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Replication, Transcription, Translation. GHSGT Review Domain I (con’t). DNA Genetic material In the nucleus Double stranded A, T C,G. RNA Carries information from the nucleus to the site where proteins are made Single stranded A, U C,G. Review of NUCLEIC ACIDS. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Replication, Transcription, Translation
GHSGT Review
Domain I (con’t)
Review of NUCLEIC ACIDS Review of NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNADNA Genetic materialGenetic material In the nucleusIn the nucleus DoubleDouble stranded stranded A,A,TT C,GC,G
RNARNA Carries Carries
information from information from the nucleus to the the nucleus to the site where site where proteins are proteins are mademade
SingleSingle stranded stranded A,A,UU C,GC,G
http://www.scq.ubc.ca/wp-content/dna.gif http://tigger.uic.edu/classes/phys/phys461/phys450/ANJUM04/RNA_sstrand.jpg
DNA is found in the nucleus
Chromosomes are made of DNAHumans have
23 pairs of chromosomes
http://games.goadrich.com/images/find-dna.jpg
The sides of the ladder are sugar and phosphates; the rungs of the ladder are the nitrogen bases A,T,C,G
http://www.mariemontschools.org/halsall/images/dna_molecule.gif
Biologix: Translation and Protein Synthesis. United Learning(1997). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
Click on link to view
“How is RNA Different from DNA?”
*You may need to hit the Escape key and maximize Windows Media Player.
How DNA is the Master Control
DNAnucleotides
REPLICATION
REpeats
1. DNA can make copies of itself=
REPLICATION
How DNA Replication Occurs-T
-A
-C
-C
-G
-A
-T
-C
-G
-T
-T
-A
A-
T-
G-
G-
C-
T-
A-
G-
C-
A-
A-
T-
1. The two DNA strands separate
Nuclear membrane
How DNA Replication Occurs-T
-A
-C
-C
-G
-A
-T
-C
-G
-T
-T
-A
A-
T-
G-
G-
C-
T-
A-
G-
C-
A-
A-
T-
2. Complementary bases are added to each old strand
How DNA Replication Occurs-T
-A
-C
-C
-G
-A
-T
-C
-G
-T
-T
-A
A-
T-
G-
G-
C-
T-
A-
G-
C-
A-
A-
T-
2. Complementary bases are added to each old strand. Each new double-stranded DNA contains one old strand and one new strand.
A-
T-
G-
G-
C-
T-
A-
G-
C-
A-
A-
T-
-T
-A
-C
-C
-G
-A
-T
-C
-G
-T
-T
-A
How DNA is the Master Control
DNA RNATRANSCRIPTION
nucleotides nucleotides
REPLICATION
REpeats
TRANSCRIPTION: MAKING RNA
-T
-A
-C
-C
-G
-A
-T
-C
-G
-T
-T
-A
A-
T-
G-
G-
C-
T-
A-
G-
C-
A-
A-
T-
In transcription, a single strand of RNA is made from a small portion (not all) of one strand of DNA
How Transcription Occurs-T
-A
-C
-C
-G
-A
-T
-C
-G
-T
-T
-A
A-
T-
G-
G-
C-
T-
A-
G-
C-
A-
A-
T-
How Transcription Occurs-T
-A
-C
-C
-G
-A
-T
-C
-G
-T
-T
-A
A-
U
G-
G-
C-
U-
A-
G-
C-
A-
A-
U-
2. Complementary bases are added to one strand EXCEPT the sugar in the sides of the ladder is ribose, not deoxyribose AND there is no T used; U is used instead
DNA RNA
How Transcription Occurs-T
-A
-C
-C
-G
-A
-T
-C
-G
-T
-T
-A
A-
U
G-
G-
C-
U-
A-
G-
C-
A-
A-
U-
The new RNA strand separates- it might be a messenger that takes the message of the DNA out of the nucleus
nucleus
Click to view “DNA Structure and Function”
Biologix: Translation and Protein Synthesis. United Learning(1997). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
How DNA is the Master Control
DNA RNA PROTEIN
TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION
nucleotides nucleotides amino acids
REPLICATION
REpeatsRemember you are translating from the language of nucleotides to the language of amino acids
Translation: Making Proteins
http://www2.hawaii.edu/~johnb/micro/micr230/micr230_lectures/lecture9_files/image001.gif
A group of three nucleotides in messenger RNA codes for a certain amino acid to be placed in a protein. Each group of three nucleotides is called a CODON.
These are the abbreviations for the amino acids
Biologix: Translation and Protein Synthesis. United Learning(1997). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
Click on link to view
“The Significance of Codes in the Process of Protein Synthesis”
*You may need to hit the Escape key and maximize Windows Media Player.
How Translation Occurs-T
-A
-C
-C
-G
-A
-T
-C
-G
-T
-T
-A
A-
U
G-
G-
C-
U-
A-
G-
C-
A-
A-
U-
met
asn
ser
ala
The protein made from this messenger RNA would have these amino acids in sequence:
met-ala-ser-asn
Biologix: Translation and Protein Synthesis. United Learning(1997). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
Click the view “The Process of Protein Synthesis”
Now you know---How DNA is the Master Control
DNA RNA PROTEIN
TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION
nucleotides nucleotides amino acids
REPLICATION
REpeatsRemember you are translating from the language of nucleotides to the language of amino acids
So how do you remember the difference?
Replication just makes a repeat copy of DNA
Transcription rips a new strand of RNA
Translation starts with a new slate- the slate of amino acids to make a protein
Environmental agents can cause mutation in DNAThe environmental agent could be ionizing radiation or chemicals
The agent could alter a nucleotide base, causing a different protein to be made
The agent could cut the DNA backbone
DNA Technology- Use in Medicine
Make medications for disease treatment less expensively, ex, insulin
In artificial fertilization, DNA technology may allow us to pre-screen potential embryos for certain diseases, ensuring that the one chosen for implantation is free of certain genetic diseases
Our DNA profile may help doctors determine how sensitive we are to medications before they prescribe them
Gene therapy may eventually allow us to prevent or cure a disease
Gene Therapy
http://library.thinkquest.org/28000/media/genetherapy/l_gene.therapy-ms.gif
What is the status of gene therapy?
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not yet approved any human gene therapy product for sale.
Trials are ongoing, but some problems are Keeping the DNA viable (able to function
as it should) Preventing the body’s immune response
from destroying the DNA
Understanding: The Power of Genes. Discovery Channel School(1999). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
Click on link to view
“Understanding the Power of Genes”
*You may need to hit the Escape key and maximize Windows Media Player.
DNA Technology in agriculture GMO- genetically modified organisms
We call an organism with genes from another species a Transgenic organism
Transgenic plants and animals can be produced that have desirable characteristics, such as Resistance to disease or pests Greater nutrition Improved shelf life Ease of harvest etc
Glo-fish are a GMO
http://www.glofish.com/images/glofish_005.jpg
Understanding: The Power of Genes. Discovery Channel School(1999). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
Click link to view
“It All Started with a Sheep Named Dolly”
*You may need to hit the Escape key and maximize Windows Media Player.
Understanding: The Power of Genes. Discovery Channel School(1999). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
Click on link to view
“Transgenics-Splicing Genes Across Species”
*You may need to hit the Escape key and maximize Windows Media Player.
There is a lot of controversy about this topic! Some worry about the unknown dangers of releasing these organisms.
-A-C-G-A-T-T-C-C-G-C-T-A-G-T-A-C-G-G-A-T-A
T-G-C-T-A-A-G-G-C-G-A-T-C-A-T-G-C-C-G-A-T-
Copy the DNA at left on a piece of paper, then1) Replicate it, then 2) Transcribe the right hand strand into RNA, and 3) Translate that RNA into protein.Click the next arrow when you are finished to check your work.
Review
-A-C-G-A-T-T-C-C-G-C-T-A-G-T-A-C-G-G-A-T-A
T-G-C-T-A-A-G-G-C-G-A-T-C-A-T-G-C-C-G-A-T-
Answer
-A-C-G-A-U-U-C-C-G-C-U-A-G-U-A-C-G-G-A-U-A
thr
pro
leu
ile
val
arg
ile
RNA protein