Report 188: Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems ... · The recent large conventional oil and gas discoveries at Xanadu Oil Field (2017) within the Irwin River Coal Measures

PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY AND PETROLEUM SYSTEMS MODELLING OF

THE PERTH BASIN, WESTERN AUSTRALIA

by KAR Ghori

Geological Survey of Western Australia

REPORT188

Government of Western Australia

Government of Western AustraliaDepartment of Mines, Industry Regulationand Safety

REPORT 188

PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY AND PETROLEUM SYSTEMS MODELLING OF THE PERTH BASIN, WESTERN AUSTRALIA

byKAR Ghori

PERTH 2018

Government of Western AustraliaDepartment of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety

MINISTER FOR MINES AND PETROLEUMHon Bill Johnston MLA

DIRECTOR GENERAL, DEPARTMENT OF MINES, INDUSTRY REGULATION AND SAFETYDavid Smith

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND RESOURCE STRATEGYJeff Haworth

REFERENCEThe recommended reference for this publication is:Ghori, KAR 2018, Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia: Geological Survey

of Western Australia, Report 188, 139p.

ISBN 978-1-74168-825-2ISSN 1834-2280

A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of Australia

Grid references in this publication refer to the Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94). Locations mentioned in the text are referenced using Map Grid Australia (MGA) coordinates, Zone 50. All locations are quoted to at least the nearest 100 m.

Disclaimer This product was produced using information from various sources. The Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety (DMIRS) and the State cannot guarantee the accuracy, currency or completeness of the information. Neither the department nor the State of Western Australia nor any employee or agent of the department shall be responsible or liable for any loss, damage or injury arising from the use of or reliance on any information, data or advice (including incomplete, out of date, incorrect, inaccurate or misleading information, data or advice) expressed or implied in, or coming from, this publication or incorporated into it by reference, by any person whosoever.

Published 2018 by the Geological Survey of Western AustraliaThis Report is published in digital format (PDF) and is available online at <www.dmp.wa.gov.au/GSWApublications>.

© State of Western Australia (Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety) 2018

With the exception of the Western Australian Coat of Arms and other logos, and where otherwise noted, these data are provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode)

Further details of geological publications and maps produced by the Geological Survey of Western Australia are available from:Information CentreDepartment of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety100 Plain StreetEAST PERTH WESTERN AUSTRALIA 6004Telephone: +61 8 9222 3459 Facsimile: +61 8 9222 3444www.dmp.wa.gov.au/GSWApublications

Cover photograph: Senecio 3 Waitsia Discovery Well (photo courtesy AWE Limited)

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iii

Contents

Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................................1Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................1Geological setting ...................................................................................................................................................2Petroleum geology .................................................................................................................................................2Petroleum geochemistry .........................................................................................................................................2

Petroleum systems ...........................................................................................................................................2Source-rock parameters ..................................................................................................................................2Source rocks ....................................................................................................................................................3

Pyrolysis gas chromatography .................................................................................................................3Gas chromatography ...............................................................................................................................3Source-to-oil correlation ..........................................................................................................................4

Petroleum system modelling ..........................................................................................................................6Erregulla Area: northern Perth Basin .............................................................................................................7Whicher Range 1: southern Perth Basin .......................................................................................................7Potential self-contained petroleum systems ....................................................................................................8

Discussion and conclusions ....................................................................................................................................8References ..............................................................................................................................................................9

Figures1. Major tectonic units, exploration wells, and petroleum discoveries in the Perth Basin ............................132. Stratigraphy, petroleum sources, reservoirs, systems, and discoveries in the Perth Basin ........................143. Histogram showing petroleum drilling in the Perth Basin .........................................................................154. History of petroleum discoveries in the Perth Basin .................................................................................155. Western Australian petroleum production in 2015 ....................................................................................166. Estimated conventional and tight reservoir petroleum resources of the Perth Basin ................................177. Gas composition and geographic distribution within the Perth Basin ......................................................188. Oil and condensate gravity vs depth plot of the Perth Basin .....................................................................199. Oil and condensate composition of the Perth Basin ..................................................................................1910. Map of Perth Basin showing distribution of data used in this study .........................................................2011. Discrimination between non-source- and source-rock samples based on TOC and Rock-Eval data .......2112. Summary of Rock-Eval data of Permian source rocks ..............................................................................2213. TOC and Rock-Eval composite log of Permian source rocks ...................................................................2314. Summary of Rock-Eval data of Triassic source rocks ..............................................................................2415. TOC and Rock-Eval composite log of Triassic source rocks ....................................................................2516. Summary of Rock-Eval data of Jurassic source rocks ..............................................................................2617. TOC and Rock-Eval composite log of Jurassic source rocks ...................................................................2718. Summary of Rock-Eval data of Cretaceous source rocks .........................................................................2819. TOC and Rock-Eval composite log of Cretaceous source rocks ..............................................................2920. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography typing of the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous samples .........3021. Gas chromatography typing of the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous samples ........................3122. Chemometric characterization of crude oil of the Perth Basin .................................................................3123. Estimated subsurface temperatures of the Perth Basin .............................................................................3224. Measured thermal conductivity of the rock units in the Perth Basin ........................................................3325. Estimated present-day heat flow in the Perth Basin ..................................................................................3426. Perth Basin map, showing 1D-modelled, present-day heat flow ...............................................................3527. AFTA regional cooling events in the Perth Basin .....................................................................................3628. Perth Basin maps, showing the generating potential S2 distribution within the Jurassic Cattamarra

Coal Measures, Triassic Kockatea Shale, Permian Carynginia Formation, and Permian Irwin River Coal Measures ...........................................................................................................................................37

29. Perth Basin map, showing the age of source rock distribution .................................................................3830. Perth Basin map, showing structural elements and wells within the northern onshore part and a

cross-section A–A1 shown in Figure 31 ....................................................................................................3931. North to south cross-section, showing stratigraphy for model wells used in BasinView and

2D BasinMod modelling ...........................................................................................................................4032. Northern Perth Basin maps, summarizing the distribution of organic richness and temperature

within the Kockatea Shale .........................................................................................................................4133. Perth Basin maps, showing the location of the data wells and the thichness and elevation of

the Kockatea Shale ....................................................................................................................................4234. Perth Basin maps, showing the location of the data wells and the generating potential and hydrogen

index of the Kockatea Shale ......................................................................................................................4335. Perth Basin maps, showing the location of the data wells and the oil and gas retained in the

Kockatea Shale ..........................................................................................................................................44

iv

36. North to south cross-section, showing vitrinite reflectance maturity and hydrocarbon volume for the Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures, Triassic Kockatea Shale, Permian Carynginia Formation, and Permian Irwin River Coal Measures source beds ............................................................45

37. North to south cross-section, showing the gas saturation within the Triassic Kockatea Shale, based on 2D basin modelling ....................................................................................................................46

38. North to south cross-section, showing the oil saturation within the Triassic Kockatea Shale, based on 2D basin modelling ....................................................................................................................46

39. Petroleum system modelling of the Erregulla area, northern Perth Basin, showing burial history, maturity calibration, kerogen transformation ratio, and oil generation rate ..............................................47

40. Petroleum system modelling of the Erregulla area, northern Perth Basin, showing burial history, petroleum system elements and timing, and hydrocarbon expulsion timing from the Kockatea Shale source beds ......................................................................................................................................48

41. Petroleum system modelling of Whicher Range area, southern Perth Basin, showing burial history, maturity calibration, kerogen transformation ratio, and gas generation ....................................................49

42. Petroleum system modelling of Whicher Range area, southern Perth Basin, showing burial history, petroleum system elements and timing, and hydrocarbon expulsion timing from the Permian source beds ................................................................................................................................................50

43. Summary of the minerals, clays, and kerogen composition of the Permian Carynginia Formation and Triassic Kockatea Shale ......................................................................................................................51

44. Summary of the shale petroleum systems of Arrowsmith 2 showing burial history, petroleum system elements, gas, and oil retained in the Permian Carynginia Formation and Triassic Hovea Member Shale ................................................................................................................................52

Tables1. Selected parameters of the Perth Basin petroleum liquids ..........................................................................42. Selected gas chromatography parameters for petroleum samples from the Perth Basin ............................5

Appendices1. Rock-Eval Expert System Analysis rules to filter out unreliable TOC, Rock-Eval, and vitrinite

reflectance data ...........................................................................................................................................552. Geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval data for 60 wells ......................................................................573. Maps of distribution of geochemical attributes for each potential source rock .......................................1174. Plots of AFTA data for 14 samples from Arranoo South 1, Cataby 1, and West Erregulla 1...................133

1

Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia

by

KAR Ghori

AbstractPetroleum geochemistry, organic petrology, apatite fission track analysis (AFTA), heat flow, subsurface temperatures, and other exploration data from the onshore Perth Basin indicate that the Permian and Jurassic coal and shale source rocks are predominantly gas prone, whereas Triassic and Cretaceous source rocks are oil prone. Correlations between oil and source rocks show that the condensate from Whicher Range 1 has a Permian source. Oil and gas/condensate recovered from the Cliff Head, Dongara, Eremia, Hovea, Jingemia, Mondarra, Mount Horner, North Erregulla, Woodada, and Yardarino fields are derived from Triassic source rocks. Oil and gas/condensate from Gingin 1 and Walyering 1 and 2 are from a Jurassic source, and the oil from Gage Roads 1 is from a Jurassic–Cretaceous source.

These source rocks have also been studied for self-contained petroleum systems. Initial estimates by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) indicate tight sand/shale oil and gas resources in Permian shales of up to 25 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) gas, and in Triassic shales up to 8 Tcf gas and 500 million barrels oil/condensate. Shale oil and gas exploration is at a very early stage, and more work is needed to verify these estimates and to include estimates for the Jurassic. By comparison, the Cretaceous is relatively thin onshore and is therefore unlikely to contain significant quantities of hydrocarbons.

Petroleum system modelling of over 60 wells with total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock-Eval data indicates major Permian–Jurassic subsidence and burial in the onshore Perth Basin. Models were constrained by AFTA data, indicating regional paleothermal events during the Cretaceous (135–56 Ma) and Tertiary (30–0 Ma), which vary locally and affect time and depth of burial. Consequently, there are variations in the timing of petroleum generation across the basin.

The recent large conventional oil and gas discoveries at Xanadu Oil Field (2017) within the Irwin River Coal Measures and the Waitsia Gas Field (2014) within the Kingia Formation verify the presence of new high potential Permian oil and gas plays sourced from proven petroleum source rocks.

In addition, emerging shale plays with encouraging results at Woodada Deep 1 and Arrowsmith 2 have revived exploration interest in the Perth Basin.

Locally significant petroleum production (194 790 L of oil, 19 087 980 L of condensate, and 260 855 806 m3 of gas) took place before 2016.

KEYWORDS: petroleum geochemistry, petroleum systems, Rock-Eval, source-rock quality, thermal maturity

IntroductionThe Perth Basin covers an area of about 100 000 km² in the southwest of Western Australia (Fig. 1), containing mainly Permian–Cretaceous sedimentary rocks (Fig. 2). Petroleum exploration drilling in the Perth Basin started in the early 1950s and since then over 368 onshore and 61 offshore wells have been drilled (Figs 3, 4). As a result, several commercial oil and gas fields have been discovered and numerous other significant discoveries within tight sandstone have been made, such as Corybas 1, which is producing from the tight sandstones within the Irwin River Coal Measures. Since the 1970s, the Perth Basin has produced a cumulative total of 2 665 928 050 L oil, 167 047 550 L condensate, and 19 837 593 000 m3 gas. In 2015, the basin produced 194 790 L of oil, 19 087 980 L of condensate and 260 855 806 m3 of gas from conventional reservoirs. The Perth Basin is the second largest petroleum producer after the Northern Carnarvon Basin within Western Australian jurisdiction (Fig. 5).

Besides conventional petroleum resources (Fig. 6), resource estimates indicate tight sand/shale gas and oil within the Permian Carynginia Formation of up to 25 trillion cubic

feet (Tcf) gas, and within the latest Permian–Triassic Kockatea shales, up to 8 Tcf gas with 500 million barrels oil/condensate (Kuuskraa et al., 2011, 2013).

This has triggered exploration for petroleum shale plays in the Perth Basin with encouraging results at Woodada Deep 1 and Arrowsmith 2, and a new conventional Permian gas play as demonstrated by the Waitsia discoveries in the Carynginia Formation and Irwin River Coal Measures. The oil recovery from the Kockatea Shale in Arrowsmith 2 was the first proven shale oil play in the Perth Basin. Shale oil and gas exploration is at a very early stage, and more work is needed to assess the commercial potential. The Perth Basin has developed relatively few shale play wells in the last few years, compared with thousands of wells in the US.

To evaluate the Perth Basin conventional and tight petroleum resources, the focus of exploration and research is currently on the Permian Carynginia Formation and the latest Permian–Triassic Kockatea Shale-sourced petroleum systems. For these shaly formations, Middleton (2015) discussed maturity within the northern Perth Basin. Cooper et al. (2015) used a mass balance approach through basin modelling to estimate tight petroleum resources.

2

Ghori

Rasouli and Rezaee (2014) provided results on mechanical properties of these shales, and CoreLab (2013) evaluated shale source–reservoir systems based on core analyses from six wells in the northern Perth Basin. Ghori (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017) discussed emerging shale and tight gas plays in Western Australia, petroleum systems, emerging shale and tight sand plays, and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin.

This study focuses on petroleum systems of the onshore Perth Basin, based on petroleum geochemistry data currently available at the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety (DMIRS) via the Western Australian petroleum and geothermal information management system (WAPIMS).

Geological settingThe Perth Basin is a southerly trending, elongate rift trough along the west coast of Australia. There are two main depocentres in the onshore portion, the northern Dandaragan Trough and the southern Bunbury Trough, which are separated by the Mandurah Terrace (Fig. 1). The Dandaragan Trough is a major depocentre up to 12 km thick. The basin contains for the most part Lower Permian to Lower Cretaceous continental clastic rocks (Fig. 2), deposited in a rift system that culminated in the breakup of Gondwana in the Early Cretaceous. Two major tectonic phases are recognized: Permian extension in a southwesterly direction and Early Cretaceous transtension to the northwest during breakup. The current understanding of the Perth Basin tectonic framework is discussed by Thomas (2014).

Petroleum geologyAll producing fields are located within the northern Perth Basin (Fig. 1), where oil and gas has been produced from numerous onshore fields and oil from one offshore field. Many of the fields are now either depleted, such as Apium, Eremia, Gingin West, Jingemia, Mondarra, Mount Horner, Xyris, Xyris South, and Yardarino, or not yet developed, such as the oil accumulation at North Yardanogo and the gas at Warro and Whicher Range. In 2015, seven fields were producing gas condensate (Fig. 5), and minor oil was produced from the Dongara field. Of these fields, Beharra Springs, Dongara, Hovea, Redback, and Tarantula are producing from Upper Permian reservoirs (Wagina Formation and Dongara Sandstone), Waitsia from Lower Permian reservoirs (Kingia and High Cliff Sandstones), Corybas from tight sandstone reservoirs within the Lower Permian Irwin River Coal Measures, and Red Gully from the Jurassic reservoirs within the Cattamarra Coal Measures (Fig. 2). The gas across the basin is mainly dry, contains over 94% methane (Fig. 7) with minimal condensate production, and the oil is light and constitutes a highly paraffinic crude, which frequently has a high wax content, high pour point, and is rich in saturate hydrocarbons (Figs 8, 9).

The oil and gas condensate reservoirs are within the Permian High Cliff Sandstone, Irwin River Coal Measures, Carynginia Formation, Beekeeper Formation, Dongara and Wagina Sandstones (northern Perth Basin), and the

Willespie Formation (southern Perth Basin), Triassic Arranoo and Woodada Sandstones, Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures, Cadda and Yarragadee Formations, and the Cretaceous Parmelia Group (Fig. 2).

Source rocks with predominantly gas condensate generating potential have been identified within the Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic intervals (Thomas, 1979; Thomas and Barber, 2004). Since then many publications have documented the oil and gas potential from different source rocks. These include marine source facies within the Permian Carynginia Formation and Triassic Kockatea Shale, and coaly and lacustrine source facies within the Permian Irwin River Coal Measures and Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures, which impact the geochemical characteristics of oil, condensate, and gas accumulations of the Perth Basin.

The majority of oil and gas condensate that has been commercially produced is correlated with the source rocks within the Hovea Member of the basal Kockatea Shale as documented from the Hovea 3 well (Thomas and Barber, 2004). This source interval is widely distributed within the northern Perth Basin. Other key publications on petroleum geochemistry of the Perth Basin include Thomas (1984), Thomas and Barber (2004), Summons et al. (1995), GeoMark and AGSO (1996), Edwards and Zumberge (2005). Publication on the offshore northern Perth Basin includes Jones and Hall (2002).

Petroleum geochemistry

Petroleum systemsPetroleum geochemistry (source rock and hydrocarbon analytical data), organic petrology, apatite fission track analysis (AFTA), heat flow, subsurface temperature data (Fig. 10), and other exploration data from the onshore Perth Basin are used to evaluate conventional and tight reservoir petroleum source potential. In tight reservoir systems, the timing of charge vs trap formation is not a critical element as it is in conventional reservoir systems.

Source rocks form the richest petroleum shale plays, because they retain a vast quantity of petroleum even after expelling significant petroleum to conventional reservoirs (Fig. 6). Shale reservoirs are texturally and mineralogically heterogeneous. Many similar looking types of shale often have different source-rock characteristics (Durham, 2010; Aplin and Macquaker, 2011).

The geochemical properties that help to form a good-quality shale gas and oil play are adequate source-rock thicknesses of net pay (>100 m) and high organic richness (>2% total organic carbon [TOC]), and adequate thermal maturity (>1.5% Ro) for shale gas plays (Parker, 2009).

Source-rock parameters The source-rock characterization generally used by the petroleum industry (Baskin, 1997; Dembicki Jr, 2009) was used in this study, albeit with some modifications as discussed below.

3

GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia

The petroleum-generating capacity of a source rock depends on four factors: organic richness (amount of kerogen), organic facies (type of kerogen), organic maturity (kerogen-to-petroleum transformation ratio), and expulsion efficiency. Organic richness is measured by TOC content. In this Report, source-rock samples with TOC content >0.5% are classified as being of fair organic richness, between 1 and 2% as good, between 2 and 4% as very good, and over 4% as excellent.

Thermal and pyrolysate yield of organic compounds from Rock-Eval is expressed as S1 + S2 or potential yield, which quantifies the hydrocarbon-generating capacity of rocks. S1 represents existing indigenous or migrated hydrocarbons in a rock and is approximately equivalent to the extractable organic matter (bitumen). S2 represents the organic compounds generated from kerogens during heating within the Rock-Eval instrument. S1 and S2 are both measured as milligrams per gram of rock (mg/g rock). Samples with potential pyrolysate yield (S2) of 2–5 mg/g rock are classified as fair, those with 5–10 mg/g rock as good, those with 10–20 mg/g rock as very good, and those over 20 mg/g rock as excellent.

Source-rock facies classification of the kerogen type was derived using a cross plot of TOC vs the hydrogen index (HI). Using this method, HI is calculated from Rock-Eval data and corresponds to the quantity of hydrocarbon compounds (HC) that can be pyrolyzed relative to the TOC (mg HC/g TOC). The equation is HI = (S2/ TOC × 100). Source rocks with HI values of less than 150 are classified as gas generating, while those with HI values over 150 are classified as oil and gas generating.

Source-rock maturity has been determined using a cross plot of the analysis temperature at maximum hydrocarbon generation (Tmax) and the production index (PI). Tmax provides an indication of source-rock maturity, but can be affected by organic facies type. Tmax less than 435ºC is classified as immature, between 435ºC and 460ºC as oil generating, between 460ºC and 470ºC as wet-gas generating, and over 470ºC as dry-gas generating. The equation is PI = S1/(S1 + S2).

Vitrinite reflectance (VR) data and Tmax from Rock-Eval indicate thermal maturity. AFTA indicates maximum paleotemperatures and their timing, whereas present-day temperatures are estimated from recorded temperatures in petroleum wells. Finally, organic maturity and timing of oil and gas generation from source rocks can be estimated using basin and thermal history modelling.

No direct method is available to measure expulsion efficiency, although a mass balance approach can be used to estimate petroleum expulsion efficiency (PEE) using Rock-Eval parameters (Cooles et al., 1986; Powell and Boreham, 1991).

Source rocksSource rocks of the Perth Basin have been identified from analytical data available for about 4000 samples (Fig. 11). TOC and Rock-Eval data (Fig. 11a) are used to discriminate between source- and non-source-rock samples (Espitalié et al., 1985; Peters, 1986; Bordenave et al., 1993). Those samples with <0.5% TOC and <2 mg HC/g rock pyrolysate yield (S2) are defined as non-source-

rock samples (Fig. 11b,c), and are excluded from further interpretation. For source-rock samples, a cross plot of Tmax versus PI is used to discount contaminated samples (Fig. 11d). Tmax represents the analysis temperature (ºC) at maximum hydrocarbon generation during the S2 cycle. PI represents kerogen conversion indices (S1/ (S1 + S2)). Its value increases with hydrocarbon generation as a function of increasing maturity. PI values higher than normal (0.4) are observed in migrated or accumulated hydrocarbons, non-source rock, or contaminated samples, whereas lower than normal (0.1) values are interpreted to be the result of the expulsion of hydrocarbons from the source rock. Parameters for source-rock richness, organic facies, and thermal maturity, as discussed above, are used to characterize petroleum source rocks (Espitalié, 1985; Peters, 1986; Peters and Moldowan, 1993; Peters and Cassa, 1994; Peters et al., 2005). The petroleum-generating potential of the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous source rocks are summarized in Figures 12–19. Of these, Figures 12, 14, 16, and 18 summarize organic richness, facies, and maturity for the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous source-rock samples, respectively. Composite logs of these samples are shown in Figures 13, 15, 17, and 19. Characterization of kerogen by pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous are summarized in Figures 20 and 21, respectively, whereas Figure 22 shows the characterization of crude oil.

Pyrolysis gas chromatography

Beside TOC and Rock-Eval, Py-GC was used to determine the detailed molecular configuration of kerogen and its oil- vs gas-generating potential (Larter and Douglas, 1980; Larter, 1985; Larter and Senftle, 1985). The most important parameters derived from these analyses include: the gas/oil generation index: GOGI = (C1 – C5)/C6+ abundance), the oil yield = C5 – C31 (alkenes + alkanes), and the aromatics content or type index: R = (m + (p-xylene/n-octene)).

Figure 20 summarizes results of the available Py-GC data and indicates that most of the samples are oil prone. The Jurassic and Triassic Py-GC data reported by Dolan and Associates (1993) also indicate that most of the analysed samples are oil prone. These samples are mostly from the Triassic Kockatea Shale and Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures from offshore wells. The Permian Irwin River Coal Measures, Carynginia Formation, and Triassic Hovea Member Py-GC data (Thomas, 1979; Thomas and Barber, 2004; Thomas et al., 2004) indicate that the source rocks within the Hovea Member are predominantly oil prone, the Irwin River Coal Measures are predominantly gas prone, and Carynginia Formation are predominantly oil and gas prone.

Gas chromatography

Crude oil and condensate samples from reservoirs and hydrocarbons extracted from rock have been analysed by gas chromatography (GC) to confirm the source rocks. Tables 1 and 2 list the selected GC biomarkers for 29 samples used in this study. These ratios are sensitive to secondary processes and need support from other geochemical and geological data (Peters and Moldowan, 1993; Peters et al., 2005) in order to confirm the source rocks.

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Ghori

Isoprenoid/n-paraffin ratios (Fig. 21; Tables 1 and 2) show that the Permian and Triassic oils have high pristane/phytane ratios as compared to Jurassic and Cretaceous oils (Fig. 21a). The pristane/n C17 ratios and Phytane/n C18 ratios indicate oil-prone marine source rocks (Fig. 21b).

Source-to-oil correlation

Gas-prone source beds within the Permian Carynginia Formation, with an organic richness of up to 11% TOC, and latest Permian–Triassic Kockatea Shale, with TOC values over 2%, are part of the Gondwanan Petroleum Supersystem (Bradshaw et al., 1994). The Carynginia Formation is a marine deposit containing shelf to distal deltaic mudstone and siltstone, whereas the Kockatea Shale is composed of restricted marine mudstone and siltstone. The Hovea Member of the Kockatea Shale forms the main source rock of the northern Perth Basin. The oil- and gas-prone source beds within the fluvial–lacustrine shale facies of the Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures (TOC up to 27%) and Yarragadee Formation (TOC up to 2%) are part of the Austral Petroleum Supersystem (Bradshaw et al., 1994).

These source rocks have been correlated with oil accumulations in sandstone reservoirs (Fig. 22) by GeoMark Research and the Australian Geological Survey Organisation (now Geoscience Australia). First, 20 oil samples from the Perth Basin were analysed for their physical, chemical, biomarker, and isotopic characteristics (GeoMark and AGSO, 1996), followed by additional analyses of five samples from Bootine 1, East Lake Logue 1, Gingin 2, Mondarra 5, and Whicher Range 4 by Geoscience Australia (Edwards and Zumberge, 2005). These oil characteristics were used to describe the organic matter type, depositional environment, and mineralogy of the source rocks. Chemometric analyses were used to identify different oil families by removing noise from the large, regional database. This was followed by the statistical analysis of a multivariate dataset using the method described by Peters et al. (2005). This enabled recognition of four genetically related oil families based on principal component analysis (PCA) techniques (Fig. 22). These oil families can be correlated to the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous source rocks identified in the Perth Basin (GeoMark and AGSO, 1996).

Well SampleSat (%)

Aro (%)

NSO (%)

Pr/Ph Pr/nC17 Ph/nC18nC27/ nC17

CPI API S (%)

Bootine 1 DST 5 62.90 20.20 16.70 3.24 0.22 0.07 0.31 1.13 37.90 0.29

Dongara 1 PROD TEST 1

95.65 3.14 1.21 2.98 0.34 0.29 0.02 1.10 53.90 0.01

Dongara 4 DST 1 72.90 2.40 24.70 2.91 0.34 0.31 0.01 1.48 58.28 0.00

Dongara 14 77.67 18.10 3.85 1.31 0.31 0.26 0.67 1.08 35.10 0.06

Dongara 14 DST 1 76.70 17.70 5.60 1.23 0.30 0.28 0.58 1.07 39.15 0.05

East Lake Logue 1 DST 1 59.00 3.70 37.30 1.74 0.26 0.20 0.05 – 52.00 0.07

Erregulla 1 Swab test 74.87 18.75 5.27 1.12 0.55 0.50 0.84 1.05 34.80 0.03

Erregulla 1 Swab test 67.80 14.30 17.90 1.12 0.27 0.32 0.15 1.06 48.43 0.04

Gage Roads 1 DST 1A/2A

75.55 19.87 3.27 2.86 0.18 0.06 1.23 1.24 38.10 0.03

Gingin 1 DST 13 59.36 38.73 1.91 2.64 0.25 0.10 0.25 1.29 37.80 0.02

Gingin 2 DST 3A 59.00 25.30 15.70 3.11 0.27 0.10 0.17 1.15 41.20 –

Mondarra 1 DST 2 92.53 6.79 0.68 1.45 0.21 0.17 0.08 1.03 47.30 0.01

Mondarra 2 PROD TEST

89.31 10.30 0.40 1.73 0.26 0.19 0.01 5.03 50.80 0.00

Mondarra 3 DST 1 89.52 5.89 3.36 1.18 0.22 0.17 2.71 1.05 35.70 0.02

Mondarra 5 87.90 6.90 4.50 1.10 0.21 0.17 2.36 1.03 – –

Mount Horner 1 DST 4 69.96 23.26 6.42 1.43 0.44 0.36 0.65 1.07 – 0.07

North Erregulla 1 DST 1 74.75 19.76 4.69 1.14 0.59 0.54 0.78 1.04 34.70 0.07

Walyering 1 PROD TEST 3

73.07 23.88 3.05 1.75 0.20 0.07 0.72 1.18 43.90 0.02

Walyering 2 PROD TEST 4

75.77 23.30 0.94 2.95 0.13 0.05 0.27 1.14 45.80 0.01

Whicher Range 1 DST 7 62.61 36.24 1.15 3.33 0.45 0.14 0.05 2.35 46.00 0.02

Whicher Range 2 45.30 33.90 20.80 5.03 0.49 0.11 0.09 – 39.70 0.03

Woodada 3 DST 2 78.67 18.21 2.59 2.48 0.53 0.23 0.55 1.07 34.60 0.17

Yardarino 1 DST 3 90.90 6.72 1.85 1.15 0.22 0.17 0.91 1.08 38.40 0.03

Yardarino 1 DST 3 86.36 10.61 2.87 1.05 0.22 0.19 0.76 1.06 38.40 0.02

Yardarino 1 DST 3 82.92 15.37 1.61 1.15 0.23 0.17 0.90 1.07 37.20 0.02

Table 1. Selected sample parameters of the Perth Basin petroleum liquids (GeoMark and AGSO, 1996)

NOTE: Abbreviations: Sat, saturate hydrocarbons; Aro, aromatic hydrocarbons; NSO, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen compounds; Pr, pristane; Py, phytane; nC18, number of carbon in compound; CPI, carbon preference index; API, American Petroleum Institute; S, sulfur

5


Well SamplePristane/ phytane

Phytane/ n-C17

Phytane/ n-C18

Formation Age

Charlotte 1 1527.05 1.48 0.51 0.44 Gage Sandstone Cretaceous

Gage Roads 1 DST 1A/2A 2.86 0.18 0.06Perth Formation/Gage Sandstone Member

Cretaceous

Cataby 1 1692.50 2.15 0.21 0.11 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic




Cockburn 1 1133.86 0.77 0.39 0.43 Yarragadee Formation Jurassic

Warnbro 1 2879.08 1.63 0.53 0.37 Yarragadee Formation Jurassic



Sugar Loaf 1 2298.19 1.64 0.56 0.32 Cadda Formation Jurassic

Sugar Loaf 1 3493.01 3.26 1.08 0.28 Cadda Formation Jurassic

Houtman 1 2950.00 1.95 1.23 0.72 Yarragadee Formation Jurrasic

Gage Roads 1 1782.00 4.80 0.15 0.03 Yarragadee Formation Jurrasic

Erregulla 1 Swab test 1.12 0.55 0.50 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic

Gingin 1 DST 13 2.64 0.25 0.10 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic

Walyering 1 PROD TEST 3 1.75 0.20 0.07 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic

Walyering 2 PROD TEST 4 2.95 0.13 0.05 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic

Erregulla 1 Swab test 1.12 0.27 0.32 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic

Gingin 2 DST 3A 3.11 0.27 0.10 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic

Bootine 1 DST 5 3.24 0.22 0.07 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic

Wittecarra 1 2331.00 2.34 0.46 0.18 Woodada Formation Triassic

East Heaton 1 2039.00 1.34 1.06 0.86 Kockatea Shale Triassic

Dongara 14 1.31 0.31 0.26 Kockatea Shale Triassic

Mondarra 1 DST 2 1.45 0.21 0.17 Basal sand Triassic

Mondarra 3 DST 1 1.18 0.22 0.17 Basal sand Triassic

Mount Horner 1 DST 4 1.43 0.44 0.36 Kockatea Shale Triassic

North Erregulla 1 DST 1 1.14 0.59 0.54 Kockatea Shale Triassic

Dongara 14 DST 1 1.23 0.30 0.28 Basal sandstone Triassic

Dongara 4 DST 1 2.91 0.34 0.31 Basal sandstone Triassic

East Heaton 1 2115.00 1.88 0.61 0.34 Wagina Sandstone Permian

East Heaton 1 2513.00 2.54 0.91 0.36 Irwin River Coal Measures Permian

Mondarra 2 PROD TEST 1.73 0.26 0.19Wagina Formation/ Basal sand

Permian

Whicher Range 1 DST 7 3.33 0.45 0.14Nangetty Formation/ Sue Coal Measures

Permian

Woodada 3 DST 2 2.48 0.53 0.23 Carynginia Formation Permian

Yardarino 1 DST 3 1.15 0.22 0.17 Wagina Formation Permian



Dongara 4 PROD TEST 1 2.98 0.34 0.29 Irwin River Coal Measures Permian

Whicher Range 4 5.03 0.49 0.11 Upper Sue Coal Measures Permian

Mondarra 5 1.10 0.21 0.17 Permian

East Lake Logue 1 DST 1 1.74 0.26 0.20 Carynginia Formation Permian

Hovea 1 DST 1 1.43 0.70 0.64 Dongara Sandstone Permian

Table 2. Selected gas chromatography parameters for samples from the Perth Basin

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These source rocks could also form potential petroleum shale plays within the onshore Perth Basin. Source beds within the Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic have a wide areal distribution and extend out to the offshore Perth Basin (Crostella, 1995; Grosjean et al., 2011; Thomas, 1984; Thomas and Barber, 2004).

Petroleum system modelling Source-rock analysis data from 60 wells in the Perth Basin were used as input into petroleum system models using Platte River Associates’ latest release of the Petroleum Systems Suite software 2017. The modules 1D BasinMod, BasinMod, BasinView, and 2D BasinMod were all used in order to create an integrated model of the basin. The TOC and Rock-Eval input data were filtered with the Rock-Eval Expert System Analysis (REESA) rules (Appendix 1). Appendix 2 shows geochemical logs for 60 wells (Appendices 2.1 – 2.60). The modelled Rock-Eval data were used to generate regional maps to show the broad geographic trends of measured TOC and measured and calculated Rock-Eval parameters S2, HI, PI, and Tmax for the Carynginia Formation, Kockatea Shale, and Cattamarra Coal Measures (Appendices 3.1 – 3.28). These maps are computer generated from point data (wells) without any manual editing. They may extend into areas with missing data and the lack of structural information between wells, which is usually provided from seismic interpretation.

Model reconstructions were constrained using present-day temperatures (Fig. 23) and heat flows based on measured thermal conductivities (Figs 24–26), and AFTA paleothermal events (Fig. 27). These figures are based on subsurface well temperature information available from Geological Survey of Western Australia (GSWA) studies undertaken by Chopra and Holgate (2007) and Hot Dry Rocks Pty Ltd (2008), and AFTA data from GEOTRACK (Gibson, et al., 1997).

AFTA assists in constraining paleotemperatures and the cooling time since peak temperatures were reached. Fission track ages are a function of track annealing in response to an increase in temperature of between about 50 and 120ºC and track length reflects the style of cooling. VR data are also used to constrain the range of paleotemperatures, since apatite fission tracks are totally annealed above approximately 110ºC. This temperature corresponds to a VR range of 0.7 – 0.9%.

AFTA data are available for 15 samples, five each from Arranoo South 1, Cataby 1, and West Erregulla 1 (Gibson et al., 1997). These samples are from the Permian Carynginia Formation, latest Permian–Triassic Kockatea Shale, Jurassic Eneabba Formation, Cattamarra Coal Measures, and Yarragadee Formation. Measurements of 26 AFTA time constraints indicate two major regional episodes of heating and cooling (burial and erosion). The first took place between 135 and 65 Ma (Cretaceous), and the second between 30 and 0 Ma (Paleogene/Neogene/Quaternary) (Fig. 27, Appendices 4.1 – 4.14).

Green and Duddy (2013) provide detailed AFTA information and its influence on basin exhumation and petroleum prospectivity of the sedimentary basins of Western Australia, including six wells from the Perth

Basin. Of these, North Erregulla 1 and West Erregulla 1 are close to present-day temperatures. Hence, no significant post-Jurassic deposition has taken place in these areas, whereas Arranoo South 1, Dongara 1, and Mondarra 1 show post-Jurassic heating and indicate exhumation between 110 and 65 Ma. However, exhumation of about 700 m at Jurien 1 took place between 190 and 140 Ma.

In the modelling process, transient heat flow was applied in order to link the thermal history with tectonically induced heat changes. This provides a direct interpretation in terms of the physical processes involved in basin formation. This is because temperature gradients will vary with depth due to differences in lithology and compaction and thus thermal conductivities. Therefore, they do not provide a correct assessment of tectonically induced heat changes (Gallagher and Morrow, 1998). Default BasinMod fluid flow parameters were used as input for estimating compaction, pressure, and reduction in porosity and permeability. Predicted hydrocarbon thermal maturity windows are based on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory vitrinite and kerogen kinetics used by BasinMod.

The burial history was reconstructed from the rock unit thicknesses and lithologies interpreted in each of the modelled wells, and events that took place during times represented by unconformities. The thermal history was then reconstructed by adjusting thermal conductivities and heat flow to constrain the maturity model against measured corrected bottom hole temperatures (BHT), %Ro, Tmax, and AFTA data to constrain present and paleotemperatures. Finally, kinetic modelling and reconstruction of petroleum generation, as a function of geothermal history and the type and amount of kerogen, was used to estimate the time of petroleum generation. The depth of the oil and gas window is assumed to be equivalent to the burial depths necessary to convert 10–90% of the available kerogen to petroleum. On the basis of the geochemical data, the Permian and Jurassic source rocks are assumed to contain mostly type III kerogen. The Triassic and Cretaceous source rocks are assumed to contain mostly type II kerogen.

This study includes one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) modelling, 1D modelling is generally referred to as maturity modelling, whereas multi-dimensional modelling is generally referred to as fluid flow modelling. Most of the geological framework used in 1D maturity modelling is also used in 2D fluid flow modelling, with the kinetics of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion modelling. The thermal regimes used in 1D and 2D models are the same except for the inclusion of lateral heat transfer by convection or diffraction in the latter (Waples, 1998).

From a total of 60 developed well models using the 1D BasinMod module, 49 selected well models were imported in the BasinMod module to generate regional distribution maps of Rock-Eval parameters and a cross-section. TOC and Rock-Eval data were filtered using REESA rules (Appendix 1). REESA provided rapid and reliable interpretation of TOC and VR data. These BasinMod models were then exported to the BasinView and 2D BasinMod modules to generate surface maps and a cross-section. These output maps were created using the point data only. The resulting contour maps are not smoothed or linked to regional structural trends. The maps show the distribution of calculated source-rock potential, type, and

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maturity within the onshore Perth Basin. They are used to evaluate and map the petroleum-generating potential (S2/ mg) distribution within the onshore Perth Basin (Fig. 28). The Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures was intersected in most wells (Fig. 28a), whereas the uppermost Permian–Triassic Kockatea Shale was intersected in the least number of wells (Fig. 28b). The Permian Carynginia Formation and Irwin Coal Measures were intersected in wells drilled in the western part of the study area (Fig. 28c,d). Their lateral equivalents comprise the major source beds in the southern Perth Basin. The Kockatea Shale constitutes the main source beds in the northern Perth Basin, and the Cattamarra Coal Measures the main source beds in the central Perth Basin (Fig. 29). Hence, these areas are considered to be the main oil and gas provinces of the Perth Basin. These source rocks have been correlated with conventional reservoir oil accumulations, and could also be potential targets for petroleum shale plays within the onshore Perth Basin.

The location of the modelled wells, the basin’s main structural elements, and the subsurface stratigraphy are summarized in Figures 30 and 31. In this study, measured TOC of the Kockatea Shale averages around 5% within the far northwest, but is low in the rest of the study area (Fig. 32a). The map of the calculated maximum temperature (Fig. 32b) indicates areas of high temperature, resulting in the maturation and generation of oil and gas. All of the producing fields are within the mature area. BasinView models were used to evaluate and map elevation, thickness, potential yield (S2/mg), HI, and oil and gas retained within the Kockatea Shale (Figs 33– 35). All of these maps are based on wells with Rock-Eval data. Well elevations are measured from the ground level and formation thicknesses were determined in each well.

The well correlation A–A1 from Mungarra 1 in the north to Woodada 5 in the south (Figs 30 and 31) summarizes the subsurface stratigraphy used in the basin modelling. The maturity and hydrocarbon expulsion volumes from the Cattamarra Coal Measures, Kockatea Shale, Carynginia Formation, and Irwin River Coal Measures are calculated from BasinView models (Fig. 36) and 2D BasinMod models (Figs 37, 38). The highest calculated expelled hydrocarbon volumes ranging from 700 000 to 800 000 barrels per acre are in the Arrowsmith and Woodada areas, followed by areas around Drakea and Jingemia, which were calculated to expel between about 200 000 and 400 000 barrels per acre (Fig. 36b). The oil and gas saturations from 2D modelling indicate very low values of present-day oil and gas saturation (Figs 37, 38).

Although petroleum geochemistry data are available for over 4000 rock and oil samples, reliable data remains limited (487 data points) after interpretation and filtering by REESA rules for the Jurassic, Triassic, and Permian source rocks modelled in this study.

Finally, the Erregulla area and Whicher Range 1 are used as examples to show the petroleum system models for the northern and southern Perth Basin, respectively. These wells were selected because AFTA data are available for the Erregulla area and the Whicher Range area has been extensively studied. However, these areas should not be considered as representative for the whole onshore Perth Basin.

Erregulla Area: northern Perth Basin The West Erregulla 1 exploration well was drilled by Barrack Energy Ltd to a total depth of 4065.5 m in 1990. It is located within the Allanooka Terrace of the northern Perth Basin, and was drilled to test the structure within Early Jurassic and Late Permian rocks. North Erregulla 1 is located structurally updip and is 16 km north-northwest of Erregulla 1 and 2, which were drilled in 1966 and 1980, respectively. In Erregulla 1, oil was recovered from the Eneabba Formation, and in North Erregulla 1, Drill Stem Test (DST) 1 and 2 recovered 20 gallons (91 L) of 38º American Petroleum Institute (API) oil from the upper part of the latest Permian to Early Triassic Kockatea Shale, and 8 gallons (36 L) at the top of the Permian section (Crostella, 1995; Thornton, 1990).

Source-rock analyses are available from Erregulla 1 (Appendix 2.26) and North Erregulla 1 (Appendix 2.39), whereas AFTA data (Gibson et al., 1997) are available from West Erregulla 1 (Appendices 4.11 – 4.14). Petroleum-generation modelling for the Erregulla area is based on preserved stratigraphic thicknesses, geochemistry, organic petrography, and AFTA data available from the Erregulla area wells. Modelling results indicate that petroleum generation–migration–accumulation took place during the Cretaceous paleothermal event from the Triassic Kockatea Shale (Figs 39, 40).

Whicher Range 1: southern Perth Basin The Whicher Range 1 exploration well was drilled by Union Oil Development Corporation (Union Oil Development Corporation, 1968) to a total depth of 4653 m in 1968. It is located in the Bunbury Trough of the southern Perth Basin. The well was drilled on a well-defined four-way dip anticline with approximately 274 m of closure height near the top of the Permian in order to test the Jurassic–Permian section. DSTs were run for the interval 3949.6 – 4027.4 m and recovered up to 1.93 million cubic feet per day (MMcfd) of gas, and a gas discovery was declared (Union Oil Development Corporation, 1968). Four more wells were drilled to appraise the Whicher Range tight sand gas field and detailed research is reported by the Western Australian Energy Research Alliance (2012).

Source-rock analyses are available from the Willespie Formation, Cattamarra Coal Measures, and Yarragadee Formation (Appendix 2.56). They indicate high-quality, gas-prone source rocks which are not mature for gas generation or expulsion at the Whicher Range 1 location. AFTA data are not available for this well. Thus, the petroleum-generation modelling for the Whicher Range area (Whicher Range 1) is based on preserved stratigraphic thicknesses, geochemistry, and organic petrography data. Modelling indicates that petroleum generation–migration–accumulation took place during the Jurassic (Figs 41, 42). This petroleum-generation modelling provides an update on the previous Whicher Range 1 modelling reported in Crostella and Backhouse (2000).

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Potential self-contained petroleum systemsShale reservoir systems form the richest petroleum plays and the geochemical, geomechanical, and petrophysical properties of source rocks determine the potential difficulty of producing the petroleum. Shale petroleum is usually produced through a combination of horizontal wells and hydraulic fracturing (Jacobi et al., 2008, 2009).

Good-quality shale gas resources depend on adequate source-rock thickness of net pay (>100 m), adequate porosity (>2%), high reservoir pressure (ideally overpressured), high thermal maturity (>1.5% Ro), high organic richness (>2% TOC), low clay content (<50%), high content of brittle minerals (quartz, carbonates, feldspars), and favourable in situ stresses. This Report has shown that the right thermal maturity and organic richness exists in shales within the Perth Basin, and the work of CoreLab (2013) demonstrates favourable fracturing properties of the Permian Carynginia Formation and Triassic Kockatea Shale (Fig. 43).

Exploration of shale petroleum in the Perth Basin has been encouraged by the rapid increase of shale gas production in the US since 2005. Production from these shale reservoirs has changed the US from being a net importer to a net exporter of petroleum products.

In the Perth Basin, the search for shale petroleum started with the deepening of the Woodada 4 well as Woodada Deep 1 (Australian Worldwide Exploration, 2011) in 2010, from 2269 to 2552 m to evaluate the Permian Irwin Coal Measures and Carynginia Formation. Three lithofacies were identified within the lower Carynginia Formation for assessing shale gas potential supported by four conventional cores between 2272 and 2542 m, totalling 69.25 m (Australian Worldwide Exploration, 2011). Arrowsmith 2 was the first dedicated shale play vertical well drilled in 2011. Five zones were stimulated to evaluate the Permian High Cliff Sandstone, Irwin River Coal Measures, Carynginia Formation, and Triassic Kockatea Shale (Norwest Energy Pty Ltd, 2011). These wells provided pioneering information and material for assessing northern Perth Basin shale petroleum reservoirs. The oil recovery from the Kockatea Shale in Arrowsmith 2 was the first proven shale oil play in the Perth Basin. Petroleum system modelling of Arrowsmith 2 was used to evaluate the shale self-sourcing petroleum systems of the Carynginia Formation and Kockatea Shale (Fig. 44). Petroleum geochemistry and organic petrology data from Arrowsmith 1 were used as an input into the basin modelling of Arrowsmith 2. Arrowsmith 1 flowed 4 MMcfd from the Carynginia Formation and is located approximately 450 m northwest of Arrowsmith 2.

Evaluation of the regional shale petroleum characteristics of the Perth Basin is at an early stage as only a few vertical wells have been drilled. These wells indicate favourable geology and viable shale petroleum potential. However, to date, no shale plays have been placed in production (Fig. 6).

Discussion and conclusionsThe onshore northern Perth Basin is the second highest petroleum-producing region in the Western Australian state jurisdiction. The basin is currently producing from conventional reservoirs in the Beharra Spring, Dongara, Hovea, Red Gully, Redback, Senecio, Tarantula, and Waitsia fields, and from the tight sandstone reservoir in the Corybas field. There is no production from shale reservoirs. The production in 2015 was 194 790 L of oil, 19 087 980 L of condensate, and 260 855 806 m3 of gas. The production of gas condensate is only locally significant as it is only sufficient for the local market. The volume of oil and gas produced from the Perth Basin is decreasing rapidly, as many fields are becoming depleted and many remain undeveloped.

The uppermost Permian–Triassic Kockatea Shale, specifically its basal Hovea Member, is the source of hydrocarbons in the Dongara, Erregulla, Mount Horner, and Yardarino fields in the northern Perth Basin. Gas within the Walyering and Red Gully fields in the central Perth Basin is sourced from the Cattamarra Coal Measures. The hydrocarbon accumulation in the Whicher Range area of the southern Perth Basin is sourced from the Permian Willespie Formation (GeoMark and AGOSO, 1996; Thomas et al., 2004). These source rocks are also potential shale plays and may contain significant petroleum resources.

Sixty wells across the Perth Basin have petroleum geochemistry data, representing a range of different rock units, data type, and quality (Appendices 2.1 – 2.60). Of these, 49 wells were selected for petroleum system modelling of the onshore Perth Basin. REESA rules were applied to eliminate unreliable geochemical data. The Cretaceous (135–56 Ma) and Tertiary (30–0 Ma) paleothermal events (AFTA data; Appendices 4.1 – 4.14) were used to estimate time and extent of burial and erosion. Most of the modelled wells were from the northern and central Perth Basin. These wells were used to generate maps showing the regional distribution of source-rock parameters and to highlight areas with hydrocarbon-generating potential (Appendices 3.1 – 3.28). The modelling results, the geochemistry data, the generated maps (Figs 32–35), and the well correlations (Figs 36–38) provide useful petroleum source information that can assist in understanding the risks associated with petroleum exploration.

The Triassic Kockatea Shale source rocks are restricted to the northwest corner of the study area (Fig. 28b), between Diamond Soak 1 in the north, Rakrani 1 in the west, Cadda 1 in the south, and CRA PER 10 in the east (Fig. 30). Organic richness is up to 13% TOC, but most of the measured values to date are in the range 2–3% TOC. The areas mature for hydrocarbon generation are represented by the areas of highest calculated present-day temperatures, which are up to 122ºC around the Erregulla, Redback, and Arrowsmith gas condensate producing fields (Fig. 32b). The Kockatea Shale source rocks across the northern Perth Basin are mature based on the calculated VR, which is up to 1.65% Ro (Fig. 36a). The highest calculated volume of expelled hydrocarbons is around the Arrowsmith area, which is calculated to be up to 800 000 barrels per acre (Fig. 36a).

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The Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures is penetrated in most wells (Fig. 29), but the best petroleum source rocks are interpreted to be around the Walyering field area where the organic richness is up to 10% TOC. However, these source rocks are not mature in the study area (Fig. 36a,b).

This study concludes that the onshore northern Perth Basin, which is rich in conventional and tight gas condensate, is the prime petroleum province of the Perth Basin. The new conventional Lower Permian gas play discovered at the Waitsia gasfield and the oil recovery from Triassic shale play at Arrowsmith 2 have renewed interest in exploration of the Perth Basin. The conventional petroleum-producing reservoirs are depleting rapidly. Its tight petroleum resources have the potential to compensate, but are presently at initial stages of exploration. The Perth Basin has only two horizontal shale play tests, viz. the Woodada Deep 1 (2010) and Arrowsmith 2 (2011). However, these wells provided pioneering geological information on shale reservoirs within the Permian Carynginia Formation and the Triassic Kockatea Shale. Emerging tight sand petroleum plays of the Perth Basin are already shown to be commercially viable with favourable geology.

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Thomas, BM and Barber, CJ 2004, A re-evaluation of the hydrocarbon habitat of the northern Perth Basin: APPEA Journal, v. 44, no. 1, p. 59–92.

Thomas, BM, Willink, RJ, Grice, K, Twitchett, RJ, Purcell, RR, Archbold, NW, George, AD, Tye, S, Alexander, R, Foster, CB and Barber, CJ 2004, Unique marine Permian–Triassic boundary section from Western Australia: Australian Journal of Earth Science, v. 51, p. 423–430.

Thomas, BM 1984, Hydrocarbons, source rocks, and maturity trends in the northern Perth Basin, Australia, in Petroleum geochemistry and basin evaluation edited by G Demaison and RJ Murris: American Assocication of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, p. 391–403.

Thomas, CM 2014, The tectonic framework of the Perth Basin: current understanding: Geological Survey of Western Australia, Record 2014/14, 36p.

Thornton, D 1990, Well completion report, West Erregulla 1 (EP-23), Perth Basin, Western Australia: Geological Survey of Western Australia, Statutory petroleum exploration report, 20020 A2.

Union Oil Development Corporation 1968, Whicher Range 1, Perth Basin, Western Australia, well completion report; Union Oil Development Corporation: Geological Survey of Western Australia, Statutory petroleum exploration report, W405 A1 V1.

Waples, DW 1998, Basin modelling: how well have we done, in Basin modelling: practice and progress edited by SJ Düppenbecker and JE Iliffe: Geological Society, London, UK, Special Publication 141, p. 1–14.

Western Australian Energy Research Alliance 2012, Whicher Range tight gas sand: Geological Survey of Western Australia, Report 112, 405p.

11

REPORT FIGURES

12

Ghori

13


Figure 1. Major tectonic units, exploration wells, and petroleum discoveries in the Perth Basin

29°30'

20 km

115°

Dan

dara

gan

Trou

ghB

unbu

ry

Tro

ugh

Leeu

win

Com

plex

Man

dura

h Te

rrac

e

100 km

Oil and gas discovery

Gas and condensate

Wells drilled

Perth Basin(onshore/offshore)

Oil discovery or significant shows

Gas discovery or significant shows

Coastline

114° 115°

34°

33°

32°

31°

30°

29°

28°

ARG479f 31.10.18

Irwin 1

Waitsia 2

Waitsia 1

Whicher Range

Gage Roads

Gingin

Waylering

Warro

Woodada

Ocean Hill

Houtman

See inset

InsetArrowsmith

Redback Cliff Head

Jingemia

Dongara

Mt Horner

Yardarino

Senecio 3

EremiaMondarra

Hovea

Yardanogo

Tarantula

Beharra Springs

Erregulla

Erregulla

1000 km

WesternAustralia

Perth

Hovea 3

Xanadu

14

Ghori

Figure 2. Stratigraphy and petroleum sources, reservoirs, systems, and discoveries in the Perth Basin

300

290

280

270

260

250

240

230

220

210

200

190

180

170

160

150

140

Upp

erM

iddl

eLo

wer

Upp

erM

iddl

eC

isur

alia

n

Berriasian

Tithonian

Kimmeridgian

Oxfordian

CallovianBathonianBajocianAalenia

Toarcian

Pliensbachian

Sinemurian

HettangianRhaetian

Norian

Carnian

Ladinian

Anisian

OlenekianInduan

Changhsingian

Wuchiapingian

CapitanianWordianRoadian

Kungurian

Artinskian

Sakmarian

Asselian

Mosswood Fm.

Woodynook Ss.

Rosabrook CM

Redgate CM

Willespie Fm.

Sabina Ss.

Wonnerup Mr

Myalup Mr

Eneabba Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Yarragadee Fm.

Parmelia Gp

Basement

Nangetty Fm.

Holmwood Sh.

High Cliff Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

Kockatea Sh.LLo

pi-

ngia

nG

uada

-lupi

an

BeekeeperFm.

Dongara Ss.Wagina Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Sourcerocks

Gas

Gas

Gas

Oil

Gasandoil

Gasandoil

Reservoirrocks

Oil

Cretaceous

Per

mia

nTr

iass

icJu

rass

ic

Aus

tral

2A

ustr

al 1

Gon

dwan

nan

G2

Gon

dwan

nan

G1

ARG405c 31.10.18

Gage Roads

YardarinoDongarraWhicher RangeMondarraWoodadaBeharra SpringsHoveaJingemiaRedbackXyrisApiumTarantulaAgonisCentellaEremiaArrowsmithCorybas 1Cliff Head

Irwin River CM

Cattamarra CM

Lesueur Ss.

Dominant lithology

Sandstone

Shale

Ashbrook Ss.

Mixed siliciclasticand coalMixed carbonate,marl, and shale

North South

Su

per

pet

role

um

sys

tem

s

Gas-prone source

Oil-prone source

WarroBootine 1Ocean Hill 1Mt Horner

WalyeringGinginNorth YardanogoErregulla

Carbonate

Ma Age

Gas- and oil-pronesource

Discovery

Oil and gas show

Oil show

Gas show

Oilfield

Gasfield

Oil and gas field

Gas and condensate field

Serecio 3

Irwin 1Xanadu 1

Waitsia 1

CM = Coal MeasuresFm. = FormationMr = MemberSs. = SandstoneSh. = Shale

15


0 100 200 300 400 500Wells

Total (429)

Onshore (368)

Stratigraphic (37)

New field wildcat (161)

Development (68)

Extension (90)

Water injection (2)

Carbon bed methane (6)

Disposal well (1)

Storage well (1)

Offshore (61)

New field wildcat (45)

Development (5)

Extension (9)

Water injection (2)ARG520 09.08.18

YardarinoMount Horner, Gingin, Arrowsmith

Dongara, Erregulla 1

Whicher Range, Mondarra 1 and 2, Gage Roads 1

Walyering

Warro

WoodadaBootine 1

North Yardanoga, Beharra Springs, West ErregullaOcean Hills 1

Beharra Springs North Hovea, Cliff Head, Jingemia

Redback 1, Xyris, Apium, Agonic 1, Centella 1Tarantula,Corybas 1, Senecio 1

Eremia, Snottygobble 1

North Erregulla 1

Arrowsmith 2

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Red Gully, Woodada Deep 1

Senecio 3Waitsia 1 and 2

Redback 1

Gingin, West 1

Number of wells

ARG514b 31.10.18

Year

s

Figure 3 Histogram showing petroleum drilling in the Perth Basin. Site names in red indicate fields that were producing in 2015

Figure 4. History of petroleum discoveries in the Perth Basin. Red text represents fields that were producing in 2015

16

Ghori

110100

1 00

0

10 0

00

100

000

1 00

0 00

0

10 0

00 0

00

100

000

000

1 00

0 00

0 00

0

Bam

bra

Bar

row

Isla

ndLe

eLi

nda

Ros

eU

ngan

iB

ehar

raS

prin

gsN

orth

Cor

ybas

Don

gara

Hov

eaR

edG

ully

Red

back

Tara

ntul

a

Oil

prod

uctio

n (L

)C

onde

nsat

e pr

oduc

tion

(L)

Gas

pro

duct

ion

(m) �

Car

nar

von

Bas

inP

erth

Bas

inC

ann

ing

Bas

in

AR

G65

514

.09.

18

Fig

ure

5.

Wes

tern

Au

stra

lian

pet

role

um

pro

du

ctio

n in

201

5

17


0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000Pore throat and pore size (µm)

Conventional reservoirs

Shale reservoirsGeofluid molecules

Conventional petroleum systemsTight petroleum systems

Reservoirs

Conventional

Tight reservoirs

Source-reservoir seal

Tight sand reservoirs

0.00

1

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

Perm

eabi

lity

(qua

lity)

Volume

LOW

HIG

H

Shale reservoirs

ARG357a 31.10.18

Total gross: +700 BcfWaitsia gasfield 2014 largest onshore discoveryReserves: 89 Bcf (2P)Resources: 153 Bcf (2C)

Permian CarynginiaFormation: Gas 24.8 TcfTriassic KockateaShale: Gas 7.9 TcfOil: 0.54 billion bbl

Gas reserves: 0.05 Tcf (2P)Gas resources: 0.33 Tcf (2C)

Gas reserves: 12 Tcf (GIIP)

Petroleum resources

Figure 6. Estimated conventional and tight reservoir petroleum resources of the Perth Basin

18

Ghori

C1

C2

C3

IC4

NC4

IC5

NC5

Other

Whicher Range 1

Gage Roads 1

Marri 1

Gingin 1

Walyering 1

Warro 3

Houtman 1

Woolmulla 1

Indoon 1

East Lake Logue 1

Arrowsmith 1

Beharra Spring 1

Frankland 1 Corybas 1Dongara 1

Mondarra 1

Yardarino 1 Elegans 1

Gaseous hydrocarbons

115°114°

29°

30°

31°

32°

33°

50 km

ARG522 26.04.16

Figure 7. Gas composition and geographic distribution within the Perth Basin. Abbreviations: C1, methane; C2, ethane; C3, propane; IC4, isobutene; NCA, normal butane; IC5, isopentane; NC5, normal pentane; Other, compound containing over five numbers

19


40 50 60

API (°)

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Dep

th (

m)

Bootine 1

Dongara 4 and 14

East Lake Logue 1

Erregulla 1

Gage Roads 1

Gingin 1 and 2

Mondarra 1 to 3

North Erregulla 1

Walyering 1 and 2

Whicher Range 1 and 4

Woodada 3

Yardarino 1

Light oil Condensate

ARG524 31.10.18

Oil and gas condensate

Oil and gas condensate

Oil composition

Oil composition

0

50

20

60

40

70

60

80

80

90

100

100

Saturates

Saturates

00

2010

4020

6030

8040

100

50

NS

Os

NS

Os

00

2010

4020

6030

8050

10050

Aro

matics

Aro

matics

ARG523a 31.10.18

Bootine 1

Dongara 4 and 14

East Lake Logue 1Erragulla 1

Gage Roads 1

Gingin 1 and 2

Mondarra 1 to 5

Mount Horner 1North Erregulla 1Walyering 1 and 2


Woodad 3

Yardarino 1

a)

b)

Figure 8. Oil and condensate gravity according to American Petroleum Institutes (API) vs depth plot in the Perth Basin

Figure 9. Composition of oils and condensates in the Perth Basin

20

Ghori

114° 115°

33°

32°

31°

30°

29°

28°

100 km

Petroleum wells (364 wells)

TOC and Rock-Eval data (110 wells)

Vitrinite reflectance data (78 wells)

Present-day heat flow(162 wells)

Perth Basin wells database

ARG478c 14.09.18


Coastline

Figure 10. Map of the Perth Basin, showing the distribution of data used in this study

21


0.01 0.1 1 10 100TOC (wt%)

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Dep

th (

m)

Rating of organic richness of source rocks

Non-source-rock samplesPotential source-rock samples

b)

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 10005000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Dep

th (

m)

Rating of potential source-rock yieldNon-source-rock samplesPotential source-rock samples

c)

300 350 400 450 5000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Pro

du

ctio

n in

dex

(S

/(S

+ S

))1

12

Potential source-rock screeningSource-rock sampleContaminated samples

d)

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Number of analyses

4193

3139

1316

593

516

Total sample

Organic richness >0.5 wt% TOC

Stained or contaminated

Source-rock samples

Potential yield >2 mg/g S2

a)

ARG480b 17.10.18Tmax (°C)S2 (mg/g)

Figure 11. Discrimination between non-source- and source-rock samples based on TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis: a) histogram summarizing numbers of source rock analysis; b) potential source rocks based on organic richness; c) potential source rocks based on generating potential; d) discrimination between interpreted source-rock samples and petroleum-stained or contaminated samples

22

Ghori

1 10 100TOC (wt%)

1

10

100

1000

S (

mg

/g r

ock

)2

Excellent

Very good

Good

Fair

Poor

380 400 420 440 460 480 5000

200

400

600

800

1000

Hyd

rog

en in

dex

(S

/TO

C ×

10

0)2

Oil prone

Oil andgas prone

Gas prone

0.5% Ro

1.35% Ro

380 400 420 440 460 480 5000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Stainsor

shows

Oilwindow

Wetgas zone

Drygaszone

a)

b)

c)

ARG481a 31.10.18Tmax (°C)

Pro

du

ctio

n in

dex

(S

/(S

+ S

))1

12

Tmax (°C)

Figure 12. Summary of Rock-Eval data of Perth Basin Permian source-rock samples, showing: a) generating potential; b) kerogen type; c) thermal maturity

23


4800

4600

4400

4200

4000

3800

3600

3400

3200

3000

2800

2600

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

TOC (wt%)

100

101

S (mg/g rock)1

1000

100

101

S (mg/g rock)2

1000

100

101

HI (S /TOC × 100)2

1000

100

101

T (°C)MAX

535

510

485

460

435

PI (S /(S + S ))1 1 2

10.75

0.5

0.25

0

ARG485a 14.09.18

Depth (m)

Figure 13. TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis composite log of Permian source-rock samples from well data in the Perth Basin

24

Ghori

1 10 100TOC (wt%)

1

10

100

1000

S (

mg

/g r

ock

)2

Excellent

Very good

Good

Fair

Poor

380 400 420 440 460 480 5000

200

400

600

800

1000Oil prone

Oil and gas prone

Gas prone

0.5% Ro

1.35% Ro

380 400 420 440 460 480 5000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Stainsor

shows

Oilwindow

Wetgas zone

Drygaszone

a)

b)

c)

ARG482a 31.10.18

Tmax (°C)

Tmax (°C)

Hyd

rog

en in

dex

(S

/TO

C ×

10

0)2

Pro

du

ctio

n in

dex

(S

/(S

+ S

))1

12

Figure 14. Summary of Rock-Eval data of Triassic source-rock samples in the Perth Basin, showing: a) generating potential; b) kerogen type; c) thermal maturity

25


4400

3200

4000

3600

2800

2400

2000

1600

1200

800

400

0

100

101 1000

100

101 1000

100

101 1000

100

101 535

510

485

460

435

10.75

0.5

0.25

0

ARG486a 14.09.18

TOC (wt%) S (mg/g rock)1 S (mg/g rock)2 HI (S /TOC × 100)2 T (°C)MAX PI 1 1 (S /(S + S ))2Depth (m)

Figure 15. TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis composite log of Triassic source-rock samples from well data in the Perth Basin

26

Ghori

1 10 100TOC (wt%)

1

10

100

1000

S (

mg

/g r

ock

)2

Excellent

Very good

Good

Fair

Poor

380 400 420 440 460 480 5000

200

400

600

800

1000Oil prone

Oil and gas prone

Gas prone

0.5% Ro

1.35% Ro

380 400 420 440 460 480 5000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Stainsor

shows

Oilwindow

Wetgas zone

Drygaszone

a)

b)

c)

ARG483a 31.10.18

Tmax (°C)

Hyd

rog

en in

dex

(S

/TO

C ×

10

0)2

Pro

du

ctio

n in

dex

(S

/(S

+ S

))1

12

Tmax (°C)

Figure 16. Summary of Rock-Eval data of Jurassic source-rock samples in the Perth Basin, showing: a) generating potential; b) kerogen type; c) thermal maturity

27


4000

3800

3600

3400

3200

3000

2800

2600

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

100

101 1000

100

101 1000

100

101 1000

100

101 535

510

485

460

435

10.75

0.5

0.25

0

ARG487a 14.09.18

TOC (wt%) S (mg/g rock)1 S (mg/g rock)2 HI (S /TOC × 100)2 T (°C)MAX PI (S /(S + S ))1 1 2Depth (m)

Figure 17. TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis composite log of Jurassic source-rock samples from well data in the Perth Basin

28

Ghori

1 10 100TOC (wt%)

1

10

100

1000

S (

mg

/g r

ock

)2

Excellent

Very good

Good

Fair

Poor

380 400 420 440 460 480 5000

200

400

600

800

1000Oil prone

Oil and gas prone

Gas prone

0.5% Ro

1.35% Ro

380 400 420 440 460 480 5000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Stainsor

shows

Oilwindow

Wetgas zone

Drygaszone

a)

b)

c)

ARG484a 31.10.18

Tmax (°C)

Hyd

rog

en in

dex

(S

/TO

C ×

10

0)2

Pro

du

ctio

n in

dex

(S

/(S

+ S

))1

12

Tmax (°C)

Figure 18. Summary of Rock-Eval data of Cretaceous source-rock samples in the Perth Basin, showing: a) generating potential; b) kerogen type; c) thermal maturity

29


2600

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

100

101 100

101 1000

100

101 1000

100

101 530

480

450

430

10.75

0.5

0.25

0

ARG488a 14.09.18

505

TOC (wt%) S (mg/g rock)1 S (mg/g rock)2 HI (S /TOC × 100)2 T (°C)MAX PI (S /(S + S ))1 1 2Depth (m)

Figure 19. TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis composite log of Cretaceous source-rock samples from well data in the Perth Basin

30

Ghori

ARG529 31.10.18

Sampled onshore wells

Beagle Ridge 10ACataby 1Cockburn 1Coomalloo 1

Heaton 1Mount Adams 1Mount Horner 1Yardarino 1

0

0

0.5

0.5

1

1

1.5

1.5

2

2

2.5

2.5

Gas–oil generation index (C – C )/(C )1 5 6+

Gas–oil generation index (C – C )/(C )1 5 6+

0

0

10

10

20

20

30

30

40

40

Alk

an

e +

Alk

en

e f

or

C –

C (

%)

531

Cretaceous

Jurassic

Jurassic

Triassic

Triassic

Permian

Permian

Sampled offshore wells

Batavia 1Geelvink 1Gun Island 1Houtman 1Lender Leef 1

Sugar Loaf 1Tuart 1Warnbro 1Wittecarra 1

Oil prone

Oil prone

Gas prone

Gas prone

b)

a)

Alk

an

e +

Alk

en

e f

or

C –

C (

%)

531

Figure 20. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography typing of Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous samples

31


Samples age

Cretaceous extract

Cretaceous oil

Jurassic extract

Jurassic oil

Triassic extract

Triassic oil

Permian extract

Permian oil

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0Phytane/n-C18

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Pri

stan

e/n

-C17

Pristane/phytane

Saturated hydrocarbons

b)

a)

Gas prone

Oil pro

ne

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Pris

tane

/n-C

18

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Pristane/n-C17

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

ARG669 31.10.18

–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8Principal component 1

–4

–2

0

2

4

Pri

nci

pal

co

mp

on

ent

2

Permian- or mixed-sourced oil

Permian-sourced oil

Triassic-sourced oil

Jurassic-sourced oil

Cretaceous-sourced oil

ARG489b 31.10.18

N. ErregullaErregullaMt HornerDongaraYardarino

Woodada

Whicher Range

Walyering

Gage Roads

Figure 21. Gas chromatography typing of Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous samples

Figure 22. Chemometric characterization of crude oil in the Perth Basin. Data from GeoMark and AGSO (1996)

32

Ghori

5000

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

Oil and gas fields

Mt Horner

Yardarino

Hovea

Jingemia

Cliff Head

Beharra Springs

Woodada

Mondarra

Walyering

Gingin

Warro

Whicher Range

Arrowsmith

Erregulla

Gage Roads

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

5000

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0D

ep

th (

m)

Oil and gas fields

Mt Horner

Yardarino

Apium

Xyris

Eremia

Hovea

Jingemia

Redback

Cliff Head

Beharra Springs

Woodada

Mondarra

Walyering

Gingin

Warro

Whicher Range

Arrowsmith

Erregulla

Gage Roads

Bootine

North Yardanogo

Ocean Hill

Gage Roads

Erregulla

Arrowsmith

Whicher Range

WarroGingin

Walyering

Mondarra

Woodada

BeharraSprings

Cliff Head

Jingemia

Hovea

Yardarino

Mt Horner

a)

b)

Dep

th (

m)

ARG474 31.10.18Temperature (°C)

Figure 23. Estimated subsurface temperatures of the Perth Basin. Data from Hot Dry Rocks Ltd (2008)

33


36

35

34

33

32

31

30

29

28

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1 Tertiary

Cretaceous

Jurassic

Triassic

Permian

Precambrian

Noondyne Chert

Leederville Formation

South Perth Shale

Gage Sandstone

Parmelia Group

Yarragadee Formation

Cadda Formation

Cattamarra CoalMeasures

Eneabba Formation

Lesueur Sandstone

Kockatea Shale

Sabina Sandstone

Beekeeper Formation

Willespie Formation

Carynginia Formation

Redgate Coal Measures

Ashbrook Sandstone

Irwin River Coal Measures

Rosabrook CoalMeasures

High Cliff Sandstone

Woodynook Sandstone

Holmwood Shale

Precambrian

Goonderoo 1

Quinns Rock 1

Cockburn 1

Quinns Rock 1

Gingin 1

Hill River 1

Gingin 1

Yardarino 1

North Erregulla 1

Arrowsmith 1

Sue 1

Jurien 1

Sue 1

Jurien 1

Arrowsmith 1

Sue 1

Wicherina 1

Sue 1

Jurien 1

Sue 1

Wicherina 1

Woolmulla 1

Bookara 1

Allanooka 2

Sue 1

26.6

397.2

182.6

183.3

776.3

775.7

1018.8

2478.2

2976.4

3468

112.8

3817.3

1344.2

1490.2

2800.2

2801

2679.2

1126.4

1128.1

278.13

1770.9

1125.3

549.7

Value (W/mK)

6420

Formation Age Well Depth (m)

Sam

ple

ARG490 31.10.18

Figure 24. Measured thermal conductivity of rock units in the Perth Basin. Data from Hot Dry Rocks Ltd (2008)

34

Ghori

20 40 60 80 100 120 140165

160

155

150

145

140

135

130

125

120

115

110

105

100

95

90

85

80

75

70

65

60

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Wells

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

1) Livet 1, 2) Wittecarra 1, 3) Houtman 1,4) Batavia 1, 5) Geelvink 1A

6) Wicherina 1, 7) Mungarra 1, 8) Greenough 1,9) Gun Island 1, 10) Mungarra 5

11) Casuarinas 1, 12) Hampton Arms 1, 13) Rosslyn 1,14) Arradale 1, 15) Wye 1

16) Huntswell 1, 17) Narkarino 1, 18) Mt Horner 2, 19) Mt Horner 3, 20) Mt Horner 4

21) Mt Horner 4A, 22) Mt Horner 5, 23) Mt Horner 5A, 24) Mt Horner 6, 25) Mt Horner 7

26) Mt Horner 8, 27) Mt Horner 9, 28) Mt Horner 10, 29) Mt Horner 11, 30) Mt Horner 12

31) Mt Horner 13, 32) Mt Horner 14, 33) Wayvanerry 1, 34) Arranoo South 1, 35) Murrumbah 1

36) Rakrani 1, 37) Lockyer 1, 38) Dongara 2, 39) Dongara 4, 40) Dongara 5

41) Dongara 6, 42) Dongara 7, 43) Dongara 8, 44) Dongara 9, 45) Dongara 10





66) Central Yardarino 1, 67) Yardarino 5, 68) Yardarino 3, 69) Hakia 1, 70) Illyarrie 1

71) Bunjong 1, 72) Eremia 1, 73) Eremia 3, 74) Hovea 1, 75) Hovea 2

76) Hovea 3, 77) Hovea 4, 78) Hovea 5, 79) Hovea 6, 80) Hovea 7

81) Hovea 9, 82) Apium 1, 83) Jingemia 1, 84) Jingemia 2, 85) Jingemia 3

86) Mungenooka 1, 87) Twin Lions 1, 88) Mentelle 1,89) Cliff Head 1, 90) Cliff Head 3

91) Cliff Head 4, 92) Cliff Head 9H, 93) Cliff Head 13H, 94) Vindara 1, 95) South Turtle Dove 1B

96) Redback 1, 97) Beharra Springs North 1, 98) Beharra Springs South 1, 99) Woodada 8, 100) Woodada 9

101) Woodada 10, 102) Woodada 11, 103) Woodada 12, 104) Woodada 14, 105) Woodada 15

106) Woodada 17, 107) Woodada 19, 108) East Lake Logue 2, 109) Eganu 1, 110) Hill River 2

111) Cadda 1, 112) Yallallie 1, 113) Cypress Hill 1, 114) Dandaragan 1, 115) Cataby 1

116) Mullering 1, 117) Walyering 1, 118) Walyering 2, 119) Walyering 3, 120) Walyering 4

121) Barberton 1, 122) Gingin 1, 123) Gingin 2,124) Bootine 1, 125) Badaminna 1

126) Barragoon 1, 127) Eclipse 1, 128) Bullsbrook 1,129) Cockburn 1, 130) Minder Reef 1

131) Marri 1, 132) Quinns Rock 1, 133) Charlotte 1, 134) Mullaloo 1, 135) Roe 1

136) Tuart 1, 137) Gage Roads 2, 138) Gage Roads 1, 139) Araucaria 1, 140) Warnbro 1

141) Peel 1, 142) Parmelia 1, 143) Challenger 1, 144) Bouvard 1, 145) Felix 1

146) Sugarloaf 1, 147) Rockingham 1, 148) Pinjarra 1, 149) Lake Preston 1, 150) Wonnerup 1

151) Sabina River 1, 152) Chapman Hill 1, 153) Whicher Range 1, 154) Whicher Range 2, 155) Whicher Range 3

161) Scott River 1, 162) Canebreak 1

156) Whicher Range 4, 157) Rutile 1, 158) Sue 1, 159) Blackwood 1, 160) Alexandra Bridge 1

2A

ustr

alian

avera

ge h

eat

flo

w:

64.5

mW

/m

Wells: 1 to 162

ARG473 14.09.182Heat flow (mW/m )

Heat flow (mW/m )2

Figure 25. Estimated present-day heat flow in the Perth Basin, based on 1D modelling of well data. Data from Hot Dry Rocks Ltd (2008)

35


114° 115°

33°

32°

31°

30°

29°

28°


100 km

ARG491a 14.09.18

Heat flow (mW/m�)

30 to 40

40 to 50

50 to 60

60 to 70

70 to 80

80 to 90

90 to 100 100 to 110

110 to 120

120 to 130

130 to 140

Coastline

Figure 26. Map of Perth Basin, showing 1D-modelled, present-day heat flow

36

Ghori

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Time (Ma)

Paleothermal event

Sample age rangeTertiary (30–0 Ma)

Cretaceous (135–65 Ma)AFTA samples

T K J T P

Yarragadee Formation

Cattamarra Coal Measures

Eneabba Formation

Kockatea Shale

Carynginia Formation

Nu

mb

er

of

AF

TA

tim

e c

on

str

ain

ts

ARG470 31.10.18

Figure 27. Apatite fission track analysis (AFTA) regional cooling events in the Perth Basin

37


30

30

010

40

1020

60

50

40

30 30

40 50 40

20 30

AR

G6

38

31

.10

.18

98

76

5

49

48

44

7

46

45

44

43

42

41 40

39

38

33

7

36

353

43

3

32

31

30

2

29

28

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

201

19

18

17

16

15

1413 1

2

11

10

Dis

tan

ce (

km

)2

80

32

03

60

40

0

Distance (km) 64

00

64

00

64

00

64

00

66

00

66

00

66

00

66

00

68

00

68

00

68

00

68

00

0520

25

10

1540

45

55

60

65

75

70

50

30

35

80

Dis

tan

ce (

km

)280

320

360

400

S (mg/g rock)2

S (mg/g rock)2

020

10 540

60

80

100

90

95

85

75

65

55

45

35

25

1570

50

30

Dis

tan

ce (

km

)2

80

32

03

60

40

0

S (mg/g rock)2

0

510

20

30

40

45

35

25

15

50

1. A

bbarw

ard

oo 1

2. A

rranoo S

outh

1 3. A

rrow

sm

ith 1

4. A

rrow

sm

ith 2

5. B

eharr

a 2

6. B

ootine 1

7. B

ulls

bro

ok 1

8. C

adda 1

9. C

ata

by 1

10. C

entr

al Y

ard

arino 1

11. C

ockburn

112. C

oom

allo

113. D

epot H

ill 1

14. D

onkey C

reek 1

15. D

rakea 1

16. E

ast H

eato

n 1

17. E

clip

se 1

18. E

neabba 1

19. E

rregulla

120. E

ura

ngoa 1

21. G

ingin

122. H

eato

n 1

23. H

ovea 3

24. In

doon 1

25. Jin

gem

ia 1

26. Jurien 1

27. M

ondarr

a 1

28. M

t A

dam

s 1

29. M

t H

orn

er

01

30. M

ungarr

a 1

31. N

arlin

gue 1

32. N

ort

h E

rregulla

133. O

cean H

ill 1

34. P

ero

n 1

35. P

oin

t Louis

e 1

36. R

akra

ni 1

37. R

obb 1

38. R

ockin

gham

139. S

traw

berr

y H

ill 1

40. S

ue 1

41. W

aly

ering 1

42. W

aly

ering 2

43. W

arr

o 2

44. W

attle

Gro

ve 1

45. W

hic

her

Range 1

46. W

onneru

p 1

47. W

oodada 0

548. W

oolm

ulla

149. Y

ard

arino 1

Dis

tan

ce (

km

)100 k

m2

80

32

03

60

40

0

S (mg/g rock)2

0520

25

30

35

50

10

15

40

45

60

55

70

65

75

80

c)

a)

d)

b)

20

20

40

60

Fig

ure

28.

M

aps

of

the

Per

th B

asin

, sh

ow

ing

th

e d

istr

ibu

tio

n o

f th

e g

ener

atin

g p

ote

nti

al S

2 w

ith

in t

he:

a)

Jura

ssic

Cat

tam

arra

Co

al M

easu

res;

b)

Tria

ssic

Ko

ckat

ea S

hal

e;

c) P

erm

ian

Car

yng

inia

Fo

rmat

ion

; d)

Per

mia

n Ir

win

Riv

er C

oal

Mea

sure

s

38

Ghori

Dan

dara

gan

Trou

ghB

unbu

ry T

roug

h

Leeu

win

Com

plex

Man

dura

h Te

rrac

e

Dongara 14

Mondarra 2Mondarra 1

Woodada 03

East Lake Logue 1

Mondarra 5

Mondarra 3Erregulla 1

Walyering 1 and 2

Gingin 1 and 2

Bootine 1

Gage Roads 1


Dongara 04

Yardarino 01 Mt Horner 01

100 km


Coastline

Triassic- sourced wellJurassic- sourced wellCretaceous- sourced wellPermian- sourced well

113° 114° 115°

34°

33°

32°

31°

30°

29°

28°

ARG479h 14.09.18

1000 km

WesternAustralia

Perth

Figure 29. Map of Perth Basin, showing the distribution of petroleum field wells and their petroleum source-rock ages located in the Triassic Kockatea Shale, Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures, Permian Carynginia Formation and Irwin River Coal Measures, and Cretaceous source rocks

39


Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Conder 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Rakrani 1

Mondarra 1

Woodada 05

Erregulla 1

Narlingue 1

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

Mt Adams 1

CRA PER 10

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1

East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

WattleGrove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Central Yardarino 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Cataby 1

Jurien 1

Heaton 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Yardarino 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

OceanHill 1

Arrowsmith 2

Abbarwardoo 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Arranoo South 1

West Erregulla 1Redback 1 and 2

Mt Hill 1

Eurangoa 1

Jingemia 1

Barberton 1

Walyering 2

MtHorner 01

Point Louise 1

Mungarra 1

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG535 16.08.18

25 kmCoastline

Well

Bookara Shelf

Allanooka Terrace

Beermullah Trough

Cadda Terrace C

oo

mallo

Trou

gh

Dandaragan Trough

Figure 30. Map of the northern onshore Perth Basin, showing structural elements, selected petroleum wells, and the location of well correlation A–A1 shown in Figure 31

40

Ghori

AR

G643

31.1

0.1

8

Yarr

agadee F

m.

Cadda F

m.

Cattam

arr

a C

M

Eneabba F

m.

Lesueur

Ss.

Woodada F

m.

Kockate

a S

h.

K S

ourc

e F

m.

Wagin

a S

s.

Cary

ngin

a F

m.

Irw

in R

iver

CM

Hig

h C

liff S

s.

Holm

wood S

h.

Nangetty F

m.

Dis

tan

ce (

km

)0

20

40

60

80

10

0

Depth (m)

SN

0

10

00

20

00

30

00

VE

= 1

8.6

Mu

ng

arr

a 1

Ju

rassic

Tri

assic

Perm

ian

Wo

od

ad

a 0

5A

rro

wsm

ith

2B

eh

arr

a 2

Dra

kea 1

Jin

gem

ia 1

Mt

Ho

rner

01

Dra

kea

1

Wo

od

ad

a 0

5

Beh

arr

a 2

Arr

ow

smith

2

Jin

gem

ia 1

Mt H

orn

er

01

Mu

ng

arr

a 1

1AA

CM

= C

oal M

easure

s

Fm

. =

Form

atio

n

Ss.

= S

andsto

ne

Sh. =

S

hale

Fig

ure

31.

C

ross

-sec

tio

n A

–A1

of F

igu

re 3

0, s

ho

win

g th

e w

ell c

orr

elat

ion

fro

m n

ort

h to

so

uth

(Mu

ng

arra

1 to

Wo

od

ada

5) a

nd

dep

icti

ng

the

stra

tig

rap

hy in

th

e B

asin

Vie

w a

nd

2D

Bas

inM

od

w

ell m

od

els

41


0

0

100

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Cataby 1

Jurien 1

Heaton 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Yardarino 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

Ocean Hill 1

Abbarwardoo 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Arranoo South 1

West Erregulla 1Redback 1 and 2

Mt Hill 1

Eurangoa 1

Jingemia 1

Barberton 1

Walyering 2

MtHorner 01

Point Louise 1

Mungarra 1

Mondarra 1

Drakea 1

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Conder 1

Indoon 1

Rakrani 1

Woodada 05

Erregulla 1

Narlingue 1

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

Mt Adams 1

CRA PER 10

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

WattleGrove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Central Yardarino 1

0 5 10TOC (wt%) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

25 km

13.17

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Conder 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Rakrani 1

Mondarra 1

Woodada 05

Erregulla 1

Narlingue 1

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

Mt Adams 1

CRA PER 10

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1 and 2

East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

WattleGrove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Central Yardarino 1

Abbarwardoo 1

Heaton 1

Yardarino 1

Arranoo South 1Eurangoa 1

MtHorner 01

Eneabba 1

BMR 10A Dongara

West Erregulla 1

Redback 1, 2

Jingemia 1

Jurien 1

Point Louise 1

Mungarra 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Cataby 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

Ocean Hill 1

Mt Hill 1

Barberton 1

Walyering 2

1.629

50Kockatea Shale average

temperature (°C) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

25 km

122.2

100

a) b)

ARG641 05.10.18

INDIAN OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN

0

Figure 32. Maps of the Northern onshore Perth Basin based on basin modelling: a) distribution of organic richness, using measured TOC of the Kockatea Shale; b) distribution of the temperature at bottom of the Kockatea Shale. Data wells are represented by white circles

42

Ghori

Yardarino 1

Woolmulla 1

Woodada

Robb 1

Redback 1

Point Louise 1

Peron 1

Ocean Hill 1

N Erregulla 1

Narlingue 1

Mt Horner

Mt Adams 1

Mondarra 1

Jurien 1

Jingemia 1

Indoon 1

Hovea

Erregulla 1

Eneabba 1

Drakea 1

Donkey Creek 1

Depot Hill

Conder 1

Central Yardarino 1

Cadda 1

Beharra 2

BMR 10A Dongara

Arrowsmith

a)

10 km

Wells Thickness for rock unit (m)0 200 400 600 800 1000

115°00'

29°30'

30°00'

Elevation (m)-4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000

ARG646 14.09.18

b) c)

Data wells

Other wells

Figure 33. Maps of the Perth Basin, summarizing the Kockatea Shale modelling results: a) location of wells; b) total thickness; c) elevation

43


a) b) c)

Yardarino 1

Woolmulla 1

Woodada

Robb 1

Redback 1

Point Louise 1

Peron 1

Ocean Hill 1

N Erregulla 1

Narlingue 1

Mt Horner

Mt Adams 1

Mondarra 1

Jurien 1

Jingemia 1

Indoon 1

Hovea

Erregulla 1

Eneabba 1

Drakea 1

Donkey Creek 1

Depot Hill

Conder 1

Central Yardarino 1

Cadda 1

Beharra 2

BMR 10A Dongara

Arrowsmith

Potential yield S (mg/g rock)2 Hydrogen index (mg/g TOC)

10 km

Wells0 10 20 30 40 50

115°00'

29°30'

30°00'

ARG647

60 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

31.10.18

Data wells

Other wells

Figure 34. Maps of the Perth Basin, summarizing the Kockatea Shale source-rock potential modelling results: a) location of wells; b) generating potential S2; c) hydrogen index

44

Ghori

Data wells

Other wells

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Gas-retained mass for rock unit2(kg/m rock)

Wells Oil-retained mass for rock unit2(kg/m rock)

a) b) c)

Yardarino 1

Woolmulla 1

Woodada

Robb 1

Redback 1

Point Louise 1

Peron 1

Ocean Hill 1

N Erregulla 1

Narlingue 1

Mt Horner

Mt Adams 1

Mondarra 1

Jurien 1

Jingemia 1

Indoon 1

HoveaErregulla 1

Eneabba 1

Drakea 1

Donkey Creek 1

Depot Hill

Conder 1

Central Yardarino 1

Cadda 1

Beharra 2

BMR 10A Dongara

Arrowsmith

10 km

115°00'

29°30'

30°00'

ARG648 31.10.18

Figure 35. Maps of Perth Basin, summarizing the Kockatea Shale modelled retained hydrocarbons: a) location of wells; b) mass of oil retained per kg/m2 of rock; c) mass of gas retained per kg/m2 of rock

45


a) b)

ARG639 14.09.18

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Caryngina Fm.

Irwin River CM

High Cliff Ss.

Holmwood Sh.

Nangetty Fm.

Distance (km)0 20 40 60 80 100

Hydrocarbon expelled volume for rock unit (bbls/acre rock)

0 200000 400000 600000 800000 929390

Distance (km)0 20 40 60

50 km

80 100

Ele

vati

on

(m

)

N NS S

-3500 -3500

-3000 -3000

-2000 -2000

-1000 -1000

0 0

Arrowsm

ith 2

Arrowsm

ith 2

Behar

ra 2

Behar

ra 2

Drake

a 1

Drake

a 1

Jinge

mia

1

Jinge

mia

1

Mt H

orne

r 01

Mt H

orne

r 01

Mun

garra

1

Mun

garra

1

Woo

dada

05

Woo

dada

05

Maturity VR LLNL (%Ro)

0.19 1.00 1.65

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Ss. = Sandstone

Sh. = Shale

Dry well

Gas

Oil

Figure 36. Cross-section A–A1 of Figure 30, showing the well correlation from north to south (Mungarra 1 to Woodada 5), depicting: a) VR maturity; b) expelled hydrocarbon volume of the Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures, Triassic Kockatea Shale, and Permian Carynginia Formation and Irwin River Coal Measures source beds. Based on the results of the BasinView modelling, the maximum expulsion was within the Arrowsmith area, followed by the Woodada area. Abbreviation: Maturity VR LLNL, maturity vitrinite reflectance Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, US

46

Ghori

Distance (km)0 20 40 60 80 100

Dep

th (

m)

0

1000

2000

3000

3500

Woodada 05 Arrowsmith 2 Beharra 2 Drakea 1 Jingemia 1 Mt Horner 01 Mungarra 1

Gas saturation (fraction)0 0.1 0.2

Drakea 1

Beharra 2

Arrowsmith 2

Jingemia 1

A�

A

A� South North A

Mt Horner 01

Mungarra 1

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.Woodada Fm.Kockatea Sh.K Source Fm.Wagina Ss.Caryngina Fm.

Irwin River CM

Woodada 05

Nangetty Fm.High C

liff S

s.

Holm

wood Sh.

ARG649 14.09.18

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Ss. = Sandstone

Sh. = Shale

Distance (km)0 20 40 60 80 100 115

Dep

th (

m)

0

1000

2000

3000

3500

Woodada 05 Arrowsmith 2 Beharra 2 Drakea 1 Jingemia 1 Mt Horner 01 Mungarra 1

Oil saturation (fraction)0 0.1 0.2

Drakea 1

Beharra 2

Arrowsmith 2

Jingemia 1

A�

A

A� South North A

Mt Horner 01

Mungarra 1

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.Woodada Fm.Kockatea Sh.K Source Fm.Wagina Ss.Caryngina Fm.

Irwin River CM

Woodada 05

Nangetty Fm.High C

liff S

s.

Holm

wood Sh.

ARG650 14.09.18

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Ss. = Sandstone

Sh. = Shale

Figure 37. Cross-section A–A1 of Figure 30, showing the well correlation from north to south well correlation (Mungarra 1 to Woodada 5), depicting present-day gas saturation within the Triassic Kockatea Shale, based on 2D basin modelling

Figure 38. Cross-section A–A1 of Figure 30, showing the well correlation from north to south (Mungarra 1 to Woodada 5), depicting present-day oil saturation within the Triassic Kockatea Shale, based on 2D basin modelling

47


30(°C)

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

Age (my)0100200300

Dep

th s

ub

sea

(m)

010

0020

0030

0040

0050

00

NPalKJTPermC

Irwin River CM

Carynginia Fm.

Wagina Ss.

Kockatea Sh.Woodada Fm.Lesueur Ss.

Eneabba Fm.

CattamarraCM

Cadda Fm.

YarragadeeFm.

Fm.

t = 0

1

Maturity VR LLNL (%Ro)0.1 1 10

Dep

th s

ub

sea

(m)

010

0020

0030

0040

0050

00

Temperature (°C)20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Irwin River CM

Carynginia Fm.

Wagina Ss.


Eneabba Fm.

CattamarraCM

Cadda Fm.

YarragadeeFm.

Fm.

t = 0

Age (my)0100200300

Dep

th s

ub

sea

(m)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

NPalKJTPermC

Irwin River CM

Carynginia Fm.

Wagina Ss.


Eneabba Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Cadda Fm.

Yarragadee Fm.

Fm.

t = 0

Age (my)0100200300

Oil

gen

erat

ion

rat

e/TO

C (

mg

/g T

OC

x m

y)0

510

1520

25

Tran

sfo

rmat

ion

rat

io (

frac

tio

n)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1NPalKJTPermC

Oil

a) b)

c) d)

ARG503 18.09.18

ratio

Tran

so

am

fr

tion

Temperature

Maturity

Tran

sfor

mat

ion

Rat

io (

frac

tion)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

CM = Coal Measures Fm. = Formation Ss. = Sandstone Sh. = Shale

Figure 39. Petroleum system modelling of the Erregulla area (data from Erregulla wells), northern Perth Basin: a) burial history; b) maturity calibration; c) kerogen transformation vs depth; d) kerogen transformation and oil generation rate vs time. Abbreviation: Maturity VR LLNL, maturity vitrinite reflectance Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, US

48

Ghori

Figure 40. Petroleum system modelling of the Erregulla area (data from Erregulla wells) northern Perth Basin: a) burial history; b) petroleum system elements and timing; c) hydrocarbon expulsion timing from the Latest Permian – Triassic Kockatea Shale source beds

Source

Reservoir

Seal

Overburden

Trap formation

Gen.-Mig.-Accum.

Preservation

Critical moment

Age (my)0100200300

HC

exp

elle

d/T

OC

(m

g/g

TO

C)

50

100

150

200

30(°C)

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

Age (my)0100200300

Dep

th s

ub

sea

(m)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Irwin CM

Caryginia Fm.

Wagina Ss.

Kockatea Sh.Woodada Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Eneabba Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Cadda Fm.

Yarragadee Fm.

Sou

rce

Res

ervo

ir

Sea

l

a)

b)

c)

ARG505b 31.10.18

0

OilGas

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Ss. = Sandstone

Sh. = Shale

Gen.–mig.–accum. = Generation

–migration–accumulation

49


Permian

WillespieFm.

SabinaSs.

LesueurSs.

CattamarraCM

YarragadeeFm.

WarnbroGp

Fm.

t = 0

Permian

WillespieFm.

SabinaSs.

LesueurSs.

CattamarraCM

YarragadeeFm.

WarnbroGp

Fm.

t = 0

Permian

WillespieFm.

SabinaSs.

LesueurSs.

CattamarraCM

YarragadeeFm.

WarnbroGp

Fm.

t = 0

0

1

0.5

30°C

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Age (my)0100200300

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

010

0020

0030

0040

0050

0060

00

NPalKJTPerm

Maturity VR LLNL (%Ro)0.1 1 10

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Temperature (°C)20 40 60 80 100 120 140

30°C

4050

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Age (my)0100200300

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

010

0020

0030

0040

0050

0060

00

NPalKJTPerm

Age (my)0100200300

Tran

sfo

rmat

ion

rat

io (

frac

tio

n)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

HC

mas

s/TO

C r

ate

(mg

/g T

OC

x m

y)

0

2

4

6

8

10NPalKJTPerm

ratio

GasOil

a) b)

c) d)

ARG500b 31.10.18

Tran

s fro

ationm

Temperature

Maturity

Temperature

Maturity VR LLNL

Early mature (oil)0.5 to 0.7 (%Ro)Mid mature (oil)0.7 to 1.0 (%Ro)Late mature (oil)1.0 to 1.3 (%Ro)

Main gas generation1.3 to 2.6 (%Ro) %Ro

TMAX

BHT

Fm. = FormationGp = GroupSs. = SandstoneSh. = ShaleCM = Coal Measures

Figure 41. Petroleum system modelling of the Whicher Range area (data from Whicher Range wells) southern Perth Basin: a) burial history; b) maturity calibration c) kerogen transformation vs depth; d) kerogen transformation, oil, and gas generation rate vs time. Maturity VR LLNL, maturity vitrinite reflectance Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, US

50

Ghori

Source

Reservoir

Seal

Overburden

Trap formation

Gen.–Mig.–Accum.

Preservation

Critical moment

Age (my)0100200300

HC

exp

elle

d/T

OC

(m

g/g

TO

C)

0

20

40

60

80

100

30°C

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Age (my)0100200300

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Permian

WillespieFm.

SabinaSs.

LesueurSs.

CattamarraCM

YarragadeeFm.

WarnbroGp

Sou

rce

Res

ervo

ir

Sea

l

ARG501b 14.09.18

OilGas

a)

b)

c)

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Gp. = Group

Gen.–mig.–accum. = Generation

–migration–accumulation

Figure 42. Petroleum system modelling of the Whicher Range area (data from Whicher Range wells) southern Perth Basin: a) burial history; b) petroleum system elements and timing; c) hydrocarbon expulsion timing from the Permian source beds

51


Triassic Kockatea Shale

Permian Carynginia Formation

Quartz

K-feldsparPlagioclase

Calcite

ZeolitePyrite

Marcasite

SideriteARG653 17.10.18

Sylvite

Total clay

TOC

Quartz

K-feldspar

PlagioclaseCalciteDolomite

Total clay

TOC a)

b)

Figure 43. Summary of the mineral, clay, and kerogen content of: a) Permian Carynginia Formation; b) Triassic Kockatea Shale. These components are the key factors in characterizing shale reservoirs for fraccing (data from CoreLab, 2013)

52

Ghori

40°C

60°C 80

°C

100°

C

120°

C

140°

C

Noria

nEa

rlyEa

rlyEa

rlyLa

teLa

teLa

teEo

cene

Mio

cene

Tert

iary

Cre

tace

ous

Jura

ssic

Tria

ssic

Per

mia

nPA

LEO

ZO

ICM

ES

OZ

OIC

CE

NO

ZO

IC

Late

Mid

dle

Mid

dle

Aptia

nNe

ocom

ian

Albi

an

Yarr

agad

ee F

m.

Cadd

a Fm

.

Catta

mar

ra F

m.

Enea

bba

Fm.

Lesu

eur S

s.W

ooda

da F

m.

Kock

atea

Sh.

Beek

eepe

r Fm

.

Cary

ngin

a Fm

.Ir

win

Riv

er C

MHi

gh C

liffs

Ss.

t=0

Hove

a M

b

Holm

woo

d Sh

.

Gas

-ret

ain

ed/T

OC

– C

aryn

gin

a Fo

rmat

ion

Over

burd

en

SourceReservoirSeal

Sour

ceRe

serv

oir

Seal

0

2000

4000

Depth subsurface (m)

Ag

e (m

y)

1.0

0.5 0

Oil-

reta

ined

/TO

C –

Hov

ea M

emb

er10

0 60 2028

026

024

022

020

018

016

014

012

010

080

6040

200

1.5

AR

RO

WS

MIT

H 2

a) b)

c) d)

Initi

al T

OC

[5.0

0]

Tran

sfor

mat

ion

ratio

[1.0

0]

Thi

ckne

ss fo

r ro

ck u

nit

[500

.00]

Pro

duct

ion

inde

x[1

.00]

Mat

urity

VR

LLN

L[3

.00]

e)In

itial

TO

C[5

.00]

Tran

sfor

mat

ion

ratio

[1.0

0]

Thi

ckne

ss fo

r ro

ck u

nit

[500

.00]

Pro

duct

ion

inde

x[1

.00]

Mat

urity

VR

LLN

L[3

.00]

Car

yng

ina

Form

atio

nH

ovea

Mem

ber

AR

G51

714

.09.

18

mg/g TOC

Max

imis

ed v

alue

Thr

esho

ld v

alue

Fm

. =

Form

atio

n

Ss.

= S

andst

one

Sh. =

Shale

CM

= C

oal M

easu

res

Fig

ure

44.

S

um

mar

y o

f th

e sh

ale

pet

role

um

sys

tem

s o

f A

rro

wsm

ith

2:

a) b

uri

al a

nd

tem

per

atu

re h

isto

ry a

nd

pet

role

um

sys

tem

ele

men

ts;

b)

volu

me

of

gas

ret

ain

ed i

n t

he

Per

mia

n C

aryn

gin

ia

Form

atio

n s

hal

e re

serv

oir

s; c

) vo

lum

e o

f oil

reta

ined

in th

e Tr

iass

ic H

ovea

Mem

ber

Sh

ale

rese

rvo

irs;

d) C

aryn

gin

ia F

orm

atio

n s

ou

rce

rich

nes

s, m

atu

rity

, an

d th

ickn

ess;

e) H

ovea

Mem

ber

so

urc

e ri

chn

ess,

mat

uri

ty a

nd

th

ickn

ess.

Ab

bre

viat

ion

: Mat

uri

ty V

R L

LN

L, m

atu

rity

vit

rin

ite

refle

ctan

ce L

awre

nce

Liv

erm

ore

Nat

ion

al L

abo

rato

ry, U

S

53

APPENDICES

54

Ghori

55


Appendix 1

REESA (Rock Eval Expert System Analysis) rules are used to filter out unreliable data. The rules were developed by Peter E Kenneth, Chevron Overseas Petroleum Inc. and David A Nelson of Chevron Corporation. These rules also apply to Appendix 2

Rule 1 Reject Tmax if Tmax = 0.0

Rule 2 Reject Tmax if S2 is less than tolerance (default 0.2 mg HC/g rock). This rule changes according to the precision of measurement of S2

Rule 3 If TOC is less than tolerance (default 0.4 wt%), then reject Tmax, S2/S3, HI, and OI. When TOC is not measured, rules rejecting Tmax based on low TOC are suppressed

Rule 4 If Tmax is below tolerance (default 395°C), reject Tmax

Rule 5 Reject PI if (S1 + S2) less than tolerance (default 2 mg HC rock). This rule changes according to the precision of the measurement of S1, S2, and S3)

Rule 6 Reject Tmax if HI < tolerance (default 50 mg HC/g TOC), and TOC is greater than tolerance (default 1.0)

Rule 7 Reject HI if HI > tolerance (default 1100 mg HC/g TOC)

Rule 8 Reject OI if OI > tolerance (default 300 mg CO2/g rock)

Rule 9 Reject all if depth > tolerance (default 20 000 ft)

Rule 10 All numerical values are user-changeable tolerances if Tmax < 435°C, and if PI > 0.2, or if ((S1/TOC) x 1000) > 300, or if (S1/S2) > 0.3, then: reject Tmax and flag S1, Tmax migrated

Rule 10b Same conditions as Rule 10 and if S1 > tolerance (default 1 mg HC/g rock), accept PI and flag PI migrated

Rule 10c Same conditions as Rule 10 and If TOC > tolerance (default 1 wt%) and S1 < tolerance (default 1 mg HC/g rock), accept HI, S2, OI, S2/S3 and flag HI, S2, OI, and S2/S3 migrated

Rule 10d Same conditions as Rule 10 and: if TOC < tolerance (default 1 wt%), reject HI, S2, OI, S2/S3 and flag HI, S2, OI, and S2/S3 migrated

Rule 10e Same conditions as Rule 10 and: if TOC > tolerance (default 1 wt%) and S1 > tolerance (default 1 mg HC/g rock), reject HI, S2, OI, and S2/S3

Rule 11 All numerical values are user-changeable tolerances: for 435°C < Tmax < 460°C and if PI > 0.4, then:

Rule 11a Reject Tmax and flag S1, Tmax migrated

Rule 11b Same conditions as Rule 11 and if S1 > tolerance (default 1 mg HC/g rock), accept PI and flag PI migrated

Rule 11c Same conditions as Rule 11 and if TOC > tolerance (default 1 wt%) and S1 < tolerance (default 1 mg HC/g rock), accept HI, S2, OI, and S2/S3 and flag HI, S2, OI, and S2/S3 migrated

Rule 11d Same conditions as Rule 11 and: if TOC < tolerance (default 1 wt%), reject HI, S2, OI, and S2/S3 and flag HI, S2, OI, and S2/S3 migrated

Rule 11e Same conditions as Rule 11 and: if TOC > tolerance (default 1 wt%) and S1 > tolerance (default 1 mg HC/g rock), reject HI, S2, OI, and S2/S3

Rule 12a If a sample Tmax is greater than 460°C and the following five sample Tmax values are smaller, then the sample Tmax is rejected

Rule 12b If a sample Tmax is less than 435°C and the preceding five sample Tmax values are larger, then the sample Tmax is rejected

Rule 13 Reject Tmax if its value differs more than 8°C from current least squares regression line

Rule 14 Three-step method for calculating maturation:

Rule 14a Select depth range covered by a line of best fit between accepted Tmax values of 435 and 460°C. Calculate average accepted HI in this depth range. If average HI in this range is >250 mg HC/g TOC, then top oil window is set to 445°C. If less than 250 mg HC/g TOC, then top oil window is set to 435°C

Rule 14b Calculate the line of best fit for accepted PI in the depth range covered by the best fit line between accepted Tmax values of 435 and 460°C. Define top oil window where PI = 0.1

Rule 14c Compare the best fit values for top of oil window based on Tmax (Step 1) and PI (Step 2). If they are within 2000 feet apart, then average or accept the value determined from the line of best fit, showing the least standard deviation

56

Ghori

57

Appendix 2

0 42 0 0.4 0.6 0 0.4 0.6 20 300 100.20.2 428 432 436 0 0.81

TOC (wt%) S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2 HI T (°C)max PI

0Abbarwardoo 1

100

200

300

400

500

600

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG560 27.09.18

Yarragadee Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Irwin River CM

Stratigraphy

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Mat

uri

ty

Geochemical logs of TOC and Rock-Eval data for 60 wells

Appendix 2.1. Abbarwardoo 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

58

Ghori

0 84 0 0.4 0.6 0 2 2000 10010.2 436 438 440 0.1

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2 HI T (°C)max PI

0Arrowsmith 1

1000

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG561 27.09.18

3000

0.2

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

High Cliff Ss.

Holmwood Sh.

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone

TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.2. Arrowsmith 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

59


0 84 0 0.81 0 6 2000 1004 445 460 480 0.1


0Arrowsmith 2

1000

2000Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG562 31.10.18

3000

0.160.405 2 0.22

U Cretaceous

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

High Cliff Ss.

Holmwood Sh.

Wagina Ss.

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.3. Arrowsmith 2 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

60

Ghori

0 84 0 4 0 2 800 402 440 480 0


0Barberton 1

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG564 27.09.18

0.81

3000

2000

0.4054

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2Fm. = Formation Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.4. Barberton 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

61


0 2010 0 1 0 80 4000 200402 400 440 480 0


0Barragoon 1

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG565 31.10.18

2000

0.5

1500

500

120 -0.1 1

L Cretaceous

Yarragadee Fm.

HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2Fm. = Formation


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.5. Barragoon 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

62

Ghori

0 62 0 0.405 0.81 0 2 800 401 424 428 432 -1


0Beharra 2

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG566 27.09.18

12000

1500

500

4 3 120 0

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

High Cliff Ss.

Holmwood Sh.

Wagina Ss.

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.6. Beharra 2 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

63


0 40 0 4 6 0 2000 1001002 0 0.405 0.81 0


0Blackwood 1

1000

2000Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG567 31.10.18

3000

0.086020 8 300 0.04

U Cretaceous

Yarragadee Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Lesueur Ss.

Kockatea Sh.

Irwin River CM

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.7. Blackwood 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

64

Ghori

0 40 0 4 6 0 80 2000 100402 430 432 434 0.1


0BMR Beagle Ridge 10a

500

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG568 27.09.18

0.21500

1000

20 60

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

High Cliff Ss.

Holmwood Sh.

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.8. BMR 10A Dongara geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

65


0 0.8 0 0.08 0.12 0 1 2000 1000.50.04 422 426 430 0

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Bonniefield 1

400

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG569

0.811000

800

0.4 1.2 1.5 434 0.405

600

200

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Kockatea Sh.

High Cliff Ss.

Holmwood Sh.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.9. Bonniefield 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

66

Ghori

0 0 0.4 0.6 0 60 2000 100400.2 430 440 0.1

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Bootine 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG570

0.2

4000

1000

20 40 20

3000

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2


CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.10. Bootine 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

67


0 0 1 3 0 400 2000 4002 0.405 0.81 0.04

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Bullsbrook 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG571

0.08

4000

1000

20 40 200

3000

60 600 00

L Cretaceous

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

HI T (°C)max PI

31.10.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2


CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.11. Bullsbrook 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

68

Ghori

0 0 4 6 0 60 2000 100402 0.405 0.81 0

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Cadda 1

1500

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG572

1

1000

20 40 20

2000

500

2500

60 80 0 -1

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

Holmwood Sh.

High Cliff Ss.

Wagina Ss.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.12. Cadda 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

69


0 0 0.4 0 12 2000 10080.2 432 440 0.02

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Cataby 1

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG573

0.04

2000

500

4 8 4

1500

436 444 0.06

Yarragadee Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2


CM = Coal MeasuresMat

uri

ty

Fm. = Formation

Appendix 2.13. Cataby 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

70

Ghori

0 0 1 1.5 0 30 6000 400200.5 430 440 0.1

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Central Yardarino 1

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG574

0.2

2000

500

4 12 10

1500

0.304502008

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.14. Central Yardarino 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

71


0 0 8 12 0 80 400040 420 430 0.2

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Cockburn 1

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG575

0.4

3000

1000

40

2000

80 800 440 01204

L. Cretaceous

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2CM = Coal Measures Fm. = Formation


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.15. Cockburn 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

72

Ghori

0 0 1 2 0 80 2000 10040 420 424 0

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Conder 1

150

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG576

1

250

100

20 40

200

50

60 300 428 -1

L Cretaceous

Yarragadee Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

HI T (°C)max PI

31.10.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2Fm. = Formation Sh. = Shale


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.16. Conder 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

73


0 0 4 6 0 200 4000 2001002 422 430 0.1

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Coomallo 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG577

0.2

1000

20 40

3000

0426 434

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18



Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.17. Coomallo 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

74

Ghori

0 0.01 0.07 0 2 2000 10010.04 424 428 -1

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0CRA PER 1

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG578

1

150

0.8 1.2

100

0.4 436432 0

50

Kockatea Sh.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2Sh. = Shale


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.18. CRA PER 10 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

75


0 0 0.4 0.6 0 2000 100400.2 420 440 0.02

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Depot Hill 1

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG579

0.042500

500

10 20 20

1500

2000

430

Yarragadee Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

High Cliff Ss.

Holmwood Sh.

Nangetty Fm.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.19. Depot Hill 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

76

Ghori

0 0 0.08 0.12 0 3 2000 10020.04 418 426 -1

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Diamond Soak 1

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG580

12000

500

2 4 1

1500

300 422 0

Yarragadee Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

Holmwood Sh.

High Cliff Ss.

Cadda Fm.

HI T (°C)max PI

21.08.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.20. Diamond Soak 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

77


0 0 10 20 0 200 6000 200100 432 434 0.4

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Donkey Creek 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG581

0.24000

1000

8040

3000

400 0

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.21. Donkey Creek 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

78

Ghori

0 0 4 0 30 1200 80202 430 450 0.142

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Drakea 1

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG582

0.15

3000

10 20 10

2000

44040

Yarragadee Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

High Cliff Ss.

Holmwood Sh.

Cadda Fm.

Wagina Ss.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.22. Drakea 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

79


0 0 0.81 0 20 2000 400100.405 430 440 0.04S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0East Heaton 1

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG583

0.08

2500

500

4 8

1500

2000

420600

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

Eneabba Fm.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.23. East Heaton 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

80

Ghori

0 0 0.4 0 2000 100400.2 430 434 0.02

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Eclipse 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG584

0.04

1000

20 30 20

3000

426 0 0.0610

U Cretaceous

L Cretaceous

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

HI T (°C)max PI

31.10.18



Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.24. Eclipse 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

81


0 0 10 20 0 300 2000 400200 460 464 0.1

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Eneabba 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG585

0.2

4000

1000

20 40 100

3000

60 456 468 0

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.08.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.25. Eneabba 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

82

Ghori

0 0 4 6 0 80 4000 200402 440 480 0.04

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Erregulla 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG586

4000

1000

20 30

3000

10 460 0.12

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.26. Erregulla 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

83


0 0 2 4 0 120 2000 100801 450 458 0.02

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Eurangoa 1

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG587

0.06

2000

500

20 40 40

1500

0.04446 4543003

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

High Cliff Ss.Holmwood Sh.

Wagina Ss.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.27. Eurangoa 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

84

Ghori

0 0 8 12 0 200 6000 4001004 440 460 0.2

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Gingin 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG588

0.4

4000

1000

8040

3000

0480200

L Cretaceous

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

HI T (°C)max PI

31.10.18



Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.28. Gingin 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

85


0 0 4 8 0 400 6000 400200 426 430 0.04

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Heaton 1

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG589

0.08

2000

500

8040

1500

200 0

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.29. Heaton 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

86

Ghori

0 0 8 12 0 2 4000 20014 438 442 0.405

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Indoon 1

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG590

0.81

2000

500

2 4

1500

0434 446

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.Carynginia Fm.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.30. Indoon 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

87


0 0 4 8 0 80 6000 20040 443 445 0.06

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Jingemia 1

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG591

0.13000

20 40

2000

0.14444 44640060

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

High Cliff Ss.Nangetty Fm.

Holmwood Sh.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.31. Jingemia 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

88

Ghori

0 0 10 15 0 80 2000 400405 480 520 0.1

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Jurien 1

600

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG592

0.2

1000

200

8040

800

400

500600

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

High Cliff Ss.

Holmwood Sh.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.32. Jurien 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

89


0 0 4 6 0 40 2000 1002 470 480 0.2

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Lake Preston 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG593

0.4

4000

1000

20 40 20

3000

60 460 0.60

L Cretaceous

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

HI T (°C)max PI

31.10.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.33. Lake Preston 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

90

Ghori

0 0 4 0 80 2000 100402 425 426 0.2

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Mondarra 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG594

0.4

1000

20 40

3000

425.5 0

L Cretaceous

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

HI T (°C)max PI

31.10.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.34. Mondarra 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

91


0 0 0.81 0 4000 200100.405 0.1

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Mt Adams 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG595

0.24000

1000

84 20

3000

424 432 0

Yarragadee Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

Cadda Fm.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.35. Mt Adams 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

92

Ghori

0 0 4 6 0 20 2000 1002 4 8 0.2

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Mt Hill 1

300

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG596

0.3

600

100

84 10

400

500

200

300 0

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18



Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.36. Mt Hill 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

93


0 0 4 6 0 80 4000 200402 360 440 0.1

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Mt Horner 01

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG597

0.15

2000

500

20 40 120

1500

60 400 480 0.05

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

High Cliff Ss.

Holmwood Sh.

Nangetty Fm.

Wagina Ss.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.37. Mt Horner 01 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

94

Ghori

0 0 0.4 0 2 2000 1000.2 420 424 0

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Mungarra 1

300

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG598

1

600

100

21 1

500

-1422 426

400

200

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

Nangetty Fm.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.38. Mungarra 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

95


0 0 1 0 12 2000 10082 436 438 0.1

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0North Erregulla 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG600

0.18

1000

2 6 4

3000

0.14 0.224343004

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Irwin River CM

Lesueur Ss.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.39. North Erregulla 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

96

Ghori

0 0 4 6 0 80 2000 400402 440 460 0.1

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Narlingue 1

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG599

0.2

500

20 40 120

1500

0450 4708

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

High Cliff Ss.

Holmwood Sh.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.40. Narlingue 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

97


0 0 20 30 0 60 2000 1004010 450 454 0.1

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Ocean Hill 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG601

0.24000

1000

8040 20

3000

0.3446

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18



Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.41. Ocean Hill 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

98

Ghori

0 0 0.1 0 2 2000 10010.2 460440 0.405

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Peron 1

500

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG602

0.81

2500

1000

2 4

2000

6 300 480 0

500

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

High Cliff Ss.Holmwood Sh.

HI T (°C)max PI

31.10.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.42. Peron 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

99


0 0 4 8 0 300 2000 400200 452 456 0.01

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Pinjarra 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG603 31.10.18

0.03

1000

8040 100

3000

0.02448

L Cretaceous

Cattamarra CM

Lesueur Ss.

CM = Coal Measures Ss. = Sandstone

HI T (°C)max PI

HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.43. Pinjarra 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

100

Ghori

0 0 4 6 0 3 4000 20042 430 435 0.6

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Point Louise 1

200

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG604

0.2

800

200

2 4 2

600

0.44251

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.44. Point Louise 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

101


0 0 0.1 0.3 0 0.4 600 400.20.2 360 440 0.405

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Rakrani 1

600

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG605

0.81

1000

200

0.405 0.81

800

400 480 020

400

1200

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

High Cliff Ss.

Holmwood Sh.

Carynginia Fm.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.45. Rakrani 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

102

Ghori

0 0 0.4 0 1.2 600 400.80.2 400 440 0.1

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Redback 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG606

0.2

1000

1 2 0.4

3000

48020

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Carynginia Fm.

Wagina Ss.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.46. Redback 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

103


0 0 0.08 0.12 0 0.6 200 100.40.04 0.405

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Redback 2

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG607

0.814000

1000

20 40 0.2

3000

00.405 0.810

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.Carynginia Fm.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.47. Redback 2 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

104

Ghori

0 0 0.4 0 4 2000 1000.2 425 445 1

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Robb 1

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG608

0

4000

500

2 6 2

1500

4404 -1

L Cretaceous

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

High Cliff Ss.

Holmwood Sh.

HI T (°C)max PI

31.10.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.46. Robb 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

105


0 0 0.04 0.08 0 0.8 400 200.4 0.405

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Rockingham 1

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG609

0.81

1500

500

1 2

1000

00.405 0.810

L Cretaceous

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

HI T (°C)max PI

31.10.18



Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.49. Rockingham 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

106

Ghori

0 0 0.4 0.8 0 2000 10041.2 434 436 0.3

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Strawberry Hill 1

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG610

0.363000

21 2

2000

0.32 0.34435 437

L Cretaceous

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

HI T (°C)max PI

31.10.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.50. Strawberry Hill 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

107


0 0 4 8 0 4000 20010012 454 466 0.1

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Sue 1

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG611

0.2

3000

8040 200

2000

458 462

L. Cretaceous

Lesueur Ss.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

Irwin River CM

High Cliff Ss.

Holmwood Sh.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.51. Sue 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

108

Ghori

0 0 40 60 0 300 2000 40010020 454 456 0.4

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Walyering 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG612

0.2

1000

20 40 200

3000

60 0 0.6

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2Fm. = Formation


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.52. Walyering 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

109


0 0 40 60 300 400010020 454 456 0

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Walyering 2

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG613

0.4

4000

1000

20 40 0

3000

20020060

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18



Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.53. Walyering 2 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

110

Ghori

0 0 0.4 0.6 0 60 4000 200400.2 430 440 0.08

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Warro 2

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG614

0.165000

1000

10 20 20

4000

450

3000

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18



Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.54. Warro 2 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

111


0 0 0.4 0 30 6000 40010 424 428 0.04

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Wattle Grove 1

400

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG615

0.08

200

84 20

600

2000.8

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Carynginia Fm.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.55. Wattle Grove 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

112

Ghori

0 0 4 8 0 200 4000 200100 440 480 0.2

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Whicher Range 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG616

0.4

4000

1000

20 40

3000

0460 50060

L Cretaceous

Yarragadee Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Lesueur Ss.

Willespie Fm.

Sabima Ss.

HI T (°C)max PI

31.10.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.56. Whicher Range 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

113


0 0 4 8 0 4000 200100 460440 0.4

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Wonnerup 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG617

0.2

4000

1000

20 40 200

3000

60 480 0

Yarragadee Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Lesueur Ss.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

L Cretaceous

HI T (°C)max PI

31.10.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.57. Wonnerup 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

114

Ghori

0 0 1 3 0 2000 10042 440 0.4

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Woodada 05

1000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG618

0.2

2500

500

4 8 2

2000

0444432 436

1500

Yarragadee Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Caryngina Fm.

Irwin River CM

Cadda Fm.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.58. Woodada 05 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

115


0 0 4 0 2000 10012 420 540 0.405

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Woolmulla 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG619

0.81

2500

1000

2010 2

1500

500

0460 500

Yarragadee Fm.

Cadda Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Carynginia Fm.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.59. Woolmulla 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

116

Ghori

0 0 4 8 0 300 6000 20010012 450 460 0

S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2

0Yardarino 1

2000

Dep

th s

ub

surf

ace

(m)

ARG620

0.4

500

20 40 200

1500

1000

0.840060

Yarragadee Fm.

Cattamarra CM

Eneabba Fm.

Lesueur Ss.

Woodada Fm.

Kockatea Sh.

Wagina Ss.

Caryngina Fm.

Cadda Fm.

HI T (°C)max PI

27.09.18

HI = S /TOC × 1002

PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2

CM = Coal Measures

Fm. = Formation

Sh. = Shale

Ss. = Sandstone


Mat

uri

ty

Appendix 2.60. Yardarino 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data

117

Appendix 3

Maps of the Carynginia Formation, Kockatea Shale, and the Cattamarra Coal Measures, showing distribution of measured TOC, measured and calculated Rock-Eval parameter S2 mg/g TOC, hydrogen index, production index, transformation ratio, calculated temperature, and temperature maximum within the northern Perth Basin

118

Ghori

Rakrani 1

Narlingue 1

NorthErregulla 1

CRA PER 10

Strawberry Hill 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Arranoo South 1

West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2

Mt Hill 1

Jingemia 1

Barberton 1

PointLouise 1

Mt Horner 01

Conder 1

DonkeyCreek 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

OceanHill 1

Walyering 2

Mungarra 1

Abbarwardoo 1

Mondarra 1

Heaton 1

WattleGrove 1

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Woodada 05

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

Beharra 2

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Jurien 1

Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1

East Heaton 1

Central Yardarino 1Yardarino 1

Eurangoa 1

Carynginia Formation average TOC (wt%) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG559 31.10.18

25 km

6.627

0 2 4 6

Rakrani 1

Narlingue 1

NorthErregulla 1

CRA PER 10

Strawberry Hill 1

0

0

0

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Arranoo South 1

WestErregulla 1Redback 1, 2

Mt Hill 1

Jingemia 1

Barberton 1

Mt Horner 01

Conder 1

Donkey Creek 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Ocean Hill 1

Walyering 2

Mungarra 1

Abbarwardoo 1

Central Yardarino 1

Eurangoa 1

Jurien 1

PointLouise 1

Heaton 1Wattle

Grove 1

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Woodada 05

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

Beharra 2

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Mondarra 1


East Heaton 1

Yardarino 1

Carynginia Formation average S (mg/g rock) @ 0.0 (my)2

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG558 31.10.18

25 km

35.08

0 10 20 30

Appendix 3.1. Map of the Carynginia Formation, showing the distribution of measured TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

Appendix 3.2. Map of the Carynginia Formation showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter S2 mg/g TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

119


Rakrani 1

North Erregulla 1

CRA PER 10

Strawberry Hill 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

West Erregulla 1

Mt Hill 1

Barberton 1

Conder 1

Donkey Creek 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Ocean Hill 1

0

Walyering 2

Abbarwardoo 1

Mungarra 1

PointLouise 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Redback 1, 2

Jingemia 1

Narlingue 1

Heaton 1

Arranoo South 1

Mt Horner 01Wattle

Grove 1

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Woodada 05

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

Beharra 2

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Jurien 1

Mondarra 1


East Heaton 1

Central Yardarino 1

Yardarino 1

Eurangoa 1

0Carynginia Formation average

S (mg/g rock) @ 0.0 (my)2

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG553 31.10.18

25 km

76.52

20 40 60

Rakrani 1North Erregulla 1

CRA PER 10

Strawberry Hill 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Arranoo South 1

West Erregulla 1

Mt Hill 1

Jingemia 1

Barberton 1

PointLouise 1

Mt Horner 01

Conder 1

Donkey Creek 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Ocean Hill 1

Walyering 2

Mungarra 1

Abbarwardoo 1

Central Yardarino 1

Eurangoa 1

Mt Adams 1

Jurien 1

Redback 1, 2

Narlingue 1

100

0

200

300

Heaton 1

WattleGrove 1

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Woodada 05

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

Beharra 2

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Mondarra 1

Erregulla 1

East Heaton 1

Yardarino 1

Carynginia Formation averageHI (mg/g TOC) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG556 31.10.18

25 km

465.4

0 100 200 300 400

Appendix 3.3. Map of the Carynginia Formation showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter S2 mg/g TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

Appendix 3.4. Map of the Carynginia Formation showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter hydrogen index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

120

Ghori

200300

North Erregulla 1

CRA PER 10

Strawberry Hill 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

West Erregulla 1

Mt Hill 1

Barberton 1

Conder 1

Donkey Creek 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Ocean Hill 1

Walyering 2

Abbarwardoo 1

Mungarra 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Redback 1, 2

Jingemia 1

PointLouise 1

Rakrani 1

Narlingue 1Heaton 1

Arranoo South 1

Mt Horner 01Wattle

Grove 1

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Woodada 05

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

Beharra 2

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Jurien 1

Mondarra 1

Erregulla 1

100

0

500

400

100

400

300

300

500 400

Mt Adams 1

East Heaton 1


Eurangoa 1


HI (mg/g TOC) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG551 31.10.18

25 km

765.2

200 400 600

Rakrani 1

North Erregulla 1

CRA PER 10

Strawberry Hill 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Arranoo South 1


Mt Hill 1

Jingemia 1

Barberton 1

PointLouise 1

Mt Horner 01

Conder 1

Donkey Creek 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Ocean Hill 1

Walyering 2

Mungarra 1

0

Abbarwardoo 1

Central Yardarino 1

Eurangoa 1

Mt Adams 1

Jurien 1

Woolmulla 1

Narlingue 1

Heaton 1

WattleGrove 1

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Woodada 05

Diamond Soak 1

Beharra 2

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Mondarra 1

Erregulla 1

East Heaton 1

Yardarino 1

Carynginia Formation averagePI (fraction) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG557 31.10.18

25 km

0.781

0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Appendix 3.5. Map of the Carynginia Formation showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter hydrogen index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

Appendix 3.6. Map of the Carynginia Formation showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter production index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

121



CRA PER 10

Strawberry Hill 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

West Erregulla 1

Mt Hill 1

Barberton 1

Conder 1

Donkey Creek 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Ocean Hill 1

Walyering 2

Abbarwardoo 1

Mungarra 1

PointLouise 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Narlingue 1Heaton 1

Arranoo South 1

Redback 1, 2

Jingemia 1

Mt Horner 01Wattle

Grove 1

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Woodada 05

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

Beharra 2

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Jurien 1

Mondarra 1


East Heaton 1


Eurangoa 1


PI (fraction) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG552 31.10.18

25 km

0.2 0.4 0.6 1.00.8


CRA PER 10

Strawberry Hill 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

West Erregulla 1

Mt Hill 1

Barberton 1

Conder 1

Donkey Creek 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Ocean Hill 1

Walyering 2

Abbarwardoo 1

Mungarra 1

BMR 10A Dongara

PointLouise 1

Redback 1, 2

Jingemia 1

Narlingue 1

Heaton 1

Arranoo South 1

Mt Horner 01Wattle

Grove 1

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Woodada 05

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

Beharra 2

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Jurien 1

Mondarra 1


East Heaton 1

Central Yardarino 1

Yardarino 1

Eurangoa 1

Carynginia Formation averagetransformation ratio (fraction) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG555 31.10.18

25 km

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Appendix 3.7. Map of the Carynginia Formation showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter production index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

Appendix 3.8. Map of the Carynginia Formation showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter transformation ratio within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

122

Ghori

Rakrani 1

North Erregulla 1100100

100

CRA PER 10

Strawberry Hill 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

West Erregulla 1

Mt Hill 1

Barberton 1

Conder 1

Donkey Creek 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Ocean Hill 1

Walyering 2

Abbarwardoo 1

Mungarra 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Redback 1, 2

Jingemia 1

PointLouise 1

Narlingue 1

Heaton 1

Arranoo South 1

Mt Horner 01Wattle

Grove 1

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Woodada 05

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

Beharra 2

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Jurien 1

Mondarra 1


East Heaton 1


Eurangoa 1

14.85

Carynginia Formation averagetemperature (°C) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG554 31.10.18

25 km

144.1

50 100

0

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Cataby 1

Jurien 1

Heaton 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Yardarino 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

Ocean Hill 1

Abbarwardoo 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Arranoo South 1


Mt Hill 1

Eurangoa 1

Jingemia 1

Barberton 1

Walyering 2

Mt Horner 01

Point Louise 1

Mungarra 1

Mondarra 1

Drakea 1

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Conder 1

Indoon 1

Rakrani 1

Woodada 05

Erregulla 1

Narlingue 1

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

Mt Adams 1

CRA PER 10

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

WattleGrove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Central Yardarino 1

0 5 10TOC (wt%) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG531 09.10.18

25 km

13.17

Appendix 3.9. Map of the Carynginia Formation showing the distribution of calculated temperature within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

Appendix 3.10. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of measured TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

123


Robb 1

Peron 1

Conder 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Mondarra 1

Woodada 05

Erregulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

Mt Adams 1

CRA PER 10

Arrowsmith 1, 2

WattleGrove 1

Eurangoa 1Mt Horner 01

Point Louise 1

Heaton 1

Jurien 1

Eneabba 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Cadda 1

Rakrani 1

Narlingue 1

Woolmulla 10

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

Depot Hill 1East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

Central Yardarino 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Cataby 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Yardarino 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

Ocean Hill 1

Abbarwardoo 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Arranoo South 1


Mt Hill 1

Jingemia 1

Barberton 1

Walyering 2

Mungarra 1

0.0024

0 10Kockatea Shale average


115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG534 31.10.18

25 km

10.97

5

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Conder 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Rakrani 1

Mondarra 1

Woodada 05

Erregulla 1

Narlingue 1

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

Mt Adams 1

CRA PER 10

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

WattleGrove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Central Yardarino 1

Abbarwardoo 1

Heaton 1

Yardarino 1


Mt Horner 01

Eneabba 1

West Erregulla 1

Redback 1, 2

Jingemia 1

Jurien 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Point Louise 1

Mungarra 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Cataby 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

Ocean Hill 1

Mt Hill 1

Barberton 1

Walyering 2

20 60Kockatea Shale average

S 2 (mg/g rock) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG538 13.09.18

25 km

81.36

40 800

Appendix 3.11. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter S2 mg/g TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

Appendix 3.12. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter S2 mg/g TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

124

Ghori

Robb 1

Peron 1

Conder 1

Indoon 1

Mondarra 1

Woodada 05

Erregulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

Mt Adams 1

CRA PER 10

Arrowsmith 1, 2

WattleGrove 1

Heaton 1

Cadda 1

Woolmulla 1

Beharra 2

Donkey Creek 1

Drakea 1

North Erregulla 1Strawberry Hill 1

Rakrani 1

Narlingue 1Depot Hill 1

East Heaton 1

Central Yardarino 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Cataby 1

Jurien 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Yardarino 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

Ocean Hill 1

Abbarwardoo 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Arranoo South 1


Mt Hill 1

Eurangoa 1

Jingemia 1

Barberton 1

Walyering 2

Mt Horner 01

Point Louise 1

Mungarra 1100

100

200

200

300

100

4.405

100 300Kockatea Shale averageHI (mg/g TOC) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG532 31.10.18

25 km

385.7

200

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Conder 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Rakrani 1

Mondarra 1

Woodada 05

Erregulla 1

Narlingue 1

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

500

400

300

300

200

200

100

300500

600

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

Mt Adams 1

CRA PER 10

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

WattleGrove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Central Yardarino 1

Jurien 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Point Louise 1

Heaton 1

Eneabba 1

Yardarino 1

Arranoo South 1

West Erregulla 1

Redback 1, 2

Eurangoa 1

Jingemia 1

Mt Horner 01

Abbarwardoo 1

Mungarra 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Cataby 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

Ocean Hill 1

Mt Hill 1

Barberton 1

Walyering 2

200 600Kockatea Shale averageHI (mg/g TOC) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG536 31.10.18

25 km

813.6

400 8000

Appendix 3.13. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter hydrogen index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

Appendix 3.14. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter hydrogen index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

125


Robb 1

Peron 1

Indoon 1

Mondarra 1

Woodada 05

Erregulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

Mt Adams 1

CRA PER 10

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Eurangoa 1WattleGrove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Drakea 1

North Erregulla 1

Cadda 1

Woolmulla 1

Beharra 2

Donkey Creek 1

Conder 1

Rakrani 1

Narlingue 1Depot Hill 1

East Heaton 1

Central Yardarino 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Cataby 1

Jurien 1

Heaton 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Yardarino 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

OceanHill 1

Abbarwardoo 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Arranoo South 1


Mt Hill 1

Jingemia 1

Barberton 1

Walyering 2

Mt Horner 01

Point Louise 1

Mungarra 1

0.0024

0.1 0.3Kockatea Shale averagePI (fraction) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG533 31.10.18

25 km

0.394

0.2

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Conder 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Rakrani 1

Mondarra 1

Woodada 05

Erregulla 1

Narlingue 1

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

Mt Adams 1

CRA PER 10

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

WattleGrove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Central Yardarino 1

Abbarwardoo 1

Yardarino 1

Heaton 1

Arranoo South 1

Mt Horner 01

Eurangoa 1

Eneabba 1

BMR 10A Dongara


Jingemia 1

Jurien 1

0

0

Point Louise 1

Mungarra 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Cataby 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

Ocean Hill 1

Mt Hill 1

Barberton 1

Walyering 2

0.2 0.6Kockatea Shale averagePI (fraction) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG537 31.10.18

25 km

0.909

0.4 0.80

Appendix 3.15. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter production index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

Appendix 3.16. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter production index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

126

Ghori

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Conder 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Rakrani 1

Mondarra 1

Woodada 05

100

Erregulla 1

Narlingue 1

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

Mt Adams 1

CRA PER 10

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

WattleGrove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Central Yardarino 1

Abbarwardoo 1

Heaton 1

Yardarino 1


Mt Horner 01

Eneabba 1

BMR 10A Dongara

West Erregulla 1

Redback 1, 2

Jingemia 1

Jurien 1

Point Louise 1

Mungarra 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Cataby 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

Ocean Hill 1

Mt Hill 1

Barberton 1

Walyering 2

1.629



115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG539 31.10.18

25 km

122.2

100

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Conder 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Rakrani 1

Mondarra 1

Woodada 05

Erregulla 1

Narlingue 1

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

North Erregulla 1

100

100100

Beharra 2

Mt Adams 1

CRA PER 10

Depot Hill 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

WattleGrove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Central Yardarino 1

Abbarwardoo 1

Heaton 1

Yardarino 1


Mt Horner 01

Eneabba 1

BMR 10A Dongara


Jingemia 1

Jurien 1

Point Louise 1

Mungarra 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Cataby 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Bullsbrook 1

Ocean Hill 1

Mt Hill 1

Barberton 1

Walyering 2

34.4


temperature maximum (°C) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG540 31.10.18

25 km

165.5

100 150

Appendix 3.17. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of temperature within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

Appendix 3.18. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of temperature max within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

127


Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Woodada 05

Narlingue 1

Woolmulla 1

DiamondSoak 1

0

0

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

CRA PER 10

Depot Hill 1Wattle

Grove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Jurien 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Abbarwardoo 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Arranoo South 1


Jingemia 1

Barberton 1

PointLouise 1


Mondarra 1

Bullsbrook 1

Mungarra 1

Rakrani 1

Mt Hill 1

Heaton 1Mt Horner 01

Conder 1


East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Ocean Hill 1

Eurangoa 1

Walyering 2

0Cattamarra Coal Measures average

TOC (wt%) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG549 31.10.18

25 km

50.6

20 40

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Rakrani 1

Woodada 05

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

CRA PER 10

Depot Hill 1WattleGrove 1

Warro 2Jurien 1

Walyering 1

0

0

0

0

0

Barragoon 1

Abbarwardoo 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Arranoo South 1


Jingemia 1

Barberton 1

Point Louise 1

Mondarra 1

Walyering 2

Heaton 1

Gingin 1

Bullsbrook 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Strawberry Hill 1

Narlingue 1Mt Hill 1

Mt Horner 01Conder 1


East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

Central Yardarino 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Yardarino 1

Ocean Hill 1

Eurangoa 1

Mungarra 1

Bonniefield 1



115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG546 31.10.18

25 km

135.3

50 100

Appendix 3.19. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of measured TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

Appendix 3.20. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter S2 mg/g TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

128

Ghori

Peron 1

Cadda 1

CRA PER 10

Jurien 1

Barragoon 1

Abbarwardoo 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Barberton 1

Point Louise 1

Bullsbrook 1

Gingin 1

Walyering 1

Warro 2

Woolmulla 1

Indoon 1

Robb 1

Drakea 1

Rakrani 1

Woodada 05

Narlingue 1

Diamond Soak 1

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

Depot Hill 1

WattleGrove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Heaton 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Arranoo South 1


Mt Hill 1

Jingemia 1

Mt Horner 01

Conder 1

Mondarra 1


East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

Central Yardarino 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Yardarino 1

Ocean Hill 1

Eurangoa 1

Walyering 2

Mungarra 1

3.038



115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG545 31.10.18

25 km

76.1

40 60

Peron 1

Cadda 1

CRA PER 10

Jurien 1

Barragoon 1

Abbarwardoo 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Barberton 1

Point Louise 1

Bullsbrook 1

Walyering 1

Gingin 1

Woolmulla 1

Warro 2

Indoon 1

Robb 1

Drakea 1

Rakrani 1

Woodada 05

Narlingue 1

Diamond Soak 1

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

Depot Hill 1Wattle

Grove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Heaton 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Arranoo South 1


Mt Hill 1

Jingemia 1

Mt Horner 01

Conder 1

Mondarra 1


East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

Central Yardarino 1

Cataby 1

500

400

200

300

400

200

300

300

400

500

600

200

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Yardarino 1

Ocean Hill 1

Eurangoa 1

Walyering 2

Mungarra 1

30.38



115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG541 31.10.18

25 km

761.0

400 600

Appendix 3.21. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter S2 mg/g TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

Appendix 3.22. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter hydrogen index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

129


Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Woodada 05

Narlingue 1

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

CRA PER 10

Depot Hill 1

WattleGrove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Warro 2Jurien 1

Heaton 1

Walyering 1

100

100

200

100

100

200

Barragoon 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Abbarwardoo 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Arranoo South 1


Jingemia 1

Barberton 1

Point Louise 1

Walyering 2

Bullsbrook 1

Gingin 1

Rakrani 1

Mt Hill 1

Mt Horner 01

Conder 1

Mondarra 1


East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

Central Yardarino 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Yardarino 1

Ocean Hill 1

Eurangoa 1

Mungarra 1



115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG542 31.10.18

25 km

273.8

2000

Robb 1

Peron 1

Cadda 1

Indoon 1

Drakea 1

Rakrani 1

Woodada 05

Woolmulla 1

Diamond Soak 1

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

CRA PER 10

Depot Hill 1

WattleGrove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Warro 2

Gingin 1

Jurien 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Abbarwardoo 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Arranoo South 1

West Erregulla 1

Redback 1, 2

Jingemia 1

Barberton 1

Point Louise 1

Conder 1

Mt Horner 01

Walyering 2

Bullsbrook 1

Narlingue 1Mt Hill 1

Heaton 1

Mondarra 1


East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

Central Yardarino 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Yardarino 1

Ocean Hill 1

Eurangoa 1

Mungarra 1

0.1Cattamarra Coal Measures average


115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG544 02.10.18

25 km

0.38

0.20 0.3

Appendix 3.23. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter hydrogen index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

Appendix 3.24. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter production index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

130

Ghori

Peron 1

Cadda 1

CRA PER 10

Jurien 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Abbarwardoo 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Barberton 1

Point Louise 1

Gingin 1

Bullsbrook 1

Woolmulla 1

Warro 2

Indoon 1

Robb 1

Drakea 1

Rakrani 1

Woodada 05

Narlingue 1

Diamond Soak 1

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

Depot Hill 1Wattle

Grove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Heaton 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Arranoo South 1


Mt Hill 1

Jingemia 1

Mt Horner 01

Conder 1

0

0

Mondarra 1


East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

Central Yardarino 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Yardarino 1

Ocean Hill 1

Eurangoa 1

Walyering 2

Mungarra 1

0.4Cattamarra Coal Measures average


115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG543 31.10.18

25 km

0.815

0.60 0.2 0.8

Peron 1

CRA PER 10

100

100

100

Gingin 1

Jurien 1

Barragoon 1

Abbarwardoo 1

BMR 10A Dongara

Barberton 1

Point Louise 1

Walyering 1

Bullsbrook 1

Cadda 1

Warro 2

Woolmulla 1

Indoon 1

Robb 1

Drakea 1

Rakrani 1

Woodada 05

Narlingue 1

Diamond Soak 1

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

Depot Hill 1Wattle

Grove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Heaton 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Arranoo South 1


Mt Hill 1

Jingemia 1

Mt Horner 01

Conder 1

Mondarra 1


East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

Central Yardarino 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Yardarino 1

Ocean Hill 1

Eurangoa 1

Walyering 2

Mungarra 1

-1.128



115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG547 31.10.18

25 km

134.7

50 100

Appendix 3.25. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter production index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

Appendix 3.26. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of temperature within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

131


Peron 1

Cadda 1

CRA PER 10

100

100

100

Jurien 1

Walyering 1

Barragoon 1

Abbarwardoo 1

BMR 10A Dongara

PointLouise 1

Beharra 2

Barberton 1

Gingin 1

Bullsbrook 1

Warro 2

Woolmulla 1

Indoon 1

Robb 1

Drakea 1

Rakrani 1

Woodada 05

Narlingue 1

Diamond Soak 1

North Erregulla 1

Depot Hill 1

WattleGrove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Heaton 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Arranoo South 1


Mt Hill 1

Jingemia 1

Mt Horner 01

Conder 1

Mondarra 1


East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

Central Yardarino 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Yardarino 1

Ocean Hill 1

Eurangoa 1

Walyering 2

Mungarra 1

42.83


temperature maximum (°C) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG548 31.10.18

25 km

133.9

80 120100

Peron 1

CRA PER 10

Jurien 1

Barragoon 1

Abbarwardoo 1

BMR 10A Dongara0

00

Barberton 1

PointLouise 1

Cadda 1

Bullsbrook 1

Gingin 1

Warro 2

Walyering 1

Woolmulla 1

Indoon 1

Robb 1

Drakea 1

Rakrani 1

Woodada 05

Narlingue 1

DiamondSoak 1

North Erregulla 1

Beharra 2

Depot Hill 1

WattleGrove 1

Strawberry Hill 1

Heaton 1

Arrowsmith 1, 2

Arranoo South 1


Mt Hill 1

Jingemia 1

Mt Horner 01

Conder 1

Mondarra 1


East Heaton 1

Donkey Creek 1

Central Yardarino 1

Cataby 1

Eneabba 1

Eclipse 1

Bootine 1

Coomallo 1

Yardarino 1

Ocean Hill 1

Eurangoa 1

Walyering 2

Mungarra 1


transformation ratio (fraction) @ 0.0 (my)

115° 116°

31°

30°

29°

ARG550 31.10.18

25 km

0.949

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Appendix 3.27. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of temperature max within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

Appendix 3.28. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter transformation ratio within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles

132

Ghori

133

Appendix 4

Apatite fission track data for a total of 14 samples, five each from Arranoo South 1, Cataby 1, West Erregulla 1 from the Jurassic Yarragadee Formation, Cattamarra Coal Measures, Eneabba Formation, Permian Wagina Sandstone, and Irwin River Coal Measures

Appendix 4.1. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Yarragadee Formation (750 m) sample from Arranoo South 1

Arranoo South 1

Age (my)0100200

Tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

20

30

40

50

60

70

Age (my)0100200

Red

uce

d t

rack

len

gth

(fr

acti

on

)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Age (my)0100200

Fiss

ion

tra

ck a

ge

(my)

0

50

100

150

200

Track length (µm)0 10 20

Nu

mb

er o

f tr

acks

0

10

20

30

40

50

Durango apatite fission tracksample depth = 750 m

Measured tracklength

Measured mean = 1.85 µmStandard deviation = 1.82 µm

Calculated tracklength

Calculated mean = 13.16 µmStandard deviation = 1.03 µm

Reduced length

Temperature

Fission track age

a) b)

c) d)

ARG624 01.10.18 Durango apatite fission tracksample depth = 1050 m





Reduced length

Temperature

Fission track age

Arranoo South 1

Age (my)0100200

Tem

per

atu

re (

°c)

20

40

60

80

Age (my)0100200

Red

uce

d t

rack

len

gth

(fr

acti

on

)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Age (my)0100200

Fiss

ion

tra

ck a

ge

(my)

0

50

100

150

200


Nu

mb

er o

f tr

acks

0

10

20

30

40a) b)

c) d)

ARG625 01.10.18

Appendix 4.2. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Cattamarra Coal Measures (1050 m) sample from Arranoo South 1

134

Ghori





Calculated mean = 11.08 µmStandard deviation = 1.49 µm)

Reduced length

Temperature

Fission track age

Arranoo South 1

Age (my)0100200

Tem

per

atu

re (

°c)

20

40

60

80

Age (my)0100200

Red

uce

d t

rack

len

gth

(fr

acti

on

)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Age (my)0100200

Fiss

ion

tra

ck a

ge

(my)

0

50

100

150

200


Nu

mb

er o

f tr

acks

0

10

30

20

50a) b)

c) d)

Arg628 01.10.18

40






Reduced length

Temperature

Fission track age

Arranoo South 1

Age (my)0200300

Tem

per

atu

re (

°c)

20

40

60

100

Age (my)0100200

Red

uce

d t

rack

len

gth

(fr

acti

on

)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Age (my)0100200

Fiss

ion

tra

ck a

ge

(my)

0

100

200

300


Nu

mb

er o

f tr

acks

0

20

40

60

100

a) b)

c) d)

ARG626 01.10.18

80

120100 300

80

300

Appendix 4.3. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Cattamarra Coal Measures (1285 m) sample from Arranoo South 1

Appendix 4.4. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Wagina Sandstone (1635 m) sample from Arranoo South 1

135







Reduced length

Temperature

Fission track age

Arranoo South 1

Age (my)0100300

Tem

per

atu

re (

°c)

20

40

60

100

Age (my)0100300

Red

uce

d t

rack

len

gth

(fr

acti

on

)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Age (my)0100300

Fiss

ion

tra

ck a

ge

(my)

0

100

200

300


Nu

mb

er o

f tr

acks

0

10

20

40

50a) b)

c) d)

ARG627 01.10.18

200

30

80

120200 200






Reduced length

Temperature

Fission track age

Cataby 1

Age (my)0100200

Tem

per

atu

re (

°c)

20

40

50

80

Age (my)0100200

Red

uce

d t

rack

len

gth

(fr

acti

on

)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Age (my)0100200

Fiss

ion

tra

ck a

ge

(my)

0

50

100

150

200


Nu

mb

er o

f tr

acks

0

10

30

40

60a) b)

c) d)

ARG629 01.10.18

20

50

30

60

70

Appendix 4.5. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Irwin River Coal Measures (1748 m) sample from Arranoo South 1

Appendix 4.6. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Cattamarra Coal Measures (700 m) sample from Cataby 1

136

Ghori






Reduced length

Temperature

Fission track age

Cataby 1

Age (my)0100200

Tem

per

atu

re (

°c)

20

40

60

Age (my)0100200

Red

uce

d t

rack

len

gth

(fr

acti

on

)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Age (my)0100200

Fiss

ion

tra

ck a

ge

(my)

0

50

100

150

200


Nu

mb

er o

f tr

acks

0

10

30

40

60

a) b)

c) d)

ARG630 01.10.18

20

50

80






Reduced length

Temperature

Fission track age

Cataby 1

Age (my)0100200

Tem

per

atu

re (

°c)

20

40

60

100

Age (my)0100200

Red

uce

d t

rack

len

gth

(fr

acti

on

)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Age (my)0100200

Fiss

ion

tra

ck a

ge

(my)

0

50

100

150

200


Nu

mb

er o

f tr

acks

0

10

30

50a) b)

c) d)

ARG631 01.10.18

20

40

80



137







Reduced length

Temperature

Fission track age

Cataby 1

Age (my)0100200

Tem

per

atu

re (

°c)

20

60

120

Age (my)0100200

Red

uce

d t

rack

len

gth

(fr

acti

on

)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Age (my)0100200

Fiss

ion

tra

ck a

ge

(my)

0

50

100

150

200


Nu

mb

er o

f tr

acks

0

10

20

40

a) b)

c) d)

ARG632 01.10.18

30

40

80

100






Reduced length

Temperature

Fission track age

Cataby 1

Age (my)0100200

Tem

per

atu

re (

°c)

20

60

80

140

Age (my)0100200

Red

uce

d t

rack

len

gth

(fr

acti

on

)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Age (my)0100200

Fiss

ion

tra

ck a

ge

(my)

0

50

100

150

200


Nu

mb

er o

f tr

acks

0

10

30

50

a) b)

c) d)

ARG633 01.10.18

20

40

40

100

120



138

Ghori






Reduced length

Temperature

Fission track age

Erregulla Area

Age (my)0100200

Tem

per

atu

re (

°c)

20

40

50

80

Age (my)0100200

Red

uce

d t

rack

len

gth

(fr

acti

on

)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Age (my)0100200

Fiss

ion

tra

ck a

ge

(my)

0

50

100

150

200


Nu

mb

er o

f tr

acks

0

10

30

50a) b)

c) d)

ARG634 01.10.18

20

40

30

60

70






Reduced length

Temperature

Fission track age

Erregulla Area

Age (my)0100200

Tem

per

atu

re (

°c)

20

40

Age (my)0100200

Red

uce

d t

rack

len

gth

(fr

acti

on

)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Age (my)0100200

Fiss

ion

tra

ck a

ge

(my)

0

50

100

150

200


Nu

mb

er o

f tr

acks

0

10

20

30

40a) b)

c) d)

ARG635 10.10.18

60

80

Appendix 4.11. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Yarragadee Formation (1475 m) sample from West Erregulla 1

Appendix 4.12. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Yarragadee Formation (2025 m) sample from West Erregulla 1

139







Reduced length

Temperature

Fission track age

Erregulla Area

Age (my)0100200

Tem

per

atu

re (

°c)

20

40

60

120

Age (my)0100200

Red

uce

d t

rack

len

gth

(fr

acti

on

)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Age (my)0100200

Fiss

ion

tra

ck a

ge

(my)

0

50

100

150

200


Nu

mb

er o

f tr

acks

0

10

30

40

a) b)

c) d)

ARG636 01.10.18

20

50

80

100






Reduced length

Temperature

Fission track age

Nu

mb

er o

f tr

acks

Erregulla Area

Age (my)

Tem

per

atu

re (

°c)

20

60

80

140

Age (my)

Red

uce

d t

rack

len

gth

(fr

acti

on

)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Age (my)0100300

Fiss

ion

tra

ck a

ge

(my)

0

100

200

300


0

10

a) b)

c) d)

ARG637 01.10.18

40

100

120

2000100200

0100200300

300

20

30

40

50

Appendix 4.13. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Eneabba Formation (2748 m) sample from West Erregulla 1

Appendix 4.14. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Wagina Sandstone (3999 m) sample from West Erregulla 1

PETROLEUM GEOCHEM

ISTRY AND PETROLEUM SYSTEM

S M

ODELLING OF THE PERTH BASIN, WESTERN AUSTRALIA

REPORT 188GHORI

Further details of geological products and maps produced by the Geological Survey of Western Australia are available from:

Information Centre Department of Mines and Petroleum 100 Plain Street EAST PERTH WA 6004 Phone: (08) 9222 3459 Fax: (08) 9222 3444

www.dmp.wa.gov.au/GSWApublications

Recent discoveries in the northern Perth Basin have revived interest in petroleum exploration and supplied the impetus to assess the hydrocarbon source rocks within the basin. The discoveries include a new Permian gas/condensate play at Waitsia and a new Triassic shale play in Arrowsmith 2. Volumetric assessments have estimated that up to 25 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) gas and up to 8 Tcf gas with 500 million barrels oil/condensate could be present within the Permian and the Triassic sedimentary successions respectively.

Interpretation and modelling of the petroleum geochemistry, organic petrology, apatite fission track analysis, heat flow, subsurface temperature, and other exploration data from the onshore Perth Basin indicate that the condensate from Whicher Range 1 has a Permian source; oil and gas/condensate from the Cliff Head, Dongara, Eremia, Hovea, Jingemia, Mondarra, Mount Horner, North Erregulla, Woodada, and Yardarino fields are derived from Triassic source rocks; oil and gas/condensate from Gingin 1 and Walyering 1 and 2 are from a Jurassic source; and the oil from Gage Roads 1 is sourced from a Jurassic–Cretaceous source. Modelling of 60 wells with TOC and Rock-Eval data indicates variations in the timing of petroleum generation and accumulation across the basin.

Documents

Report 188: Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems ... · The recent large conventional oil and gas discoveries at Xanadu Oil Field (2017) within the Irwin River Coal Measures