Renewable Energy Workshop BiomassFrom Forest, Farm & City

Renewable EnergyRenewable EnergyWorkshopWorkshop

Biomass Biomass

FromFrom

Forest, Farm & CityForest, Farm & City

BiomassBiomassForest

FarmCity

Bio-Trend Systems Inc.

Forest BiomassForest Biomass

What’s out there ??What’s out there ??

Slash

Non-Merchantable

Log Merchandizing

Defect


More !!More !!

Windrows represent about 15% of the total stand area

Windrows


Chipper Frass

ChipsLogging Debris

And More !!And More !!



Insects

FireDisease

Blowdown



Low Quality Stands



Plantation Thinnings


Plus Heritage PilesPlus Heritage Piles

Up Close

Lot’s of Stuff

40 feet


What’s Available ? What’s the Benefit ?What’s Available ? What’s the Benefit ?Source Million M³

(wet tons)Number of Households

Low Quality Stands (Allocated - Not Harvested)

5.1 310,503

Slash/Cull from Allocated but Not Harvested

1.8 108,676

Slash/Cull from Harvest 3.1 188,737

Harvest Residual(High Grading and By-Pass)

4.5 273,973

Fire(5 year average)

9.8 596,651

Disease(5 year average)

13.3 797,565

Insects(5 year average)

7.1 432,268


What’s the Outlook ? Annual Forest DepletionWhat’s the Outlook ? Annual Forest Depletion

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

CAI Harvest Pests Fire H+P+F

Million

s o

f C

ub

ic M

etr

es

All Working Groups – mid-90’s

?

Climate Change Stress Mortality

• Yes, BC precedent, over 600 MM³ killed by Mtn. Pine Beetle, in an area nearly equal to the size of Wisconsin – 60,000 square miles!

• Mortality directly linked to climate change. No -40°C Larva survive• Beetle is in Alberta! Risk of migration to Jack Pine is real.

Can We Expect Increased Mortality?


Farm BiomassFarm Biomass

Switch Grass - a Weed ?


At 3Years !!

At 3 MonthsAfter Coppicing

Willow: Growin’ Like a Weed !

Pasture & AbandonLand Available for Planting

In Ontario1.2 Million ha !!!


Municipal Solid WasteMunicipal Solid Waste“MSW”“MSW”

Some Very Old BiomassSome Very Old Biomass

C&D Wood Waste MixedPlastics

Medical Waste E - Waste

Tires


Biomass Biomass Processing Processing

& & DensificationDensification

Processing RequirementsProcessing RequirementsType Type WasteWaste

Cleaning &Cleaning &SortingSorting

DryingDrying SizingSizing ProcessingProcessingCostCost

ShavingsShavings LL LL LL 11

SawdustSawdust LL MM LL 22

Hog or Hog or HeritageHeritage

HH HH M-HM-H 55

ChipsChips MM MM HH 44

Farm PlantFarm PlantWasteWaste

MM LL MM 33

MSWMSW““TIPPING FEE”TIPPING FEE”

HH LL M-HM-H 44


DensificationDensification

Chips

Liquids

Wood or GrassPellets or Brickets

GrainsFire Wood

Natural


Energy Density ComparisonsEnergy Density ComparisonsEnergy OptionEnergy Option BTU/poundBTU/pound

Grass balesGrass bales 7,1007,100

Grass brickets/pelletsGrass brickets/pellets 7,6007,600

Poultry litterPoultry litter 6,0006,000

Wood – green chips Wood – green chips (40-50 % moisture)(40-50 % moisture) 4,5004,500

Wood – dry chips Wood – dry chips (20 % moisture)(20 % moisture) 6,9006,900

Wood pelletsWood pellets 7,5007,500

Bio-liquid – Bio-liquid – traditional pyrolysis – woodtraditional pyrolysis – wood 8,0008,000

Bio-liquid – Bio-liquid – advanced pyrolysis – wood advanced pyrolysis – wood 17,00017,000

CoalCoal 15,20015,200

Number 2 Fuel OilNumber 2 Fuel Oil 19,20019,200

Moisture

Densificaion

Innovation

ReplaceFossil Fuels


Energy UseEnergy Use

BTU: British Thermal Unit = heat required to RaiseTemperature of 1 pound of water 1F

Size

of

Your

Hom

eSq

uare

Fee

t

Thousand BTU’s/Day

1000

2000

3000

4000

030 60 90 120

1kWh = 3,413 BTU’s. A 2,000 sq.ft. home using 60,000 BTU is equivalent 17.6 kWh/day


Relative Comparison of AlternativeRelative Comparison of AlternativeEnergy SourcesEnergy Sources

Propane HeatingOil Electricity Grain

(Corn)WoodPellets

NaturalGas

FireWood

Cost

per

Mill

ion

BTU

’s

30

20

10

0

Ontario Source

Oregon Source

40


Comparative “Heating” Costs forComparative “Heating” Costs forA 2000 Sq Ft Home for 2008A 2000 Sq Ft Home for 2008

PropaneHeatingOil

Electricity Grain(Corn)

NaturalGas

FireWood

Hea

t Cos

t – 2

000

sq ft

Hom

e

3000

2000

1000

WoodPellets

Source: Grain Store Supplier


Efficiency ComparisonsEfficiency Comparisons

““The amount of energy harvested The amount of energy harvested from 1 hectare of land minus all from 1 hectare of land minus all energy inputs to produce a fuel energy inputs to produce a fuel

shows wide variation”shows wide variation”

Efficiency ComparisonsEfficiency Comparisons

Net Energy Yield (GJ/ha)

Biodiesel (rapseed)

2nd Generation Biofuels (FT)

BioGas as Traffic Fuel (corn)

Short Rotation Forestry(Direct Combustion)

Ethanol From Grain

BioGas Electricity (corn)

BioGas CHP (corn)

500 100 150 200

1GJ = 950,000 BTU = 278 kWhBio-Trend Systems Inc.

Efficiency + CostEfficiency + Cost Comparisons Comparisons

Why not use biomass options for electricity Why not use biomass options for electricity production, car fuels and heating?production, car fuels and heating?

Unfortunately, there is not sufficient quantity to serve Unfortunately, there is not sufficient quantity to serve all 3 markets.all 3 markets.

Strive for maximum net energy at lowest cost, right?Strive for maximum net energy at lowest cost, right?

Keep a close eye on pricing trends and subsidies for Keep a close eye on pricing trends and subsidies for alternatives relevant to your needs.alternatives relevant to your needs.


Efficiency Comparisons: Biomass to HeatEfficiency Comparisons: Biomass to Heat

Pellets Electricity Biofuels (FT)

80

40

150

75

0

% E

nerg

y Lo

ssIn

Con

verti

ng

Biom

ass

Subs

idy/

MW

In C

anad

a D

olla

rs

MinimumMaximum

MinimumMaximum


Efficiency ComparisonsEfficiency Comparisons Comparison: Energy loss and subsidy distribution are closely linked.Comparison: Energy loss and subsidy distribution are closely linked.

Why do the most inefficient energy systems get the highest subsidy??......OUR tax dollars

Note:Note:• A 10 kW electric “heating” system can be replaced by a simple pellet stove A 10 kW electric “heating” system can be replaced by a simple pellet stove

(efficiency >90%) for $3,000(efficiency >90%) for $3,000

• Client cost = $105/MW versus $242/MW for direct heating with electricityClient cost = $105/MW versus $242/MW for direct heating with electricity

Producing electricity from biomass without using the heat is the Producing electricity from biomass without using the heat is the mostmost inefficient use of primary energy……inefficient use of primary energy……

And there is MOREAnd there is MORE

We Need to Change Our We Need to Change Our Energy Use PatternsEnergy Use Patterns

Electricity

Oil

Gas

Solar-HBiomass

HydroWind

Solar-E

Transport

HeatingCooling

LightInformation

Power

Inefficient EfficientBio-Trend Systems Inc.

TechnologyTechnology

Fire WoodFire Wood

Free Standing

Outdoor – Space & Water Heat

InsertBio-Trend Systems Inc.

PelletsPellets

Free Standing

Furnace/Boiler withAuto-Feed


Bio-GasBio-Gas

AnerobicFermentation

GasificationClose-Coupled

Typically AnimalWaste

Typically Plant orRecycled Waste

Anaerobic DigestionAnaerobic Digestion“Cow Power”“Cow Power”


GasificationGasification“Hot Air”“Hot Air”

Combustion&

Gasification

GasSeparation GasTurbine

WasteHeat

Boiler

Steam Turbine

Ash Waste

Tars & OtherParticulates

GasClean-up

# 2

CatalystTreatment

Alcohols

Biomass MSWNote: “Gasifiers” that use the gas internally (close-coupled) are,“technically”, combustion units.

GasClean-up

# 1


Bio-LiquidsBio-Liquids

Fast PyrolysisLiquid

• Acidic/Corrosive

• 25% Water

• Biphasic

• Heated Storage

• 8.0 K BTU/lb

• Heavy Odor

• Not miscible in oil

Transportable, Modular andRemote Access


Hi Value – Hi ReturnHi Value – Hi ReturnWaste Remediation + Energy ProductionWaste Remediation + Energy Production

CarbonBlack

Oil fromTires

Oil fromMixed Plastic

• Miscible in oil• Less than .05% Water• Minimal Odor• 18.0 K BTU/lb• pH neutral• Stores well

SteelBelts

Comparable to#1 Fuel Oil

Comparable to#2 Fuel Oil


Realistic Burning Realistic Burning OptionsOptions

forforTodayToday

Market Ready OptionsMarket Ready Options FirewoodFirewood

• Wood Stove/Boiler: Wood Stove/Boiler: In home – space heat. Basic combustion unit In home – space heat. Basic combustion unit In yard – space and/or water heat. Combustion or Close-Coupled Gasifer) In yard – space and/or water heat. Combustion or Close-Coupled Gasifer) Lower cost, particularly using family labor Lower cost, particularly using family labor

• Suited for folks with time they can dedicate to bucking, splitting, stacking Suited for folks with time they can dedicate to bucking, splitting, stacking and lugging, lugging and stacking, cleaning house, etc.and lugging, lugging and stacking, cleaning house, etc.

Pellets (Wood or Grain)Pellets (Wood or Grain)• Pellet Stove: Space HeatPellet Stove: Space Heat

Cleaner, less ash/particulates, pellet supply, pellet quality (white vs. brown)Cleaner, less ash/particulates, pellet supply, pellet quality (white vs. brown)• Pellet Furnace: Space and/or Water HeatPellet Furnace: Space and/or Water Heat

Buildings between 2,500 to 50,000 sq ftBuildings between 2,500 to 50,000 sq ft Heating capacity less than 800 kW (Chips best for 800kW, or larger)Heating capacity less than 800 kW (Chips best for 800kW, or larger)

ExamplesExamples• Home: 2,000 sq. ft. Home: 2,000 sq. ft. 60,000 BTU (17.6 kWh/day) (Pellet Stove) 60,000 BTU (17.6 kWh/day) (Pellet Stove)• Small: 12,000 sq. ft. Small: 12,000 sq. ft. 420,000 BTU (123 kWh/day) (Pellet Furnace) 420,000 BTU (123 kWh/day) (Pellet Furnace) • Medium: 105, 000 sq. ft. Medium: 105, 000 sq. ft. 2,500,000 BTU (Chip Boiler) 2,500,000 BTU (Chip Boiler)


Close-up – Living with WoodClose-up – Living with Wood Northern Ontario Home – 3,000 sq. ft. – Two wood stoves Tandum Load = 22 face cords = $700 (annual) Saw = $600 (10 year life) Bucking and Stacking = 10 days, 1 person = $1,000, or in-kind Chains, Chain oil, Gas, Maintenance, etc. = $250 (annual) Splitter + 2 people for 2 days = $340, or in-kind Hauling and Stacking – 2 people = $200, or in-kind Daily hauling from wood pile to house = In-kind Ash removal – 1 person once a week = In-kind Chimney cleaning – 1 person twice a year = $200, or in-kind Comfort - Priceless

Note: Assumes neighborhood labor…..kids at 10 bucks an hour


Household ConsumptionHousehold ConsumptionMonth kWh/Month kWh/Day Cumulative kWh

August 950 33 950

September 970 30 1920

October 770 27 2690

November 830 28 3520

December 1470 46 4990

January 1480 51 6470

February 2150 74 8620

March 1670 60 10290

April 1680 51 11970

May 970 31 12940

June 1150 36 14090

July 940 31 15030

Average/Total kWh 1211 40 15030

Average/Total BTU 4.13 Mill 136,520 53.7 Million

Total kWh All Electric 24000 - 36000


END END We Have Choices We Have ChoicesUNCONTROLLED CONTROLLED AND

RECOVERED

Wood

Pellets

LiquidBio-Trend Systems Inc.

Conversion FactorsConversion Factors Wood Chip VolumeWood Chip Volume

• 1 Green Ton (GT) = 1 M1 Green Ton (GT) = 1 M33 = 2,000 pounds = 2,000 pounds • 1 Cord = 2,500 pounds = 1.25 Green Tons1 Cord = 2,500 pounds = 1.25 Green Tons

Transportation FactorsTransportation Factors• 1 Chip Van = 25 GT = 1 Standard Log Truck = 10 Cords1 Chip Van = 25 GT = 1 Standard Log Truck = 10 Cords

Electricity FactorsElectricity Factors• 1 MW (MW = Million Watts) 1 MW (MW = Million Watts) Power for 750 to 1000 homes annually Power for 750 to 1000 homes annually

Thermal Energy FactorsThermal Energy Factors• 1 Therm = 100,000 BTU (or about 100 cu ft of natural gas)1 Therm = 100,000 BTU (or about 100 cu ft of natural gas)• 1 Ton of Woody Fuel = 15.7 Million BTU or 157 Therms1 Ton of Woody Fuel = 15.7 Million BTU or 157 Therms• 1 Ton of Wood Pellets = 15.6 Million BTU or 156 Therms1 Ton of Wood Pellets = 15.6 Million BTU or 156 Therms• 15.6 Million BTU’s would service a 1.91 Million Sq. Ft. Building15.6 Million BTU’s would service a 1.91 Million Sq. Ft. Building

1MW = 3.4 million BTU 1MW = 3.4 million BTU service 750 to 1000 homes service 750 to 1000 homes 1kW = 3,400 BTU1kW = 3,400 BTU 25 kW = 140,000 BTU 25 kW = 140,000 BTU service 18 to 25 homes service 18 to 25 homes 100 kW = 340,000 BTU 100 kW = 340,000 BTU service 75 to 100 homes service 75 to 100 homes

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Renewable Energy Workshop BiomassFrom Forest, Farm & City