i iRepetition

Werner WeissAEE - Institute for Sustainable TechnologiesA-8200 Gleisdorf, Feldgasse 2AUSTRIA

Achievements - 2009Achievements 2009

Total Capacity in Operation [GW ], [GW ] and Produced Energy [TWh ], [TWh ], 2008el th el th B 340.0

300

325

350

Total capacity in operation [GW] 2009P d d E [TWh] 2009heat power

225

250

275Produced Energy [TWh] 2009heat power

158.0

189.0

137.0150

175

200

83.075

100

125

11.023.0

0.7 0.5

24.01.8 0.7

0

25

50

S l Th l Wi d P G th l Ph t lt i S l Th l O Tid lSolar ThermalHeat

Wind Power GeothermalPower

Photovoltaic Solar ThermalPower

Ocean TidalPower

Distribution of Collectors

Unglazed Collector Air collector Flat plateUnglazed Collector12.4%

Air collector0.8%

Flat-plate32.6%

-4.5%0%

+4.5%

Evacuated tube54 2%54.2%

Solar Heat Worldwide - 2008Solar Heat Worldwide 2008

Installed Capacity [MW ]th

13,500

15,000

Installed Capacity [MW ]th

unglazed glazed evacuated tube9.

7

10,500

12,000

80,3

2

6,000

7,500

9,000

3,000

4,500

6,000

0

1,500

China UnitedSt t

Germany Turkey Australia Japan Brazil Austria Greece IsraelStates

Installations by Economic Region 2008Installations by Economic Region 2008FlatFlat--plate and Evacuated Collectorsplate and Evacuated CollectorsFlatFlat--plate and Evacuated Collectorsplate and Evacuated Collectors

C t l + S th A iCentral + South America1.7%

AsiaEurope14.5%

Middle East0.8%

Australia + New Zealand

Others6.1%

1.7%

China78.9%

Australia + New Zealand0.8%

United States + Canada0.6%Japan0.5%

Africa0.3%0.3%

Annually installed capacity of flat-plate and evacuated tube collectorsand evacuated tube collectors

Installed capacity [kW /a/1,000 inh.]th

15 016.017.018.0

p y [ , ]

Middle East ChinaAustralia + New Zealand EuropeCentral and South America Africa

11 012.013.014.015.0

Japan United States+CanadaAsia

8.09.0

10.011.0

4.05.06.07.0

0 01.02.03.0

0.02000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Distribution of different solar thermal systems by economic regionsystems by economic region

90%

100%

Thermosiphon Systems Pumpe

70%

80%

90%

50%

60%

20%

30%

40%

0%

10%

20%

United States Europe Australia Japan Brazil China

Distribution by ApplicationDistribution by Application World’s Top 8 Countries / Related to newly installed capacity in 2008

Source: Weiss, W., Mauthner, F.: Solar Heat Worldwide, IEA SHC 2010

Cooling Systems 2009Cooling Systems 2009

Source:www.greenchiller.eu.

ApplicationsApplications

Solar Water Heating Systems

G it d i tGravity driven systems

fsol = 70 – 90%

700 1000 kWh/kW700 – 1000 kWh/kWth

Solar Water Heating Systems

Solar Water Heating Systems

Three different types of evacuated tube collectors:

all-glass U-tubeU tube heat-pipe

Pumped SWH Systems

12

1

2

6 3

7 11

5109

8

64

3

8

Small-scale Systems for Hot Water Preparationy

fsol = 80 – 90%

800 – 1000 kWh/m² collector area (Southern Africa)

Combined SWH and CoolingCombined SWH and Cooling 

Solar Air Conditioning and CoolingSolar Air Conditioning and Cooling

Source : Fraunhofer ISE, Solarnext

Solar Cooling System for the German BMVBWSolar Cooling System for the German BMVBW

Solar Collectors for Cooling

Source: Jan Albers, IMBE, TU Berlin

Solar Combi Systems for SFHfsol = 50 – 90%

y

500 – 600 kWh/m² (Southern Africa)

Large-scale solar heating systemsLarge scale solar heating systems

Solar District HeatingSolar District Heating

S l i ld 400 460 kWh/ ²Solar yields: 400 – 460 kWh/m².a

Marstal Denmark 12 8 MW (18 365m2)Marstal, Denmark 12.8 MWth (18.365m )

Tyras Dairy, Trikala, GreeceTyras Dairy, Trikala, Greece

Textile Industry Hangzhou China 13000㎡ (9 MW )Textile Industry Hangzhou China 13000㎡ (9 MWth)

SEA WATER DESALINATIONSEA WATER DESALINATION

Pilot System Spain, CIEMAT, INETI252 CPC AO SOL (499 m²)

SOLAR RADIATION - 1SOLAR RADIATION - 1

SOLAR CONSTANTSOLAR CONSTANT1360 W/m²

GLOBAL IRRADIATIONGLOBAL IRRADIATION800 - 1000 W/m²

SOLAR RADIATION - 2SOLAR RADIATION 2

Clear, blue sky Scattered clouds Overcast sky, y

y

Solar irradiance [W/m²] 600 - 1000 200 - 400 50 - 150

Diffuse fraction [%] 10 - 20 20 - 80 80 - 100

Global irradiance and diffuse fraction, depending on the cloud conditions

SOLAR RADIATION - 7SOLAR RADIATION 7

Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Lat

Vienna, Austria 25.2 43 81.4 118.9 149.8 160.7 164.9 139.7 100.6 59.8 26.3 19.9 1090 48.2 N

Kampala UG 174 164 170 153 151 142 141 151 155 163 154 164 1882 00 2 N

Average monthly and yearly values of global solar radiation on a horizontal surface in kWh/m²

Kampala, UG 174 164 170 153 151 142 141 151 155 163 154 164 1882 00.2 N

Johannesburg 215 185 183 144 135 119 132 158 189 200 197 218 2076 26.1 S

g y y y g

Depending on the geographic location the yearly global insolation on a horizontal surface may vary betweeninsolation on a horizontal surface may vary between 1000 and 2200 kWh/m2

ANGLE OF TILTANGLE OF TILT

Latitude [degree]

Best collector tilt in:

June Orientation Sept./March Orientation December Orientation 50 N 26.5 S 50 S 73.5 S 40 N 16 5 S 40 S 63 5 S40 N 16.5 S 40 S 63.5 S30 N 6.5 S 30 S 53.5 S 20 N 3.5 N 20 S 43.5 S 15 N 8.5 N 15 S 38.5 S 10 N 13 5 N 10 S 33 5 S10 N 13.5 N 10 S 33.5 S

Equator = 0 23.5 N 0 - 23.5 S 10 S 33.5 N 10 N 13.5 S 15 S 38.5 N 15 N 8.5 S 20 S 43.5 N 20 N 3.5 S30 S 53.5 N 30 N 6.5 N 40 S 63.5 N 40 N 16.5 N 50 S 73.5 N 50 N 26.5 N

Maputo: Latitude -25.9

Cape Town: Latitude - 34

As a general rule, the optimum angle of tilt is equal to the degree of latitude of the site

TYPES OF COLLECTORSTYPES OF COLLECTORS

FLAT-PLATE COLLECTORFLAT PLATE COLLECTOR

TransparentTransparent cover

Absorber plate

Insulation

Tubes

Source: Consolar

Evacuated Tube Collectors – Heat Pipe p

Absorber MaterialAbsorber Material

Aluminum or Copper?

37%

63%

Aluminum

Copper

Source: Sonne, Wind und Wärme, 2009

Copper

ABSORBER COATINGABSORBER COATING

Selective coating: 0 < 0.2, > 0.9

Partially selective coating: 0.2 < 0.5, > 0.9

Non selective coating: 0.5 < 1.0, > 0.9Non selective coating: 0.5 1.0, 0.9

Plain copper black paint galvanic coating physical vapour pp p g g p y pdeposition or sputtering

COLLECTOR MATERIALS

??

ABSORBER MATERIALS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITYTHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

absorber material thermal conductivity[W/mK][W/mK]

steel 50steel 50

aluminium 210

copper 380pp

TRANSPARENT COVER MATERIALSTRANSPARENT COVER MATERIALS

cover thickness [mm]

weight [kg/m²]

solar transmittance

Standard glass *) 4 10 0.84g )Standard glass, tempered 4 10 0.84 Iron free glass, tempered 4 10 0.91 Antireflective coated glass 4 10 0.95Antireflective coated glass 4 10 0.95PMMA, ducted plate 16 5.0 0.77 PMMA, double ducted plate 16 5.6 0.72

*) danger of breaking determined by high collector temperatures

TRANSPARENT COVER MATERIALSTRANSPARENT COVER MATERIALS

ion

AR coatedsmis

s

Uncoatedar tr

ans

Uncoated

Sola

Incident angle(42)

Physical Processes inside a Flat-Plate CollectorPhysical Processes inside a Flat Plate Collector

heat loss throughthe pane of glass

reflection on the

the pane of glassreflection on absorber

reflection on thepane of glass

occurrenceoccurrenceof solar radiation heat loss through the

rear and side walls

Losses of a basic Flat-plate CollectorLosses of a basic Flat plate Collector

Source: Source: Wagner & Co.

Characteristic Values of Flat-plate and E t d T b C ll tEvacuated Tube Collectors

Qcoll is the energy collected per unit collector area per unit timeQcoll is the energy collected per unit collector area per unit time

FR is the collector’s heat removal factor

τ is the transmittance of the cover

α i h h b i i f h b bα is the shortwave absorptivity of the absorber

G is the global incident solar radiation on the collector

UL is the overall heat loss coefficient of the collector

ΔT is the temperature differential between the heat transfer fluid entering the collector and the ambient temperature outside the collector.

Collector Efficiency Curvey

(tm – ta)/G [Km²/W]

Collector EfficiencyCollector Efficiency

eEnergieeingesetzteNutzenergi

useful energy

solar energyeEnergieeingesetztsolar energy

tta

tta amam )²()(

210

G

aG

a 210

Collector EfficiencyCollector Efficiency

s. T-Sol Collector data

Collector efficiency curvey

Optical Losses

0,7

0,8Optical Losses

0,5

0,6

Thermal Losses

0,3

0,4eta

Useful Energy

0,1

0,2

gy

00 0,04 0,08 0,12 0,16

Stagnation Point

(TKm-TA) / GT [Km²/W]

Efficiency of different collector types (calc)Efficiency of different collector types (calc)

Evacuated Tube Collector

Selective Flat-plate Collector

Uncovered Absorber

Simple Flat-plate Collector

(tm – ta)/G [Km²/W]

Capacity of a Water Storage (calc)Capacity of a Water Storage (calc)

THERMOSYPHON SYSTEMSTHERMOSYPHON SYSTEMS

insulation

float valve

cold water inletoverflow

pipe

hot waterhot water outlet

collector

Hot water storage for a thermosyphon systemfor a thermosyphon system

1 Coating

2 Insulation

3 Steel tank

4 Enamel coating

5 Electric heating element

6 Sacrificial anode

7 Thermostat

8 Double Jacket Heat Exchanger

9. Cold water inlet

10. Hot water to user

11. Heat exchanger inlet

12. Heat exchanger outlet

13. Heat Exchanger Safety ValveSource: Chromagen

Domestic Hot Water TankDomestic Hot Water Tank

Hot water tanks with stratification devicesHot water tanks with stratification devices

Sources from left to right: Solarklar, TiSun and Solvis