Upload
made-adi-sayoga
View
228
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
1/37
HREG1
The Consumer Voice for
Renewable Energy
Activities
Meet Quarterly Internet Yahoo Chat Group
Annual Houston Solar Tour
Earth Day Booths
Educate Houston
Non-profit, local section of
the Texas Solar Energy
Society (TXSES)www.txses.org/hreg
The Renewable Energy Solution
written by Chris Boyer 2006
Houston Renewable
Energy Group
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
2/37
HREG2
US Energy Demand Growing
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050
TotalUSE
nergyConsump
tion(Quads/yr)
0.E+00
1.E+08
2.E+08
3.E+08
4.E+08
5.E+08
6.E+08
Population
Energy ConsumptionEIA PredictionPEW Low CasePEW High CasePopulation
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
3/37
HREG3
The Energy Problem
1. Rising cost offossil fuelextraction
2. Trade deficit
3. War over finiteresources
4. Pollution andclimate change
5. Threat of nuclearproliferation andwaste disposal
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100
WorldAnnualOilConsumption
(QuadBtu/yr)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
OilReserves(QuadBtu
)
Cons
tion- t Cons tion- Model redictedTot l Reserves UnknownReserves
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
4/37
HREG4
The enewables Solution
Direct Solar
Wind
Hydro
Biomass
Geothermal
Its Plentiful
Its Everywhere
It lasts forever
Its Healthy
Its Safe
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
5/37
HREG5
All the energy we use could
be supplied by Renewables!
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
6/37
HREG6
Solar Energy
80,000 Terawatts of Solar Power fall on the Earthconstantly, compared to 14.5 Terawatts current
used for human power.
Solar Electricity Photovolatics (PV)
Solar Thermal Heating Hot water residential and commercial
Utility Steam & Electricity
Cooking
Solar Building Design Shade & venting
Solar heating
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
7/37
HREG7
Solar Thermal
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
8/37
HREG8
Solar Thermal: Hot Water
Hot Water roof systemssubsidize hot water.
$500 to $6,000 for system
Last ~20 years
1 to 2 ft2 of panel for eachgallon used per day.
4 yr payback
If hot water use does not
match solar availability,economics is not so
attractive.
Panels
Pump
Tank
Controller
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
9/37
HREG9
Solar Thermal: Utility Electricity
$1million/MWp Capital Investment
20-60% Capacity Factor (100% with N.G. Hybrid)
5000 acres for a 1 GW plant
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
10/37
HREG10
Solar Photo oltaic
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
11/37
HREG11
Solar PV Integrated into Structures
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
12/37
HREG12
Solar PV: Grid Connected
$6000 to $10,000 perkWp Power Installed
50% Modules
25% Inverter
25% Installation
$1 to $0.18/kWh
Sun Hours/day
Interest Rate
Incentives
1 kW ~ 100 ft2 @ noon
Inverter
Voltage(DC)
Voltage(AC)
PV arrayElectric grid
Goal is $3000/kWp installed,
or ~$0.10/kWh by 2025
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
13/37
HREG13
Ad ancing Solar PV Technology
Silicon Crystalline
Polycrystalline
Amorphous
Ribbon Nanocrystalline
CdTe
GaAs
CIS/CIGS Dye-Sensitized
Organic
Wafer P-N Junction
Thin Film P-N Junction
Multi-Junction
Quantum Dots
Photoelectrochemical
New Materials New Structures
Related Technologies
-digital camera
-LEDs
-Solid state lasers
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
14/37
HREG14
P-N Junction Solar Cell Structure
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
15/37
HREG15
Photochemical Cell Structure
Structure for high-efficiency (50%) organic PV cell basedon a nanostructured substrate onto which thin layers of
molecular multi-junctions are grown and anchored onto the
nanostructure surface. The red circle denotes an electron
acceptor; the blue square, an electron donor; and the
yellow circle, a metal nanoparticle.
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
16/37
HREG16
PV cost as a function of Efficiency
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
17/37
HREG17
Impro ements in Cell Efficiency
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
18/37
HREG18
Solar PV: What & Where
75
95
195
1100
60
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Consumer Products
Comm. & Signal
Off-Grid es&Com
Grid Connected
Central Utility
W/yr
20002005
4 8 6
9 9 1
5
7 1 .
1 2 2
2
5
0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0
S i S ingle C rystal
S i Po lycrystal
S i i o n
S i m o r ho us
S i mor/Crystal
C d e
C S
MW /yr
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
19/37
HREG19
Solar PV: Who
0 1 00 2 0 0 3 00 4 0 0 50 0
S harp (J)
Q-C e l l s (E )
K yo c e ra ( J)
S any o (J)
M i t sub ish i (J)
S c h o t t S o lar (E )
B P S olar (US ,E )
S unTech (Ch)
M o tech (Tw)
S he l l S olar (US ,E )
Iso fo ton (E)
D e u t sc h e C e l l (E )
E - ton (Tw)
P h o t o w a t t (E )
S u n p o w e r (P h )
O t h e rs (< 2 0 MW )
C e l l r ti , M / r i
(E er-Q)
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
20/37
HREG20
Learning Cur e for PV Production
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
21/37
HREG21
Potential USSolar PV Growth
Cumu
lativeInstalledCapacity(GW)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005C
ellProduction,
GW/yr
Actual WorldGrowth 44%
Prediction based on 20 to 25% annual growth.Note: Capacity factor is 0.2
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
22/37
HREG22
Wind Energy
60 GW Installed in theworld by 2005
Growing 20%/yr worldwide
$1million/MW Cost
Capacity factor 0.47
Clean; no water needed
Dual Land Use
1000 GW possible in the US
Each tower is 1 to 3 MW.
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
23/37
HREG23
Tale of 2 GW
Nuclear i
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
24/37
HREG24
Too Many Wind Towers?
One coal plant equals about
1500 Wind towers. Over a
Million oil and gas wells
were drilled in Texas at a
cost of ~ $1 Million each.The same as the price of a
wind tower.
A Million Wind Towers
would equal over 600 coalfired plants. There are ~50
coal plants in Texas
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
25/37
HREG 25
Wind: Who & Where
17
15
11
6
4
3
2
2
2
4
0 10 20 30 40
Vest s
es
nerconWind
Sie ens
S zlon
R ower
Mits ishi
cotecni
ordex
thers
M rket Sh re
Company Country
34.7
17.2
14.1
6.4
6.3
2.6
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.6
10.8
0 10 20 30 40
Germany
S ain
USenmar
India
Italy
Netherlands
JapanU
China
Others
Share of Cumulative Installations
Data from year 2004: BTM World Market Update
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
26/37
HREG 26
Potential US Wind Growth
Cumula
tiveInstalledW
indCapacity(G
Actual
Current Trend
Aggressive Growth
EIA PredictionNREL Goal
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
27/37
HREG 27
Biomass Energy
Sources: Energy crops
Crop residue
Animal manure
Municipal Solid Waste Forrest waste
1/2 the energy/lb of coal.
10 Quads/yr available in US
Crop considerations: water usage
fertilizer requirements
soil depletion.
Corn is bad
Switchgrass is good
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
28/37
HREG 28
Biomass Energy Pathways
Direct Combustion1. Solidsp Heat
2. Solidsp Combined Heat & Power (CHP)
Direct E traction
3. Oils & fatsp Esterificationp Biodiesel
4. Certain plantsp SolventExtractionp Isoprenoid hydrocarbons
Biochemical
5. Plant matterp Hydrolysisp Fermentationp Ethanol
6. Organic sludgepAnerobic digestionp Biogasp CHP or H2
Thermochemical7. Organic matterp Pyrolysisp biogas or bio-oil
8. Organic matterpGasificationp Syngasp CHP, FT Liquids,
MeOH/DME, EtOH, or H2
BEST!
FAI
POO
POO
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
29/37
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
30/37
HREG 30
Hydro Energy
Cheapest source ofElectricity $0.02/kWh
200 GW in US by 2005
US developed about
40% of potential;
inhibited by
environmental
concerns.
Capacity factor 0.5 Tidal
Wave
Hoover Dam
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
31/37
HREG 31
Hydro Production Cycles in US
150
200
250
300
350
1980 1987 1994 2001 2008
Hy
dr
Ge
erati
(TWh/yr
El Nino cycles
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
32/37
HREG 32
Geothermal Energy
Free heat Environmental
concerns
Non-
sustainable
ground cools.
The Earths core is hot from decay of
nuclear materials.
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
33/37
HREG 33
US Energy Flows 2002 (Quad)
Source: LLNL, EIA-DOE
56.2 Wasted
35.2 Used
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
34/37
HREG 34
The enewable Energy SolutionUSPracticalPotential for REenergy by 2025 to 2050
with existing technology.
Source GWp Cap.Fact. Quads of Work/yr
Solar 2000 0.2 10.7
Wind 1000 0.47 12.6
Biomass 336 0.25 (effic.) 2.3
Hydro 300 0.5 4.0
Geothermal 100 0.8 2.1
TOTAL 31.7
RE can cover 90% of the 35 Quads ofWork used today.
Note: 1 Quad of Fossil Fuel is ~0.3 to 0.1 Quad of useful work.
1 Quad of Renewable Electricity is 0.9 Quad of useful work.
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
35/37
HREG 35
Other Energy Solutions
Unconventional Oil
Tar sands
Shale Oil
Stranded Natural Gas
Coal
Nuclear
The Future alueofSuchInvestments isNEGATIVE!
Polluted waterPolluted air
Habitat destruction
Climate change
LimitedResources
Compete for water
Easy terrorist targets
Monopolized markets
Waste of capital
Expensive energy
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
36/37
HREG 36
Pathway to Sustainable Energy
Phase I Achieved! 1975-2005 Economical Renewable Energy Solutions Realized
Incubation of the RE industry.
Phase II Achievable by 2025-2050
Up to 25% of electric load can be supported by
renewables without energy storage.
Shift transportation from oil to electric.
Technology improvements lower RE cost.
Phase III Achievable by 2050-2100
Incorporate energy storage to achieve 100% R.E.
Disruptive renewable energy inventions bring costs lower
8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution
37/37
HREG 37
Action Items For NOW
Practice Energy Conservation Switch to a Green Electric Provider.
Buy Electric Vehicles and Biofuels
Make investments in Solar and Windprojects/ companies.
Vote for politicians with platforms
promoting Sustainability Inform the public about the wind and solar
energy solution.