turquie.

- vu le protocole additionnel annexé à l'accord d'association entre la CEE et la Turquie (23 novembre 1970)

- vu le règlement du Conseil (CE) no539/2001 du 15 mars 2001 fixant la liste des pays tiers dont les ressortissants sont soumis à l’obligation de visa pour franchir les frontières extérieures des

États membres et la liste de ceux dont les ressortissants sont exemptés de cette obligation.

- vu la proposition de directive du Conseil du 23 octobre 2007 établissant une procédure de

demande unique en vue de la délivrance d'un permis unique autorisant les ressortissants de

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pays tiers à résider et à travailler sur le territoire d'un État membre.

Le Parlement Européen,

L’instrument juridique susceptible d’être mise en œuvre:

1. Regrette que, pour la cinquième année consécutive, la Turquie n'ait toujours pas mis en œuvre de façon pleine et entière le protocole additionnel de l'accord d'association ;

2. Propose la mise en œuvre d’un accord modificatif pour renforcer le partenariat privilegié entre l’UE et Turquie dans la politique des visas, dans l’accord de réadmission et dans le domaine du commerce international et l’union douanière ;

3. Demande à la Commission de mettre en œuvre des dispositifs pour surveiller le respect entièrement de cet accord ;

Circulation légale des personnes

4. Rappelle que pour les travailleurs, le visa de long séjour ( délivré pour une durée supérieur à trois mois) dépensant titre de séjour est indispensable à ceux qui souhaitent exercer une activité professionnelle salariée ou non salariée ainsi que aux membres de famille de tels ressortissants turcs. Les travailleurs turcs, appartenant au marché régulier de l'emploi d'un Etat membre ont le droit, après un an d'emploi régulier, au renouvellement de son permis de travail auprès du même employeur s'il

dispose d'un emploi. Par ailleurs, il peut obtenir, outre la prorogation du permis de travail, celle de son titre de séjour ;

5. Propose que les membres de famille des travailleurs turcs appartenant au marché régulier de l'emploi d'un État membre sont autorisés à les rejoindre et ont le droit de répondre à toute offre

d’emploi lors qu’ils résident à cet État membre régulièrement depuis 2 ans au moins ;

6. Attire l'attention sur le fait que le visa est exempté pour les hommes d’affaire turcs dans les pays de l’UE ;

7. Propose que les visas pour les étudiants turcs soient facilités mais en aucun cas permettre une libéralisation générale ;

Accord de réadmission

8. Demande qu’en matière de champ d’application, l’accord vise à toutes les personnes en situation

irrégulière, tout d’abord les nationaux turcs et également les ressortissants de pays tiers et apatrides. Ces derniers sont transité par la Turquie et munis d’un visa turc valide ou un permis de résidence turc.

Les ressortissants de pays tiers ayant quitté le territoire de la Turquie il y a plus de cinq ans avant que l’Union européenne ait eu connaissance de leur présence sont exclus ;

9. Ajoute qu’en matière du contenu et des preuves de la demande de réadmission, le Consulat turc doit faire un entretien avec la personne concernée pour la preuve de la nationalité turque si aucun des documents listés ne peut être présenté. En l’absence de Consulat, l'État membre peut réaliser lui -même cet entretien. Pour les ressortissants de pays tiers et apatrides, les preuves sont des factures

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d’hôtels, de médecins, des témoignages d’agents à la frontière ou toute personne concernée dans la procédure administrative et judiciaire. Les "débuts de preuve" peuvent être la description par l'État

membre du lieu et des circonstances de l’arrestation, des informations d’organisation internationales, de membres de familles et de compagnons de route. Enfin, un début de preuve a la présomption de

preuve, à moins que l’enquête ne la contredise ;

10. Propose qu’après la réponse positive pour la demande de réadmission ou l’expiration des délais (7 jours pour une procédure accélérée à la frontière, 30 pour une procédure normale), le Consulat turc

doit fournir dans les cinq jours ouvrables un document de voyage d’une validité de trois mois. S’il n’y a pas de consulat ou si la Turquie n’a pas respecté ce délai, la réponse à la réadmission sera considérée

comme document de voyage. Pour les ressortissants de pays tiers, les États membres auront recours aux laissez passer européens ;

11. Salue l’augmentation du pouvoir du Comité de Réadmission Mixte au sein du quel les États membres et la Turquie doivent faire tous les efforts nécessaires pour que les ressortissants de pays tiers soient directement retournés dans leur pays d’orig ine ;

12. Souhaite la présence d’un membre du Parlement Européen en statut d’observateur au sein de ce

comité pour que le Parlement Européen puisse être un vrai garde-fou sur les problèmes en matière de Droits de l’Homme ;

13. Se félicite que l’Union européenne mette à disposition des moyens financiers et renforce la mobilité servant à l’assistance technique et des visas ;

14. Souligne que l’accord s’applique quasi-immédiatement aux nationaux turcs après sa ratification. Pour les ressortissants de pays tiers, l’accord n’est effectif qu’après trois ans ;

15. Charge son Président de transmettre la présente résolution au Conseil, à la Commission et au gouvernement turc.

EXPOSÉ DES MOTIFS

Circulation légale des personnes

La circulation légale des personnes est l’un des droits fondamentaux énoncés dans les traités

constitutifs de l’Union européenne. Celle-ci joue un rôle important dans la solidarité entre les peuples européens et l’intégration communautaire.

Pour la Turquie, le sujet de la libre circulation des personnes, tout d’abord celle des travailleurs vers les États membres de l’Union européenne a été réglementé par l’accord d’Ankara signé quatre décennies plus tôt. L’article 12 de cet accord dispose que « les parties contractantes conviennent de s’inspirer des articles 48,49 et 50 du traité instituant la Communauté pour réaliser graduellement la libre circulation des travailleurs entre elles ». Le Conseil d’association, institué par cet accord décide, en vertu de l’article 36 du protocole additionnel du 23 novembre 1970 et conformément aux principes énoncés

dans l’article 12 de l’accord d’association, des modalités nécessaires à la réalisation graduelle de la libre circulation des travailleurs entre les États membres de la Communauté et la Turquie. Avec la décision 2/76 et puis 1/80 de ce Conseil, apparaissent des perspectives pour la circulation entière des travailleurs

turcs. A partir des trois directives du 28 juin 1990, le champ d’application du droit de libre circulation a

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été élargi à de nouvelles catégories de personnes (membres de famille des travailleurs, étudiants…). Pourtant, il reste encore deux principales lacunes. En premier lieu, les travailleurs turcs ne jouissent

pas d’un droit d’accès au marché du travail des États membres, toujours soumis aux règles nationales, ni par conséquent du droit de circuler librement sur le territoire de l’Union. En second lieu, lorsque les

travailleurs turcs abandonnent le marché du travail, ils n’ont pas le droit de demeurer sur le territoire de l'État membre en question.

La circulation légale des personnes a été enregistrée, notamment dans la recommandation du 6

octobre 2004 de la Commission et par la décision du 17 décembre 2004 des chefs d'États et de gouvernements des États membres de l’UE, les perspectives après l’adhésion de la Turquie à l’Union

européenne. D’une part, ils peuvent se prévaloir du principe d’égalité de traitement. D’autre part, les travailleurs turcs bénéficient, dans une certaine mesure, d’une priorité à l’embauche par rapport aux ressortissants d’autre pays tiers.

Conclusion :

Avec un grand nombre de population de 72 millions, la circulation des personnes joue un rôle important pour la Turquie. Le problème des visas est très important pour l’Union Européenne et pour

la Turquie, c’est pourquoi le Parlement Européen est favorable à la supression des visas pour les hommes d’affaires turcs. En ce qui concerne les travailleurs et les étudiants turcs, on souhaite

d’avancer lentement et de faciliter peu à peu la libre circulation.

Accord de réadmission

La Turquie est un important pays de transit et de destination, et donc une pièce maîtresse dans le

contrôle des routes migratoires vers l’Europe. Ce point est d’autant plus sensible que les traversées par le Sud sont largement entravées et ainsi déportées vers la Turquie. On estime que chaque année près

de 72000 immigrés en situation irrégulière vers l'Europe via la Turquie, bien qu’environ 65000 soient appréhendés par la Turquie en 2008.

Dans cette situation, l’accord de réadmission fonctionnera comme un intéressement direct pour la

Turquie à fermer elle-même ses frontières avec des pays voisins comme l’Irak et l’Iran qui sont également les principaux pourvoyeurs des demandes de protection suivies par le HCR : en 2009, plus

de 16000 personnes en Turquie étaient suivies par le HCR dont 48% d’Irakiens, 25% d’Iraniens et 13% d’Afghans.

Avec la signature de l’accord de réadmission, la Turquie a l’espoir d’une libéralisation des visas pour venir en Europe qui répond à une demande forte de leurs populations. A part de l’UE, l’accord autorise les États membres à renvoyer en Turquie les nombreux migrants afghans, irakiens ou pakistanais en situation non régulière.

Conclusion :

La Turquie doit faire des progrès dans le domaine de respect des droits de l’homme, notamment

concernant les immigrés irréguliers qui se retrouvent sur son territoire.