REP. ORT RESUME S

El) 017 646 VT 001 244DETROIT STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATIONFOR ENTRANCE INTO THE WORLD OF WORK.BY- COOKg FRED S.BUSINESS TEACHERS' CLUB OF METRO. DETROIT, MICH.DETROIT PUBLIC SCHOOLS, MICH.WAYNE STATE UNIV., DETROIT, MICH.

PUB DATE JUN 63EORS PRICE MF-30.25 HC-31.60 38P.

DESCRIPTORS- *RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, DATA COLLECTION, GRADUATESURVEYS, *SURVEYS, *OCCUPATIONAL SURVEYS, DROPOUTS,INTERVIEWS, QUESTIONNAIRES, PILOT PROJECTS, FERNDALE,MICHIGAN,

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF THIS PILOT PROJECT WERE TO (1)DEVELOP AND TEST INSTRUMENTS FOR GATHERING DATA RELEVANT TOQUANTITY AND TYPES OF ENTRY JOBS AVAILABLE IN A SELECTEDCOMMUNITY AND THE CONCOMITANT TALENTS DEMANDED BY BUSINESSFOR THESE JOBS, AND (2) DEVELOP AND TEST INSTRUMENTS FORGATHERING DATA CONCERNING WORK ACTIVITIES OF RECENT DROPOUTSAND GRADUATES. FERNDALE, A COMMUNITY IN THE DETROITMETROPOLITAN AREA, WAS SELECTED FOR THE STUDY. THREEINSTRUMENTS WERE DEVELOPED- -(1) INSTRUMENT A FOR STUDYING ALL

. TYPES OF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL FIRMS IN THE COMMUNITY. FROMA TOTAL OF 756 FIRMS, 200 WERE DRAWN FOR A SAMPLE, AND 154INTERVIEWS WERE COMPLETED, (2) INSTRUMENT B FOR SURVEYINGTHOSE BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL FIRMS WHICH OFFERED THEGREATEST ENTRY JOB OPPORTUNITIES. FROM A SAMPLE OF 50, 88PERCENT WERE CONTACTED, (3.) INSTRUMENT C FOR SURVEYING RECENTSCHOOL LEAVERS TO DETERMINE THEIR EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS. FROMTHE GRADUATION CLASS OF 1960 (366 STUDENTS) , 55 WERE SELECTEDRANDOMLY. STEPS ARE OUTLINED FOR SELECTION OF THE THREESAMPLE POPULATION. CONCLUSIONS MERE--(1) THE TECHNIQUES ANDINSTRUMENTS USED IN CONTACTING A VALID SAMPLING OF EMPLOYERSWERE APPROPRIATE AND PROVIDED AN EFFECTIVE MEANS FORDETERMINING THE TYPE, QUANTITY, AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE JOBAVAILABLE 'TO STUDENTS, AND (2) THE INSTRUMENTS USED FORFOLLOWUP OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES WERE EFFECTIVE. INSTRUMENTSAND FINDINGS OF THE SURVEYS ARE INCLUDED. (PS)

'1,nlw...p.M.wl1~11.moampIlenwpi.m.mp

CD DETROIT STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HIGH SCHOOL

U./ EDUCATION FOR ENTRANCE INTO THE WORLD OF WORK

DIVISION orITOCATICHsTAL EDUCATION.

Ete. rah Services

TVTV*oa Detroit, Michiganval

June, 1963

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE

OFFICE OF EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE

PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS

STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION

POSITION OR POLICY.

DETROIT STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS or HMI SCHOOL

EnUCATION FOR ENTRANCE INTO THE WORLD or WORK

A Report Prepared By

Dr, Fred S. Cook

For

The Research Co,vnittee Of The3usiness Teachers' Club of letropolitan Detroit,

Detroit Public Schools, Wayne State University, and University of lichicon

To

Division of Vocational EducationDepartlent of Public Instruction

Lansing, lichigan

June, 1963

PREFACE

The following report is a summary of a pilot study fundedby the Vocational Education Division of the Department of PublicInstruction for the State of Michigan.

This project was initiated by the Research Committee ofthe Business Teachers ° Club of Metropolitan Detroit° Xt wasreviewed, refined, and approved by personnel from the DetroitPublic Schools, the University of Michigan, and Wayne State Uni-versity° In the development and refinement of the pilot study,consultations were held with representatives of business associa-tions, labor, management, and government.

Those involved in the development and approval of theproposal include:

A° From the Detroit Public pohools:10 Dro Samuel Brownell, Superintendent of Schools2 Mrs Leslie Whaley Director of Business Education3. Miss Jeanne Reed, Supervisor of Business Eduoation

(and Chairman of the Research Committee of theBusiness Teachers Club of Metropolitan Detroit)

40 Miss Ann Lind, Supervisor of Retailing Education50 Mr, Willard Clark, Mr. Harry Baker, Dr. Louise

Harris, Mr° Clyde Kammerer, Mr. Philip Baird, MissMary Smith, and Mrs. Hannah Walker, bueinessteachers.

Bo From the University of Midhigan:1. Dean Willard Olson, School of Education20 Dr. Frank W. Lanham, School of Education.

0. From Wayne State University1. Dean F. CO Rosecrance, College of Education2. Dr. Joseph Hill, College of Education3. Mr. Clifford PL, VariBuskirk, Grant and Contract

Officer4. Dr. Fred S. Cook, College of Education5. Dr. Alfred Mayer and Mrs. Rosemary Reid, Institute

for Urban and Regional Studies.

Wayne State University was designated as the fiscal agentfor the project.

0 ONTENTS

PartI0 SUMMARY: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS

Conclusions poosol0000000caeonoseiboaoc000solia0Recommendations 000 00 400000011 006 00 00 6 a000

II* STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe Problem 000000000000000 000m00.0,0000000The Objectives 0000000ae00000000act000000000 00

TII0 METEODS OF PRO°ProceduresInstrumentOutline ofInstrumentOutline ofInstrumentOutline of

EDUBE

000,0000,0.SurveyB 000,0SurveyO 000.0Survey

Page

1

2

334

506 000000 060 OOOOO ass A 5

* 0 all0 0005110 00000000000 00000 6Procedures Used in Study .0 6O 00,00000,,0000.0.00.0.00 11Procedures Used in Study co 12OOOOOOOOOOOOO 00 a 0 o 14

Procedures Used in Study 0, 14

1V0 FINDINGS 17Instrument A aoocoos0000moc0000000000 17Instrument D 000, 011136 0 00 0001,,0,I,0000 19Instrument 0 0 o0 o0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 co0o0 0oooc0 000

APPENDICES0000000p0000000000eaaoos 0 1.0 CI 0 0 110 0 0

iii

22

23

?ART I

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This pilot project, DETROIT STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OFHIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION FOR ENTRANCE INTO THE WORLD OF WORK, wasfinanced by Vocational Eduoation Funds from the Michigan Depart-ment of Public Instruction. It was a cooperative undertaking,initiated by the Research Committee of the Business Teacher&Club of Metropolitan Detroit and oo-sponsored 'by the DetroitPublic Schools, the University of Michigan and Wayne StateUniversity,

The study was devised to accomplish two primary objectivee:

A.0 To develop and field test research techniques, in-struments and procedures for the systematic collectionof data relevant tolo Entry job requirements and opportunities for inex-

perienced high school leavers.2 Post high school work history of high school

leavers.Bo To develop a proposal for a long range research program

utilizing these research techniques, instruments, andprocedures and to submit this proposal to an organiza-tion for funding.

Conclusions

A.0 The procedures Tor contacting a valid sampling ofemployers was developed and vested in the city ofFerndale. The techniques and instruments used areappropriate and apparently provide an effective meansof determining the type, quantity and requirementsfor the job available to students without previouework experience°

Bo These instruments and procedures, 'with limited modi-fioations, can be adapted to a larger study and shouldprovide relevant data for subsequent curriculuminnovations

Co The instruments used for the follow-up of high schoolgraduates were effective, but tae procedures for con-tacting non-graduates needs more time for developmentthan was available in the pilot study°

Do The interview technique seems to be the most eiblevantin terms of the data required° Special attention mustbe given to an adequate training period for allinterviewers°

E0 The *seed moneyo provided by the Department of PublicsInstruction enabled the research committee to secureadequate time and technical assistance for the development of a long range proposal°

Recommendations

A0 The materials developed as a result of this pilotstudy should be revised and incorporated into a requestfor funding of a two to three year study by the UnitedStates. off ice of Education° Preliminary steps havebeen taken along these lines which lead the researchersto believe that such a proposal will be favorablyreceived°

Bo Alternate methods for the selection of the employersample should be investigated in future studieeo

Co The interviewing procedures should be simplified sothat only one instrument will be used in the future°For example, Niegt113 interviews would be held withemployers who indicated a positive inclination to hirerecent school leavers° in the present study, a secondinstrument and a second sampling was developedo Thisadded to the time and expense of oolleoting data, aswell as to the difficulty of asse'ising the resultso

PART II

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The Problem

In the Detroit Metropolitan Area, there are many skilledworkers whose occupations are being changed by automation and othertechnological developments, How have these changes affected thenumber and type of ,entry,1913?* There is evidence that youth inthe Detroit Area who have not developed their talents or skillsconstitute a major portion of the "hard core" of unemployed,Consequently, questions are being raised about the development ofspecial skills to meet the changing job opportunities for highschool students-drop-outs as well as graduates,

Most of the studies made to date have been concerned withthe exceptional student, Little research has been done concerningskill needs of the office and distributive occupations, lets thissegment of the high school curriculum accounts for approximatelyone-third of the total high school enrollment, Furthermorev, itprovides one of the few opportunities for high school students tosecure initial employment in jobs requiring special training andskills, Therefore it is reasonable to ask what abilities andskills mark a youngster as being talented for the changing 41obmarket,

The new job requirements necessitate consideration ofeffective modifications in the high school and post-high schoolcurricula in order to prepare students to utilize their talentsin the world of work, Concurrent changes must also be consideredin the teacher education programs--both pre-servioe and in-service,

The Michigan Employment Security Commission and othergovernment agencies haves for example, data relative to the numberof clerical, and kindred workers currently employed, as well asprojected employment, They have not, however9 determined thespecific entr obss nor the skills needed by inexperienced highschool bus nese s udents to secure these initial office anddistributive jobs,

To date, no systematic procedures have been developed toapply sampling teohniques (as used by the Gallup Institute) for

*Entry job-- first, full-time job (minimum 35 hour week and hiredon permanent basis) with no previous full-time experiencein a related field,

ilkillMbildbille war arm

oollecting data concerning entry ob opportunities and require-ments. Nor, have these techniques een applied to the systematiccollecting of data concerning the post high school activities ofdrop outs and graduates in the world of work. Without such data,no effective changes can be made in the curriculum.

The.91212211=2

The primary objecti7es of the pilot study were:

A. To lay the groundwork for the preparation of validsampling techniques and survey instrument 'orexample:1. To develop and test instruments to gather data

relevant to quantity and types of entry jobsavailable in a selected community and the con-comitant talents demanded by business for thesejobs.

2. To develop and. test instruments to gather dataconcerning work activities of recent school leaversin a selected community (drop outs and graduates)as they relate to entry jobs.

B. To prepare a proposal for a lung-range research programutilizing these research techniquesp instruments andprocedures and submitting this proposal to the UnitedStates Office of Education for funding.

It is hypothesized that the instruments, techniques, andprocedures developed in the pilot study and refined in the subse-quent long-range research project will be applicable to othercurricula and to other geographical areas.

PART III

METHODS OF PROCEDURE

Procedures

For purposes of this study it wfs determined that it wouldbe necessary to confine the sampling to a specific community withinthe Detroit Metropolitan Area, rather than attempt to do the studywithin the city of Detroit° Ferndale was selected because of ,..tssize (in terms of total busidi-ii-ahterprises), its location andaccessibility for interviewing, and the availability of personnelwilling to cooperate with the researchers in this project© Thispersonnel included representatives from the public schools and thecity government°

Three basic instruments were developed to collect datarelevant to objective A above° The following is a brief ex-pima-tion of the purpose of each instrument: (See Appendix Seen forcomplete details)

Instrument AA -To survey all the types of business and717trAmiTal firms in the community to determiao:10 The past, present and future entry job olopor-

tunities for current high school leavetts (anyperson between iges of l8-21)0

20 In what segment (or segments) of the businees andindustrial community does the greater probabilityexist for entry job opportunities for the currenthigh school leaver?

Instrument fl To survey those segments of the business andEargEnal community which offer the greatest entryjob opportunities for the current high school leaversto determine:

The past, present, and immedLAue ''uture job opper-tunities for the current high school leavers,

20 The specific employer demands for those entry jobsin terms of educational training and skillsc

Instrument C--To survey the current high school leavers in'Erlialimity to determine the employment patterns

of students after leaving high school©

The research design which was developed to accomplish theabove objectives included methods for obtaining a statisticcllyvalid sample, the collection of relevant data, and the analysis

of the data as it related to these objectives. The balance ofthis section will be devoted to a description of these proaeduresas they relate specifically to each individual instrument,

Instrument A

This instrument was designed to determine the number andtypes of jobs available through a survey of all the types ofbusiness and industrial firms in the community, There were twobroad questions to be answered:

A, What is the past$ present, and immediate future entryjob opportunities for current school leavers in thiscommunity?

B What segment of the business community offers thegreatest entry jtio opportunities for current highschool leavers?

The survey instrument which was developed to secure answersto these two broad questions also attempted to secure data on

A60 What are the attitudes of employers towards hiringhigh school graduates and non-graduates with no pre-vious full-time work experience?

B, What hiring patterns have been utilized by employersduring the past two years regarding high schoolgraduates and drop-outs with no previous full-timeexperience?

00 For what types of jobs were these high school graduatesand dropouts hired? What courses and skills wererequired for these jobs?

D, What will be the total number of entry jobs availablefor the next year$ for high school graduates and drop-outs with no previous full-time experience?

Outline of Survey Procedures Used in _the ate

A. Sampling Design10 The sampling theory which seems most appropriate

for accumulating the kinds of information deemednecessary in this survey, is that of a probabilitysample, The reason for this choice is to insurethe probability that each unit of the populationhas the opportunity to be included in the sample.Population defined for the purposes of this surveyis all business and industrial firms in a givencommunity,

2 The sampling form which appears to be most advan-tageous for the collecting of relevant information

..

7

is a stratified random sample. The basis for thisstratification would be *type" of business or in-dustry. The reason for this choice is the needto obtain a sample representation of all the jobentry opportunities for a given commit-1Tb, whichis identical with the job entry opportunities forthe total population,

30 Steps for obtaining this sampling form:a, Obtain a complete listing of all business and

industrial firms,b. Classify all business and industrial firms

according to a standardized code which indicatesthe I'm of business or industry in which thefirm is engaged. (eg., Al hdbetical Index ofOocupations and Industries issued rEFCaloenW tenornommerce='

(30 Stratify the population on the basis of thisstandardized code*

d. Within each strata, each unit is assigned arandom number (selected from a table of randomnumbers)* Then these units are re-arrangedwithin each strata, in sequence, from lowestto highest number*

e* Now it must be determined what per oent eachstrata represents of the total population anda sample drawn randomly from each strata whichrepresents the same percentage of the sampleas that strata represents of the total popula-tion, (ego, total number of firms in givencommunity equals 1,000, Construction firmsconstitute 20 of this total, Therefore, con-struction firms represent 2% of the totalpopulation* Therefore, if the sample size isto be 200 oases, the four construction firmsmust be included,

4 Results of the application of sample form in surveycommunity:a. A listing of all business and industrial firms

for the survey community was obtained from thepersonal property tax rolts. These roles wereborrowed. from the Office of the Tax Assessor*The information available on these roles in-cluded the name of firm and address at whichthe personal property tax was assessed for theyear 1962,

bo these firms were then assigned the properStandard Industrial Classification, represent-ing their type of business, according to theU.S. Bureau of Census, 1950 Census of PotgAla-tion, Alphabetical Index "o' OccupatrEnbearirm"-,Industries evised D.00,1060. Phone contact was utilized to clarity,in many oases, the actual tie of businessengaged in by firms, to assure reliable classi-fication.

-"11115111011PIWEIRMS411111A'7217-1.',77:-"-.7.71r;!,75t,--',.77f T.:17'm'.

8

cs, The total number of firms (N.756) were thenstratified on the basis of their classifioa-tion, beginning with Construction firms(SIC #246) and ending with Professionalservices firms (SIC #899),

d. The units within each strata were then assigneda random number and re-arranged by randomnumber from lowest to highest number,

e. Selection of the sample:1) The number of firms for each strata were

then totaled and the per cent that eachstrata represented of the total populationwas determined (See Table 1, Col, 10 P. 9),

2) In order to insure the selection of two ormore firms from each strata for the survey,it was deemed necessary to select a totalsample of 200 In actual practice it isimpossible to interview, for example, 406firms, which would be the theoreticalnumber required based upon Col, 1 (for Con-struotion firms), so that for the purposeof sample selection, the number of firmsselected was based upon the per cent thateach strata represented of the total popu-lation "rounded off" to the nearest wholenumber (See Table 1, Colo 2),

Following the completion of the interviews it becomesnecessary to compare the number of interviews actually completedwith the original sample (See Table 1, Col. 3), The purpose forthis comparison is to insure that each strata is represented inthe final results by the same per cent that exists in the totalpopulation, The degree of variation which exists between per oentof firms in a given strata and the per cent of firms for whichinterviews were completed, must be examined in order to deterninethe degree of bias that might possibly enter into the final resultsof the data oolleoted,

Of the total sample drawn (N2200)0 77% of the firms selectedwere contacted. The remaining 23% were incomplete for the followingreasons:

900 - Out of Business (temporarily or permanently)500 - Unable to schedule appointment305 - Hiring done outside survey community400 - Incorrectly identified on tax assessors roles105 - Refused to answer questionnaire

Total

If this survey were to be repeated, it would be safe toassume the necessity of eliminating such a high rate of inoompletedinterviews (24%)0 Several solutions are possible: "over- sampling,"substitution of other firms within a given strata, or, statisticallyweighting the obtained responses during the analysis stage of thesurvey,

TABLE 1

COMPARISON OF TOTAL POPULATION

WITH SAMPLE DRAWN AND INTERVIEWS COMPLETED

1

Column 1

Total

number

r firma in

communit

Column 2

Total number

of sample

drawn

Column

Total

of interviews

completed

N

3number

4

%'

Column 4

Difference

between

Columns 1 &

3.

Column 5

'

"Critical Ratio"

Test of significance

of difference between

Columns 1 &

SIC

N%

N%

246 .rScagiliction

886 . Mf:

Durable

MN

110

14.6

4

30

200

3200

I- Q3

08

1500

24

1506

+100

o3

40 x'472 .2_,:j.1.1

AiL

aIst

urab

le

5:12...11.1WAVAWIML

.

606.626 . Wholesale Trade

10

500

74.6

. o3

200._

200

2.0

00

00

85

26

11.2

34.8

22 0

11.0 .0

17

r

1100

"0

- 02

+ .

_

007.

02

1.

8Retail Trade

Financial,

46 . Real Estate

Ins.

6.0

0+ 04

.8

......

.16 .

;Business Services

48

60

600

11111111111

-

.1.

2.8 *.

846.84 . Personal Services

64

8.4

16

8.0

4. .7

203

Entertainment

: 8.

IMINIMINIMMI

+ .6

200

Professional

:,: :-:

811.8

24

12.0

1'

11.0

. .8

TOTAL

756

99.9%200

100%

154

100029

.

At this point a test of significance was applied to deter.,

mine whether or not the completed sample (14.154) reliably measuredthe characteristics of the population from which it was drawn°

The task of the test of significance, therefore, was tomeasure to what degree a statistical variation existed betweenthe percentage a given strata represented in the population andthe percentage actually contacted in the sample°

lietos look at the industrial category of Construction tosee how this test was applied°

Step 10

Step 20

The standard error of the difference between the percentagebetween the population percentage (See Colo 1), 203, andthe sample percentage (See Colo 3), 200, was oomputed0

The critical ratio was then calculated and evaluated inlight of Pearl's Table° This table establishes that ifthe critical ratio lies between 000 and 1096 it can beassumed that there is no difference between the percentageof the strata represented in the population and the per-centage represented in the completed sample,;,

Column 5 indicates that all but two of the strata fall with-in these limits of confidence and therefore the differences betweenthe percentages are not significant°

There is some question in the case of business and personalservices as to just how reliably the firms contacted in the samplemeasure these strata as they exist in the population° In the caseof business services, the probability that differences which occurare baled upon "realty differences as opposed to sampling variationsis 05 in 100; for personal services the probability is 201 in 1000This indicates that in interpreting the results represented bythese strata, the question must be continually kept in mind as tohow reliably the sample of firma in these strata portray a 'areal"

picture of the charaoteristics of the firma in these strata in the

population° In other words, the degree of error to which a gen-eralization about these two strata may be sUbject°

The possibility of such errors occurring is greatly in-creased when the sample is small° By virtue of stratifying thissample, we°ve reduced the sampling numbers to such a level as tomake it extremely important to obtain the same number of completed

interviews as are determined necessary in the sample computation,in order to insure the reliability of the information obtained°

B° Method of Data Collection10 The method selected for collection of data which

would best satisfy the objectives of this surveywas the administration by personal interview ofa structured questionnaire°

20 Reasons for selection of this method:a0 Personal interviews yield a much better sample

, ..sw.,----...?m4ttliswitgyi.

11

of the general population. In the case ofmailed questionnaires the return might varyfrom ten to fifty per cent. The biasingeffect of such a high refusal rate could easilydestroy any valid conclusions based upon thevariables used for stratification.

b. As this survey is designed to measure attitudesas well as facts, it is important that theperson who responds on behalf of his companyis the person res onsible for the hiring ofpersonnel, rather t an another party, who'sonly indirectly engaged in this procedure.Personal contact will allow the interviewerthe opportunity to appraise the validity ofthe respondents position, as well as hisgeneral attitude towards hiring of this "type"of employee.

30 Following revision of the instrument based upon apre-test of the original form, the attached instru-ment became the tool by which it was deemed thekinds of information sought could best be obtained(See Instrument A, Appendix A),

4 Four interviewers two teachers from the DetroitSchool System, and two teachers from the FerndaleSchool System, were given a brief training session,specifying procedures for the use of the question-naire. They were then sent into the survey com-munity with data on firms to be contacted and theinstruments to be administered.

5. Upon return of the forms the responses were codedand tabulated.

Instrument B

Instruments A and B were designed to survey the same basicpopulation, namely the business and industrial firms in a givencommunity. The difference between the accomplishment of the twoinstruments rests in what units of the population are to besurveyed.

Instrument A was designed to survey all business and in-dustrial firms.

Instrument B was designed to survey those segments of thebusiness and industrial community which offer the greatest entryjob opportunities for the current high school graduates and/ordrop-out. It is essentially a depth interview to secure moredefinitive information on the following points: (See Appendix B)

Ao What are the attitudes of employers towards hiringschool leavers with no previous full-time workexperience?

DK; ne

:ana:zarv=7,:2%,

12

B0 What hiring patterns have been utilized by employersduring the past two years regarding high school leaverswith no previous full-time experience?

0, For what types of jobs were these high school leavershired? What courses and skills were required for thesejobs?

D0 What are the employers practices in connection with thefollowing:1° Checking on applicantos ability and educational

background,2, Testing of prospective employees,

E0 How do employers rate specific high school courses asprerequisites for employment?

ry d dfrt t4 f

A0 Sampling Design., -Due to the identical nature of thepopulation being surveyed the same procedures were usedwith this instrument to obtain a statistically validsampling form0

selection of the saapl.eBased upon the tabulation of the data supplied by Question

6, Instrument A, a determination was made as to which segment ofthe business and industrial community offered the greatest entry,!ob opportunities for the current high school leaver, The threeindustrial categories, which combined, supplied 74% of the employ-ment opportunities for high school leavers were selected:

Industrial Category

Manufacturing of Durable ProductsWholesale TradesRetail Trade

Total

Number of

49 - 3006%21 - 1301%4$ - 44)

As the unit of o ulation is the business and industrial firm Itbecomes eoeeeary to correlate the following two factors beforedetermining the size of the sample to be selected:

10 Per cent of entry job o ortunities?20 Per cent of firms offering t ese dbs?

The method used for this correlation is as follows:10 Determine the percentage distribution of entry job

opportunities per industrial oategory020 Determine the percentage distribution of firms

offering these jobs per industrial category°30 Determine the per oent of employment per firm° (egot

in the case of those firms engaged in the manu-facturing of durable products, each firm offers101 job opportunities per firm).

4. Determine the number of firms it will be necessaryto contact in order to obtain the same per cent ofentry job opportunities as exists per industrialcategory, (ego, for those firms engaged in themanufacture of durable goods: it would be necessaryto contact 38.2% of the firms in order to insurethat you had explored 42% of the "entry job market" )a

50 The total number of firms that are classified inthese three industrial categories in the populationof the survey community are 458 (See Colo 1, Table1). A total of 12S of these firms were selected forcontact with Instrument A, (See Col. 2, Table 1),leaving a remainder of 3360 It was then determinedthat a sample of 50 would represent the three cate-gories adequately° Column 4 gives the necessarynumber of firms to contact per 100 firms; therefore,by dividing these percentages by 2, we arrive atthe required number of firms to be oontaotedo

Following the completion of the interviews it becomesnecessary to compare the number of interviews actually completedwith the original sample° Of the total sample drawn (N050), 88%of the firms selected: were contacted.

The test of significance discussed earlier was thenapplied to the per cent differences to determine whether or notthe completed sample ( N=44): reliably measured the population fromwhich it was drawn, It is also indicated that the three stratafall within the limits of confidence, 000 to 1096, and thereforedo represent the population from which they were selected°

Bo Method of Data Collection10 The method selected for collection of data which

would best satisfy the objectives of this surveywas the administration by personal interview of astructured questionnaire.

2* The reasons for selection of this method are statedon Page 5.

30 Following revision of the instrument based upon apretest of the original form, the attached instru-ment betarue the tool by which it was deemed thekinds of information sought could best be obtained(See Instrument B, Appendix B),

40 Two interviewers were hired by the Urban ResearchLaboratory at Wayne State University, and followinga brief training session: they were sent into thesurvey community with data on firms to be contactedand the instruments to be administered.

5. Upon return of the forms the responses were codedand tabulated.

Instrument C

14

This instrument was designed to determine employment patternsof recent 8011001 leavers, with specific reference to entry coma-pations. The instrument (See Appendix C) was divided into threemajor sections:

A. General background information. This included questionson marital status, high school curriculum, militaryexperience, additional education after high school.

B. Employment information, for initial entry, .102 andcurrent employment status.

C. General information on the high school experience.How could they have been better prepared to enter theworld of work?

Part B was the most comprehensive section, and was the onethat furnished the most valuable information concerning post highschool work activities.

911111112141=txpragpdures used for this instrument

A. Sampling Design1. The sampling form which apnears to be most advan-

tageous for the collecting of relevant informationis a simple random sample. The reason for thischoice is that it gives eaoh high school graduateand drop-out in the population an equal ohance ofbeing included in the sample as well as any combination of high school graduates and drop-outs.

2. Steps for obtaining this sampling forma. Obtain a complete listing of all "current"

high school graduates and drop-outs for thesurvey community.

b. Assign random numbers to each item to eliminateany systematic order,

o. Select the desired number units to be in-cluded in the sample by use of the assignedrandom number.

3. Results of the application of sample form insurvey communitya. A listing of a particular segment of the cur-

rent high school graduates and drop-outs forthe survey community was obtained from theBoard of !duoation, which provided the namesof the graduates and their address at the timeof graduation.

Although in theory "current" refers toall high school graduates and drop-outs

15

between the Ages of 16-22, it was decided becauseof a time limitation for purposes of the pilotstudy the most expeditious listing obtainablewas the class list of a specific graduation class.

The class list of the June 1960 graduateswas obtained° This 1960 class "ras selected asthe time period would compare favorably with theperiod of time for which information was obtained

from the employers. (The employers were questionedin December 1962 as to their hiring practices forthe previous two year period of timea)

1) Practical problems which occurred in sampleselection which prevented a "trues randomsample of the population from being selecteda) The only information that the Board of

Education was able to make available wasa list of graduates. All the informationcollected refers to this group and has norelevance to the experience of drop-outsin the survey community.

b) As the last information available on thelocation of these grAduates was two andone-half years old, this brings up thequestion of "mobility"--bow many wouldstill be residing at the same address?In order to insure contact with a satis-factory number of respondents, telephonecontact was initially utilized to determinewhether or not the flmily still residedat their 1960 address. If they did not,an attempt was made to trace the familyto their correct location.

Thus the population from which the sampleselection was drawn was the graduation class of1960 who were locatable in December 1962. Thisconstituted a total number of 366 from theoriginal class size of 444.

bo Random numbers were then assigned to the unitsof the population.

c, It was then determined that by contacting 10 ofthe population a reliable measurement of the totalpopulation would be provided, so fifty-five unitsof the population were selected random177

Following the completion of the interviews it becomes neces-sary to compare the number of interviews actually completed with

the original sample. The critical ratio indicates that both groupsof completed interviews reliably measure the characteristics ofthe population from which they were drawn, This table indicates

L

16

contact was made with 52 of the total sample drawn. However inthe case of 13 of those graduates contacted, the interviewer wasunable to interview them personally and therefore obtained the in-

formation contained in Part I of the questionnaire from a member

of the respondent's family.

The explanations for those interviews which were only com-pleted through Part I provides the following distribution of reasons:

Respondents Reason8 Away in service4 Away at school1

r..Mnrried, out of state

13 Total

B. Method of Data Collection1. The method selected for collection of data which

would best satisfy the objectives of this surveywas the administration by personal interview ofa structured questionnaire.

2. The reasons for selection of this method are dis-cussed on Page 54 It should be noted that thissurvey is designed to measure the attitudes ofcurrent high school leavers as well as facts, andtherefore it is important that the interviewerbe prepared to clarify these "attitude" questions,for the purpose of obtaining information which canbe classified for nurposes of measurement.

3. Following revision of the instrument based upona pre-test of the original form, the attachedinstrument became the tool by which it was deemed,the kinds of information sought could best beobtained (see Instrument Oh

4. Might interviewers, hired through the Urban Re-search Laboratory of Wayne atecto Univergity, werethen given a brief training eession, specifyingprocedures for the use of the questionnaire. It

was felt that a greater number of interviewerswere neeessery for the administration of thisinstrument, as the time for contacting the respon-dents was limited.

5, Upon return of the form the responses were codedand tabulated.

PART IV

FINDINGS

Instrument A

Question: What are the attitudes of employers towards hiring highschool leavers with no previous full-time work experience2

Answer: Of those responding to this question, 59% (11154) indi-cated a willingness to hire inexperienced high schoolleavers.

Question: What hiring patterns have been utilized by employersduring the past two years regarding high school leaverswith no previous full-time work experience?

Answer: Of the total firms interviewed (Nm154), only 53 firms, or34 lutLmaggly.palfuls4 school leavers*

QUestion:

Answer:

Four industrial classifications accounted for 78% ofthe hiring:Malufacturing of durable products 26% of the totalWholesale trade 17% * *

Retail trade 26% *

Professional services 9% 0 N It

The remaining 22% is distributed among the remainingseven categories.

For what types of jobs were these high school leavershired?

The types of occupations for which male and female highschool graduates, with no previous work experience, werehired in the past two years have been grouped accordingto the standardized occupational codes*

The following four general categories represent 83% ofthe job opportunities offered by the firms interviewedfor the males hired:Clerical and kindred workers 1607%Sales workers 1101Operatives and kindred workers 3601Laborers (Misoo) 190 4

Total Ira%

Question:

Answer:

18

The following two general categories represent 88% ofthe job opnortunities offered by firms interviewed forfemales hired:Clerical and kindred workers 7500%Operatives and kindred workers 130 0

Total

A summary of the industr'al categories indicates thatthe following represent 75% of the past employmentopportunities offered by firms interested in male highschool graduates with no previous work experience:Mfg0 Durable products 3300%Wholesale trade 1101Retail trade 300 6

Total

It should be noted that the combined categories of whole-sale and retail trade constitute 54% of the past employ-ment opportunities for female high school graduates withno previous work experience, The next industry whichrepresent of the jobs available for this group is thatof manufacturing of durable products. These are thesame industrial categories which offered the major em-ployment opportunities for males,

Male Female

Mfg0 Durable products 137% "OrldrWholesale trade 1101 330 3

Retail trade 300 6 200 8

Totals Y6 ff043

What will be the total number of entry jobs availablefor the next year, for high school graduates and drop-outs with no previous full-time experience?

The employment picture for this "type" of employee inthe year to come appears to differ very little from thepicture as it has existed for the past two years, Of

the firms interviewed, 66A indicated that it had nothired this type of employee in the last two years, and69% of the firma interviewed indicated that they had nointention of hiring any such employees in the upcomingyear° An additional note must be made at this pointregarding the 16% of the firma which indicated an un-certainty as to the number of employment opportunitiesfor the next year, All of the firms who responded inthis manner, indicated that 'cif needed," these employeeswould be hired, and in some oases they prooeeded togive two conditione, either as replacements, or ifbusiness improved*

19

Instrument B

1191estion: What are the attitudes of employers towards hiring highschool graduates with no previous full-time work experi-ence?

Answers As previously stated, this particular question was de-signed to measure the tlinelination" of employers tohiring high school graduates with no previous full.timeexperience as opposed to whether or not they havehired such employees,

The data would indicate that 80% expressed a positiveinclination towards hiring high school graduates, while20$ expressed a negative ine/ination. These figuresrepresent a ratio of four out of every five firms ex-pressing a willingness to hire high school graduateswith no previous work experience,

When these responses are compared to similar responsesfor Instrument A.0 we find an increase in willingness tohire from three out of five to four out of five firms,This increase is to be 9mIeted as we are sulmealxEgormaie Eikeog of the business whichidTer the gyealiest _________,_entrijArii4TsseMiinies for thecmrrerirIaria5752517itgala MEM;Firms engaged in Retail Trade indicated a definitepreference to hiring females exclusively, with a smallpercentage (12%) expressing an inclination toward hiringboth males and females, One might conclude that jobopportunities for males exist to a greater degree infirms engaged in the manufacturing of durable products,while job opportunities for females exist to a greaterdegree in firms engaged in retail trade, and that; firmsengaged in wholesale trade displays no appreciablepreference.

Due to a revision in Instrument B, more accurate infor-mation wes'obtatned concerning the employers attitudetoward hiring non-graduates, The Information receivedon Instrument A dealt with these two groups on a combinedbasis, while Instrument. B yielded information dealingwith the hiring of high school graduates and comparableinformation dealing with the hiring of high school non-graduates.

The data would indicate that the employers interviewedwere not as likely to hire non-graduates as graduates,Of those firms contacted, 50% indicated a positive in-clination toward hiring non-graduates, while 50% indi-cated a negative inclination.

Question:

Answer:

Question:

Answer:

It should also be mentioned that those firms contactedindicated a very noticeable preference to hiring malenon-graduates as opposed to hiring female non-graduates,Almost four out of every five firms interviewed indicateda preference to male as opposed to female non-graduateemployees,

What hiring patterns have been utilized by employersduring the past two years regarding high school graduatesand drop-outs with no previous work experience full-time?

Now as to the question of the hiring patterns of specificsegments of the business community for the past twoyears, 41% of those firms oorxtacted actually have hiredhigh school graduates with no previous work experiencewhile 59% of those firms contaczed have not, Now inviewing the 41% of the firms who have hired this "type"of employees we see that half of these firms are engagedin the manufacturing of durable products,

These firms hired a total of 100 such employees, 81% ofwhich were males and 19% of which were females, Almost80% of this total was hired by firms engaged in manu-faoturing of durable products, It should also be notedthat .e2,2 of the male hired were hired asin le fn7leaving-bifly-5-0405r6YarTiaTTSUlad amonge remaining 17 firms, For every five new employees

hired, one of these was a high school graduate with noprevious full-time work experience,

For what types of jobs were these high school graduatesand dropouts hired? What courses and skills were re-quired for these jobs?

The types of jobs for which male and female graduateswith no previous full-time work experience have beenhired during the past two years are primarily clericaland operative, Of the job opportunities offered, 46%were in the clerical oategory and 27% of the employmentopportunities tell in the general category of operatives*The same two standard occupational categories offeredthe greatest entry job opportunities for the non-graduates with no previous full-time work experience,

For those firms who hired high school graduates with noprevious full-time work experiences the following is asummary of the courses and/or skills required (demanded)as a prerequisite for employment:None 36%Courses with business background 36%Courses with math background 28%

21

For the non-graduates 60% of the jobs offered requiredno courses or skills and 40% required skills related toa business badkgroundo

Question: What are the employers° practices in connection withthe following: 10 Checking on applicant's ability andeducational background; and 20 testing of prospectiveemployee&

Answer: Of those firms contacted, 7$ never contact an applioant'shigh school regarding his or hirallity and educationalbackground, 18% occasionall contact the high schooland 11% an is oontact he -igh school°

For those firms who indicated that they always or atleast occasionally contact the school, 77% of the firmscontact the principal directly°

Of those firms contacted, 86% do not test prospectiveemployees° Of the remaining 14% that do test, 2/3 ofthe firms require no minimum score for these testswhich they administer°

Question:

Answer:

What will be the total number of entry jobs availablefor the next years for high school graduates and drop-outs with no previous full-time experience?

The employment picture for this type of employee in theyear to come appears to be tdentioal to the picture asit has existed for the past two years° Of the firmsinterviewed, 59% indicated that they had not hired thistype of employee in the last two years, and 59% of thefirms interviewed indicated that they had no intentionof hiring any such employees in the upcoming year°

Of these prospective employees, 91% will probably bemale with only 9% possible employment opportuniUesfor females°

Once again, the contingency basis for the uncertainty asto prospective employment for the upcoming year seemsto be dependent on the need for replacements and possiblebusiness improvement°

question:

Answer:

Question:

Answer:

Question:

Answer:

Question:

Answers

22

Instrument 0

What type of businesses employed students contacted(N0390)?

The type of business of their current employer may besummarized:Manufacturing of durable products 19%Wholesale Trade 15%Retail Trade 15%Professional Services 19

Total

The remaining 32% were distributed among the remainingfive categories°

When did you begin full-time employment?

Of the respondents, 56% had been employed for a periodof time extending from at least a year to two and ahalf years°

Of the respondents, 26% had been employed lees than sixmonths by their current employer°

Only 8% of those contacted are technically "out of worko"

In the case of 65% of the respondents, they are stillemployed in the same job they had upon leaving highsohoolo In other words, these students are still takingadvantage of their "initial entry" job opportunitieso

What is the present occupation classification of thosestudents who are presently working?

The present occupstional classification of those who wereemployed would indicate that 48% of them are employed inclerical occupations, 17% as service workers, and 13% asoperatives° The remaining 22% are distributed in fourother general oategorieso

Did :/-ou have any business retailing, or other specialtraining while in high school:

Of the respondents, 39% had no business, retailing, orother special training while in high school°

When analyzing the responses of the remaining 61% whodid have some business, retailing, or other specialtraining, we find that of the courses which they par-ticipated in, 41% of the specialized training was intyping and 19% in shorthand* The next significantwas office machines, which was mentioned in 10% of theoases°

Appendix A

INSTRUMENTA

INTERVIEU FOR ENTRY JOB SURVEY

PART I - INTRODUCTION

A0 Interviewer introduces himself and whom he represents,130 Explains the purpose of this survey,0, Obtains the following information on the firm:

1 Name of company..airlimmolisawisioNlgoolgyearas~glirm*a, Type of company

2, Address30 Person i

NameTit117---d."2"1"1"1.4"...".wme

40 Total number of employees50 Total number of office ayes s6 Total number of employees hired wJ"Iml'7ti.15.°':inhe last two years74 Interviewer80 Date90 LenerirrnileF9777' .minutes.

PART II - qUESTIONNA/RE

10 Would you hire high school graduates if they have had no previouswork experience? (Ages 16-22)Yes (Go to question 2)No (Go to question 3)Other,

2, Would these new employees be Male or Female?MaleFemaleBoth

3, Would you hire non-high school graduates if they have had noprevious work experience?Yes (Go to question 4)No (Go to question 5)Other

.Cia11.1010.0MR.1004111NOMORLearawslaarnanf/MMIftwompalm..?

40 Would these new employees be Male or Female?MaleFemale

""Both

5, Within the past two years have you hired any high school graduateswho have had no previous work experf.enoe?Yes (Go to question 6)No (Go to question 8)

6, How many were Male and/or Female?MaleFemale

For what specific jobs wwee they employ3d?

Title

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or skills did youDemand for the le jobs?

Description of .Tob

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9. Within the past two years have you Alird any high s,:lhool non-graduateswho have had no previous work experienca?

a. Yes (Go to question 0)b. No (Go to question 11)

9. How many were male and/or ferrale?

a. Maleb. Fenian

10, For what specific jobs were they employed?

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Title Descriptizm of job I ,ar skilas diE youJDEMAND for tinfis jots?

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331

llo Do you now employ high school co-op students?

A, Yes.

:5, If yes, how many and what type? Office.Retailingy&I

0. No

D, If no, have you hired them in the past?

Yes Number

No

l20 Do you expect to hire any high school graduates who had no previouswork experience during the next year? (and why, probe)

A, Yes (go to question 20)

B No (go to closing statement)

3.30 How many male and/or females?

Male

Female

Bo For what specific jobs?

Don't know

PART III: CONCLUDING STATRMENT

Appendix B

INSTRUMENT B

DEPTH INTERVIEW' FOR ENTRY JOB SURVEY.

PART I - INTRODUCTION

Ao Interviewer introduces himself and whew he represents.B. Explains the purpose of this survey,0, Obtains the following information on the firm:

1. Name of companya, Tyre of comogiTim-

2, Address3. Person irWer-- trirwear--4

NameTitle

4, TotaraintiFITTig1757air------5, Total number of office emlinyees6. Total number of employees hired Man the last two years.7, Interviewer8, Date9, LengteriaTirrtilev"="' 4.minutest.

Iftlimureuisue

sinymemoviwtrziero

CSAIMISMicrollem/14,10

PART II - qUELITIONNAIRE

1, Would you hire high schota graduates if they have had no previouswork experienoe? (Ages 16-22)Yes (Go to question 2)o (Go to question 3)

--Other

SI Would these new employees be male or female?Male

Female--Both

3. Would you hire non-high school graduates if they have had noprevious work experience?Yes (Go to question 4)No (Go to question 5)

--OthernOMOMOVIMMIMMInnronomit 010.101p4MVMSDagW,COOMMID

4, Would these new employees be male or female?Male

----FemaleThoth5. Within the past two years have you hired any high school graduates

who have had no previous work experience?Yes (Go to question 6)

--No (Go to question 8)

6. How many were male and/or female?Male

--Female

For what 8pec1 ficr.3oln were they eA ployed?

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a CI

How

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11 Do you now employ high stThool co-op students?

Yes

If yes now many and what types 3 Office. Retailing T&I

No

If no have you hired them in the past

YeEL 13 umber

NoINVIWINNWIF160,,WW:,

12, Do you always9 occasiona11y9 or never contact an applicantos highschool regarding his or her ability, and educational background beforeemployment?

A, Always (Go to quesion 13)

B. Occasionally (Go to question 13)

C. Never (Go to question 14)

13. Who do you contact (principal school counsllor9 business teache,) ?

Aso Principal

B., School counselor

C. Businems teacher

D0 Other

14, Do you test prospective employees?

A. Yes (Go to question 15)

B. No (Go to question 16)

15, What rat of test do you use and what is the name of

Type Name

General Intelligence. cGeneral Aptitude° 0G01.

o Other00.00.0. C 0 0

Achievement°0 .....,..0...,ed General.

0

this test?MinimumScoreRequired

O 04es wirowarnumwgrisowleffiemormalrmwarorgatsowitwairrocamowffluompoupownsaaionommistsowanvismoon

o

b. Is there a minimum score which Lou require for consideration onthese tests?Yes (if yeso fill in bes1de type test)No ItaiNardRefuseDon't knoir

16 Would you glance at tnis list of business subjects and tell me howimportant you feel these are as orerequisites for employment f, 1-

very important; 2-some valuta; 3-doubtful valueA. Background courses

Economics..Consumer SconomiosTconomic CAographyBusiness LawBusiness Organization and ManagementGeneral Business_

Bo SkillsBookXeepinBusiness Eng 4.Business MathBusiness Machines (What kind?)Merchandising.Office Practice.SalesmanshipShorthand

Retailing..

17, Do you now use electronic integra.t d data processing equipment?Yes (Go to question 19)No (Go to question 18)

lec Are you planning to use such equipment in the forseeable future?

YesNo

19, Do you expect to hire any high school graduates who had no n:17evioum

work experience during the next year? (and, why?)

A. Yes (Go to question 20)B. No (Go to closing stateFlent)

me How many male and/or females?MalenmaleBo EVF0171; specific jobs..

Don't know.

41WOOMMOVIWOOPOIVIOPIWWWWW.M.AMONrOWISIVIIMOSIMIW2

PART III: CONCLUDING STAMENT

INSTRUMENT C

INTERVIEW FOR HIGH SCHOOL FOLLOW-UP

Appendix C

PART I - INTRODUCTION AND PERSONAL DATA

Aw Interviewer introduces himself and whom he represents

B. Explains the purpose of this survey

C. Obtains the following information about the individual:

10 Name

20 Male Female

30 Hive you had any military experience?

Yes Branch of service No

Did you have any specialized training? Yes No

What kind?

4, Address

50 Married Single

6. High school attended

7, Year of graduation (or drop-out)Moe YEWari71W73771671Eira

80 High school majoriiiirgrsegijc"birstrierr"""

90 Have you had any further education since high school?

Yes Name of schoolDates attended

-71M7YIK:1706315F:No

PART II - EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE

1. What is the name of your present employer?(If not presently employed, go to question

20 What type of business is it?

10 What wc.a trJ,9 date when you began your employment at (name of fivra'T

Weannilowilltanswile. imalw.411111avieuatasar

14o, Yr,,

A. How many hours per week do you work?(Go to question 6)

4. How for g hRve you been unemployeWe From To7.1Q 07tiT7

What is the name of the firm that employed you prlor to yourunemplvyment?

What type of business is it?._

What w.s the date when you began your employment at (name of flvm)T

From yoRio o

5. What is the title of your presem, job (or job pill= to unenDloyment?)

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Would you describe the work you do (or did)'

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(IT presen104 employed ask) Are you presently in the position for whizhyou were originally hired?Yes 03 to question 6)Yee.,

Nhat was the position Tr which you were originally

hired?

60 Was this your first full-time job after leaving hig:a sohoo:,?

Yes (07.1 to question 8)No (G:# to question 7)

to What were your full-time jobs prior to your present employment?(List ohronologioally by date.)

Type of Job

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Length of Employment Reaeln for LeavingFrom To

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8 Did you have any business & retailing& or other speoial trainingwhile in high school?

Yes (List oourses below and number of semesters.)

No

Gouree Number of Semestere

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9, A. Were you on a co-op program?

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Yes What type? (Office, Retailing, Trade & Industry)

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No

IL Were you on a work experience program?

Yea

No

0, Did you hare any work experience during your high school sears?

Yes What kind of work and what are the dates?

Job DateProm To

Approx, Hrs. Ter Week

thP quoiono :!;.11 relatic;:a to your firstfull-tim emplyment

A, What mocific courF.les hf.',,iDee. you most in your Initial job?

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what otha'4. exnerienctos Itich as clubs, aotivitlesa or oonliaotwith speoitio t-elped you on your initial jo4?7i7

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:*f Vila following office maohines did you use (1) fritoAftntiyi (2) octeasionallye (3) never, on your fLnil;lal job?

(only re'.3ord '8 Ana 2re)11ace Use

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Look l;' 1:411k now O. V VI 37 your Zotal high 'sohool exnerienoit:

;mt 111;x'e were tha most benerimial? Why?

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B. What courses were the least beneficial? Why?

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C, What courses do you wish that youod taken? Why?

Course Reason

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Datewaiessrposaerkw.-4. rommomprornomurinsamem=a

Length of Interview

Interviewer