Renewable Power generation in India: Establishing Feasible Targets

Rangan BanerjeeDept of Energy Science and Engineering

Seminar at IIASA, Laxenburg June 4, 2008

India- Primary Commercial Energy

2003-4

Total comm

14000 PJ

Biomass 6500 PJ (33%)

Total

20500 PJ

19700 PJ (-non energy)

Hydro2.4%

Coal51.7%

Oil (D)9.8%

Oil Import24.9%

Nat gas9.1%

Wind0.2%

Nuclear1.8%

India - Fossil Fuel reserves

F u e l R e se rv e s P ro d n 2 0 0 3 -4

R /P ra tio

C o a l + L ig n ite

(M illio n T o n n e s ) 3 4 0 0 0 4 1 4 ~ 8 3 (P )

1 4 0 P + IO il (M illio n T o n n e s )

7 6 0 3 3 (1 1 7 )

2 3 (7 )

N .G a s B illio n m 3

9 2 0 3 2 2 9

U ra n iu m T o n n e s

6 1 0 0 0 P H W R ~ 5 0 1 0 G W

Data Source Plg Comm IEPC, 2006

NET POWER TO ULTIMATE CONSUMERS386000 MU (69 %)

58900MU

T & D LOSS175500 MU

31 %

ENERGY AVAILABLE 562000 MU

AUX.CON.41600 MU

(7 %)

STEAM424000 MU

( 71 %)

HYDRO84600 MU

(14 %)

GAS61500 MU

(10 %)

NUCLEAR17000 MU

(3 %)

RENEWABLES7100 MU

(1 %)

GROSS GENERATION 594000 MU

Import ( other countries)1700 MU

AUX.CON.5400 MU

(8 %)

7100 MU

8800 MU

Captive Generation71400 MU

RESIDENTIAL95700 MU

(21 %)

COMMERCIAL31400 MU

(7 %)

TRACTION9500 MU

(2 %)WATER WORKS ,

PUMPING & LIGHTING 14600 MU

( 3 %)

AGRICULTURAL88600 MU

( 20 %)

OTHERS8900 MU

(2 %)

INDUSTRIAL POWER (HV + LV)

196500 MU(44 %)

GROSS ENERGY CONSUMPTION 445000 MU

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Cap

acity

Add

ition

(MW

)

Annual Capacity Additions

India - Electricity Sales

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Elec

tric

ity S

ales

(GW

h)

S

Need for Alternatives

Fossil fuel reserves limitedIndia - 17% of World population, 4% of primary energyPresent pattern – predominantly fossil based (87% comm, 64% total)52% of households unelectrifiedLinkage between energy services and quality of life

Renewable Energy Options

Wind Solar Small

Hydro Biomass

Tidal Energy

Wave EnergyOcean Thermal Energy

Solar Thermal

Solar Photovoltaic

Geothermal*

Power Generation Options

Power Generation

CentralisedGrid Connected

Cogeneration/Trigeneration

DecentralisedDistributed Generation

Isolated

Demand Side Management (Solar Water Heater,

Passive Solar)

Geothermal/OTEC/Tidal/Wave

World Cost Estimates

Geothermal COMMERCIAL 8240 MW 4c/kWh$2000/kW No Indian experience50 MW plant J & K planned

Tidal PROTOTYPE 240 MWFRANCE

LF 20%No Indian experience (3.6MW planned Sunderbans)

OTEC PROTOTYPE 50 kW210 kWNELHA

India 1MW gross plant attempted

Wave Energy

PROTOTYPE < 1MWGrid Connected

India 150kW plant Thiruvananthpuram

Map of India showing the geothermal provinces

OTEC plant schematic

Mooring Arrangement

Wave Energy

Source: Sukhatme

Wind Power

5000 MW installed Single machine upto 2.1 MWAverage capacity factor 14%Capital cost Rs 4-5crores/MW, Rs 2-3/kWh (cost effective if site CF >20%)India 45000 /13000 MW potential estimated

32%/ year (5 year growth rate)

05

10152025303540

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003

Ann

ualL

oad

Fact

or(%

)

Satara, Maharashtra

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Jan

Feb Mar AprMay Ju

n Jul

Aug Sep

Oct Nov Dec

Month of year

Act

ual M

onth

ly G

ener

atio

n (*

1000

kWh)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Ave

rage

Win

d Sp

eed

(m/s)

Monthly GenerationWind Speed

Small Hydro Power

Classification - Capacity-Micro less than 100 kWMini 100 kW - 3 MWSmall 3 MW - 15 MWMicro and Mini - usually isolated, Small grid connectedHeads as low as 3 m viableCapital Cost Rs 5-6crores/MW , Rs 1.50-2.50/kWh1846 MW (7%/year)

200 kW Chizami village, Nagaland

Aleo (3MW) Himachal Pradesh

Cost of Generation for Small Hydro Power Plants

Run of River Dam Canal

Life 40 years 40 years 40 years

Capacity of plant considered (kW) 3000 2000 1000

Capital Cost (lakhs) 1429.38 740.87 593.65

Average Capital cost (lakhs/kW) 0.60 0.15 0.74

Annual O&M in lakhs 42.88 22.23 17.81Generation cost(Rs./kWh)Load factor = 40 % 1.80 1.40 2.24

Values assumed for calculation of cost of generationLife of system = 40 yearsDiscount Rate = 10%Maintenance = 3% of capital cost

Cost of Electricity Generation(Small Hydro)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Capacity Utilisation Factor

Uni

t Cos

t of E

lect

rici

ty G

ener

atio

n (R

s./kW

h Run of RiverRun of River (with capital subsidy)DamDam (with capital subsidy)CanalCanal (with capital subsidy)

BIOMASS

THERMOCHEMICAL BIOCHEMICAL

COMBUSTION GASIFICATION PYROLYSIS

RANKINE CYCLE

PRODUCER GAS

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURISED

FERMENTATIONDIGESTION

BIOGAS ETHANOL

Duel Fuel SIPGEGas Turbines

BIOMASS CONVERSION ROUTES

Biomass Power

Higher Capacity factors than other renewablesFuelwood, agricultural residues, animal wasteAtmospheric gasification with dual fuel engine -500 kW gasifier - largest installationCombustion – 5-7.5 MW Rs 2.50-4/kWh

Kaganti Power Ltd. Raichur Distt. A.P. 7.5 MW

100 kWe Pfutseromi village, Nagaland

Biogas45-70% CH4 rest CO2

Calorific value 16-25MJ/m3

Digestor- well containing animal waste slurry

Dome - floats on slurry- acts as gas holder

Spent Slurry -sludge- fertiliser

Anaerobic Digestion- bacterial action

Family size plants 2m3/day

Community Size plants 12- 150 m3/day

Rs 12-14000 for a 2m3 unit

Cooking, Electricity, running engine

Pura, Karnataka

Bagasse Cogeneration

Incremental Capital Cost (Rs/kW)

30000

Life 20 yearsBoiler Efficiency 70%Bagasse NCV = 3400 kcal/kg (dry basis), Price Rs 1.50/kgDiscount rate = 10%, O&M cost = Rs 0.5/kWh2500 tcd plant 9.5 MW export, 0.93 kg extra/ kWhLoad factor 0.4 0.5 0.6

Rs/kWh 2.60 2.40 2.27

0 . 5 T / h r

F e e d w a t e r

P r o c e s s

P r o c e s s

2 a t a

~

S T E A M T U R B I N E

2 . 5 M W

6 a t a

B A G A S S E

5 8 T / h r 2 2 a t a 3 3 0 o C

4 . 5 T / h r 2 7 T / h r 2 6 T / h r

S c h e m a t i c o f t y p i c a l 2 5 0 0 t c d S u g a r f a c t o r y

F l a s h e d C o n d e n s a t e

P R D S

P R D S

M I L L I N G

0 . 5 T / h r

F E E D W A T E R

B O I L E R

F e e d w a t e r

Con

dens

er

2 a t a

P R O C E S S

7 5 T P H , 6 5 a t a , 4 8 0 O C

4 . 5 T P H

~

6 a t a

B A G A S S E ( A lt e r n a t e f u e l)

2 a t a

B F P

1 3 M W

B O I L E R

1 . 0 M WM il l d r iv e s

9 . 5 M W P o w e r e x p o r t

2 . 5 M WC a p t i v e lo a d

P R O C E S S

P R O P O S E D P L A N T C O N F I G U R A T I O N : O P T I O N 2

S T E A M T U R B I N E

C O N D E N S E R

PVThermal

Low Temp.<100 o C

HighTemp.>400 o C

Medium Temp. Upto 400 o C LineFocusing Parabolic

Solar PondSolar ChimneySolar Flat PlateCollectors

Parabolic Dish

Material

Single Crystal Silicon

Production Process

Central Tower

Amorphous Silicon

Wafer

CdTe/ GAAs

PolycrystallineSilicon

Thin Film

Solar Power

Technology Options for Solar power

Comparison of Solar Thermal Power Generation Technologies

TechnologyEfficiency Indian

ExperienceStatus Capital Cost

(Rs/kW)Electricity (Rs/kWh)

Solar FlatPlate Collectors

2% 10 kW exptl unit at IITM

D Rs. 300.000 _

Solar Chimney 1 % No experience 50 kW Spain

D Rs. 200,000 ($4600/kW)

_

Solar Pond 1-2% Experience for hot water Bhuj(Israel power 5MW)

D

Line focussingParabolic

Peak 20% Average 11-14%

50 kW system in SEC Planned 35MW solar in 140 MW ISCC at Mathania

C Rs. 140,000 ($3000/kW) ~390 MW of operating plants

15 c/kWhRs. 6/kWh

Paraboloid Dish 29% peak 12-18%

Demo unit 10 kW Vellore

D Rs. 150,000

Central Tower 23% peak 7-14%

No experience D ~Rs. 200,000 ($4700/kW)

b- bar

75.5 M W 103 b,371oC

Steam turbine

~

W HRB

Heat exchanger

Solar Heat Exchanger

Solar Radiation

Condenser

~

Air

Fuel

GTG-2 sets of35.2 MW

Aux. Firing Feed water

Steam, 103 b,500 oC

Steam, 103 b,500 oC

Flue gas from GT

BFP

To W HRB Heat Transfer oil, 291oC

391oC

Gas Turbine sets

Heat exchanger

GTG 2sets of 35 MW each Proposed

ISCC

Solar PV

India -2740 kW Grid connected systems (25-239 kW)Array efficiency in field 12-15%Cost Rs 26cr/MW Rs 15-20 /kWh

Vidyut Saudha Building, 100 kWp , APTRANSCO(2001) BHEL

Mousuni Island , 105 kWp, West Bengal Renewable Energy Agency (2003 )

Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant

www.mnes.nic.in

Summary of Power Generation Technologies Using Renewable Energy

CDM Projects ApplicationsTechnology

Status of Technolog

y

Largest Installation

Capacity Factor

Cost of Generation (Rs./kWh)

No. of projects

MW Estimate of GHG abatement in million tCO2 eq.

Geothermal D 50 25%OTEC D 1 MWa -Wave P 150 kW -Tide P 3.6 MWb 17%Wind C 400 MW 14% 2.0-4.4 42 1186 20.5Small Hydro C 25 MW 40% 1.0-4.5 37 317 8.4Solar PV C 239 kW 15% 18.0-50.0 - - -

D - DemonstrationP - PrototypeC – Commerciala - Not operational till dateb – being planned

Status of Renewable Energy Technologies

TechnologyEstimated Potential

Installed Capacity as on December, 2006{Estimated Annual Generation (GWh)}

Annual Growth

Rate (2001-5)

Capacity Installed in

2005-06

Growth Rate in 2005-06

Power GenerationWind 45000 MW 6270 MW {7690} 40% 1452 MW 49%Small Hydro Projects 15000 MW 1861 MW{6521} 6% 53 MW 3%Solar Photovoltaic (Grid connected)

5000 MW 2.74 MW {3} 10% 0a 0%

Bio Power (Woody Biomass)

52000 MW 500 MW 36% 87 MW 30%

Bagasse Cogeneration 5000 MW 708 MW 22% 54 MW 12%Energy Recovery from Waste

5000 MW 46 MW 28% 0b 0%

TechnologyInstalled

Capacity as on December,

2006

Annual Growth

Rate (2001-5)

Capacity Installed in

2005-06

Growth Rate in 2005-06

Decentralized Energy SystemsBiogas Plants 3.9 million 4% 0.02 million 1%

Improved Chulhas 35.2 million 1% 0 0%

Solar Photovoltaicsi.Solar Street Lighting System (March 31, 2006)

54795 nos. 4% 1023 nos. 2%

i.Solar Home Lighting Systems (March 31, 2006)

342607 nos. 11% 16530 nos.5%

i.Solar Power Plants (Isolated) 1.86 MWp 3% 0.59 MWp 3%

Solar Thermali.Solar Water Heating Systems 1.65 million m2 26% 0.2 million

m225%

i.Box solar cookers 0.6 million 4% 0.25 5%

i.Concentrating dish cookers 2000 nos. 98% 0 nos. 0%

i.Community cookers 12 nos. - 1 nos. 10%

Wind Pumps 1137 nos. 8% 62 nos. 7%

Aero-generator /Hybrid Systems 0.5 MW 38% 11 kW 3%

Solar Photovoltaic Pumps 7015 nos. 14% 366 nos. 6%

Renewable Installed Capacity trend

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Year

Inst

alle

d C

apac

ity

Perspective Plan (MNRE)

Source: 11th Plan proposal MNRE Govt of India

Renewable installed capacity and generation

Installed Capacity*(MW)

Estimated Capacity factor

EstimatedGeneration

(GWh)Wind 7845 14% 9621

Biomass Power 606 70% 3185

Biomass Gasifier 86 60% 527

BagasseCogeneration

720 60% 3784

Small Hydro 2046 40% 7169

Waste to Energy 55 50% 241

Solar PV 2.74 20% 5

Total 11360 25% 24380*as on Jan 1, 2008

Estimated Renewable Generation in India

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Y ear

Ann

ual G

ener

atio

n (M

iliio

n K

Wh)

Renewable Share in Power

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Y ear

Installed Capacity

Generat ion

Trend of wind energy development in India

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Till 03

/92199

2-93

1993-9

4199

4-95

1995-9

6199

6-97

1997-9

8199

8-99

1999-2

000

2000-0

1200

1-02

2002-0

3200

3-04

2004-0

5200

5-06

Till 09

/06

Year

Inst

alle

d C

apac

ity (M

W

Generation from wind

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Till 03

/9219

92-93

1993

-9419

94-95

1995

-9619

96-97

1997

-9819

98-99

1999

-2000

2000

-0120

01-02

2002

-0320

03-04

Year

Pow

er G

ener

ated

Ann

ualy

(GW

h)..

Diffusion curve

L wind potential estimate.

P cumulative installed capacity

dP/dt increment in installed capacity

)( PLPdtdP

−α

BtAeLP −+

=1

BtAPL

−=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ln1ln

Installed capacity for India from 1992 – 2006

Value of coefficients

A B

641.99 -0.03 0.88

R2

Diffusion Curves for wind energy

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Year

Inst

alle

d C

apac

ity (M

W

Actual InstallationDiffusion curve Upper limit of uncertainityLow er limit of uncertainityForecast Values by MNRE

Potential = 45000MW

a1

a2

aam

Values in the uncertainty limit of 5%

Year Projection by MNRE

Projection by diffusion curve Lower

limitHigher limit

2007 7000 8700 2000 248002012 17500 23000 5800 396002022 40000 42900 27400 44800

Trend of Installed Capacity Small Hydro Power Projects in India

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

Inst

alle

d C

apac

ity (M

W

Installed CapacityCapacity Addition

Diffusion Curves for Small Hydro Power Projects

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090 2110 2130

Year

Inst

alle

d C

apac

ity (M

W

Actual InstallationDiffusion curve Upper limit of uncertainityLower limit of uncertainityForecast Values by MNREDiffusion curve (accelerated growth rate =9%)

Potential =15000MW

Values in the uncertainty limit of 5%Year Projection by

MNREProjection by diffusion curve

Lower limit Higher limit2007 1960 1970 1860 20802012 3360 2550 2370 27402022 6500 4100 3710 4520

Hydro Diffusion

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

22000

1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090 2110 2130

Year

Inst

alle

d C

apac

ity (M

W).

Actual InstallationPotential 15000 MWPotential11000 MWPotential 20000 MWValues by MNRE Potential = 15000MW

Potential =20000MW

Potential = 11000MW

Maharashtra

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Year

inst

alle

d ca

paci

ty o

f win

d po

wer

(MW

)

Tamil nadu

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

year

inst

alle

d ca

paci

ty o

f win

d po

wer

in M

W

5000

5500

6000

6500

7000

7500

8000

8500

9000

9500

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Jan-07junejulyaugustsept

0200400600800

100012001400160018002000

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

hours

Pow

er g

ener

ated

in M

W

januaryJuneJulyAugustSeptember

Wind Generation

Total Generation

Tamil Nadu2006-7

Growth in Production of Photovoltaic Modules in India

Solar PV Modules Production

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

Ann

ual P

V M

odul

e Pr

oduc

iton

(MW

)

Cost of Generation (Rs./kWh)Capital cost/MW

(Million INR)

Annualisedcapital cost (Million INR)

Annual O&M

(Million INR)

ALCC (Million

INR)CUF=10

%CUF=20

%CUF=25

%

300.60 35.30 6.00 41.30 47.17 23.58 18.87

Cost of power generation using solar PV

Projected Renewable installed capacity and generation (2022)

Installed Capacity*(MW)

Estimated Capacity factor

EstimatedGeneration

(GWh)Wind 42900 17% 63400

Biomass Power 2500 70% 15300

Biomass Gasifier 100 60% 527

BagasseCogeneration

5500 60% 39400

Small Hydro 6500 40% 22,800

Waste to Energy 100 50% 241

Solar PV 100 20% 175

Total 59,800 27% 142600

Aggregate Grid connected

Integrated Energy Policy Committee2022 – 425000 MW Installed capacity 2118000

GenerationRenewables 14% of Installed capacity6.7% of generationTrends of overall growth lower than forecast valuesTrends of renewable capacity higher than forecast valueTechnology cost reductionsNeed for refinement of methods

Solar Water Heating System

COLLECTOR

STORAGE TANK

FROM OVERHEAD

TANK

TO USAGE POINT

AUXILIARY HEATER

STORAGE TANK

COLLECTOR

PUMP

FROM OVERHEAD

TANK

TO USAGE POINT

Schematic of solar water heating system

AUXILIARY HEATER

Solar Water Heating Systems in India

– Installed Capacity = 1.5 million sq. m. (0.8% of estimated potential)

Model for Potential Estimation of Target AreaTarget area

Weather data, area details

Identification and Classification of different end uses by sector (i)

Residential (1) Hospital (2)

Nursing Homes (3)

Hotels (4)

Others (5)

POTENTIAL OF SWHS IN TARGET AREATechnical Potential (m2 of collector area)

Economic Potential (m2 of collector area)Market Potential (m2 of collector area)Energy Savings Potential (kWh/year)Load Shaving Potential (kWh/ hour for a monthly average day)

Sub-class (i, j)

Classification based on factors* (j)

Technical Potential

Economic Potential Market Potential

Potential for end use sector (i = 1)

Potential for i = 2

Potential for i = 5

Potential for i = 4

Potential for i = 3

Base load for heating

Electricity/ fuel savings

Economic viability

Price of electricity

Investment for SWHS

Technical PotentialSWHS

capacityConstraint: roof area availability

Capacity of SWHS

(Collector area)

TargetAuxiliary heating

Single end use point Micro simulation using TRNSYS

Hot water usage pattern

Weather data

SIMULATION

Auxiliary heating requirement

No. of end use points

Technical Potential

Economic Potential

Economic Constraint

Market Potential

Constraint: market

acceptance

Potential for end use sector (i = 1)

* Factors affecting the adoption/sizing of solar water heating systems

Sub-class (i, j)

Classification based on factors* (j)

Single end use point

POTENTIAL

SECTOR (i)

Load Curve Representing Energy Requirement for Water Heating for Pune

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day

Ene

rgy

Con

sum

ptio

n (M

W)

Typical day of January

Typical day of May

Total Consumption =760 MWh/day

Total Consumption = 390 MWh/day

53%

Electricity Consumption for water heating of Pune

Total Consumption =14300 MWh/day

Total Consumption = 13900 MWh/day

Total Electricity Consumption of Pune

Solar Water Heater Diffusion

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1988 1998 2008 2018 2028 2038 2048 2058 2068 2078

Year

Inst

alle

d C

apac

ity o

f Soa

lr W

ater

Hea

ting

Syst

ems (

mill

ion

sq. m

.)

Actual installed (million sq. m.)Diffusion curve Upper limit of uncertainityLower limit of uncertainity Potential =60 million sq.m.

Diffusion of SWH

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090

Year

Sola

r W

ater

Hea

ting

Cap

acity

(col

lect

or a

rea

in m

illio

sq. m

.)..

Actual installed (million sq. m.)Potential 140 million sq. m.Potential 60 million sq. m.Potential 200 million sq. m.Extrapolated Potential (million sq.m.)

Potential = 60 million m 2

Potential = 140 million m2

Potential = 200 million m2

Estimated Potential in 2092 = 199 million m2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Hour of the day.

Load

(kW

)

Residential Electricity Demand Agriculture DemandIndustry demand Total Load

Typical Village Load Profile

Load Factor 28%

Rajamele

WB

Only 44% of households have access to electricityCapacity of village electrification systems vary from 1 kW to 100 kWSupply for 4-6 hrs/day

~ 80,000 villages to be electrified

Village Electrification

Features of these villages (Sastry, 2003):Difficult terrain3-30 km away from gridNo. of households - 2 to 200Avg. population ~ 500Power demand quite lowTransport & communication facilities are minimalIncome levels & paying capacity low

State Type of Renewable Energy No. of Isolated Power systems

ChattisgarhPVBio-DieselHybridPVBio-mass

West BengalPV Wind-DieselBio-mass gasifier

17 (25 to 110 kW)1 (510 kW)2 (500 kW)

AssamPVMicro-hydel

11

PV

Karnataka PV Solar home lighting systems only

micro-hydel

800 (1 to 6 kW)05 (10 kW)01

Maharashtra2 (5 kW)1 (15 kW)

Andhra Pradesh Solar home lighting systems only

Kerala 2 (55 kW) – but recently got synchronized with the grid

Map of Ghotiya, Chattisgarh (1 kW)

Observations from readings

Though the inverter is rated as 230 V it gives only 220VMaximum load - 1.04 kWEvening peak as well as a morning peakTotal power consumption ~ 10 kWh/dayVoltage at the extreme bus ~ 210V

Impedance of the line is quite high

Daily load factor = 0.46Plant utilization factor = 0.21

Successful initiatives in decentralized generation (Sharma, 2007)

DESI PowerBarefoot College, TiloniaAvani, UttaranchalNARI, PhaltanSunderbans, West Bengal

Map of Rajmachi, Maharashtra

System SpecificationsCapacity: 5 kWSingle phase, 220 V 100 PV modules of 50 W eachLead acid battery of tubular type120 V; 800 AhInverter: 7.5 kVA

5 kWp Solar PV system at Rajmachi village, Maharashtra

Experimental setup forthe measurement of load curve and generation

Load profile taken over a day(5 kW system)

0.0

200.0

400.0

600.0

800.0

1000.0

1200.0

0:00:00 4:48:00 9:36:00 14:24:00 19:12:00 0:00:00

time

load Average Load

Voltage profile for different locations of DG

0.930.940.950.960.970.980.99

11.01

0 5 10 15 20bus no.

volta

ge (p

.u.)

slack bus = 1 slack bus = 9 slack bus = 10

Bio-diesel based power plant of 10 kW rating (Raipur, Chattisgarh)

Solar Water pumping system for village

ConclusionsNeed for better methods of potential estimationDiffusion models – scope for improved target settingNeed to track actual generationPolicy makers underestimate renewable shareNeed for uncertainty estimationQuantification for distributed generation, DSM options needed10% renewable generation by renewables till 2022 achievable, basedon existing technologyIssues related to mainstreaming of renewables

Acknowledgment

Balkrishna SurveProject Assistant

Indu R. PillaiPh.D - 2008

Mel George A.M.Tech - Ongoing

M.B. SivapriyaM.Tech - 2008

Thank you

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