Renewable Energy at

Landfills

- OR -

The New Waste

Management Hierarchy

Asset Management – Beyond Closure

Renewable Energy? EPA Waste Management Hierarchy

The Case for Renewables

• Economics

• Geopolitics

• Energy Security

• “Green” Ethics

World Energy Consumption

1970-2025

Energy Information Agency

The Case for Renewables (cont.)

Source: Energy Information Agency

Repowering America

• EPA / DOE / NREL Promoting Renewables on Brownfields, Superfund Sites, Landfills

– > 490,000 sites identified • 15 million acres of contaminated land

• 100,000 decommissioned or old landfills

– 11 landfill solar farms = 43 MW (dated) • CO, GA, NV, NC, NJ, MA & TX

US Photovoltaic (PV) Potential

Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Landfill Solar Facilities

7

2

1 2

1

1

1

4 2

1

1

2

1

WM Landfill – Morrisville, PA

Evergreen Packaging LF - NC

Apache Powder Site – AZ

GW Remediation

Republic’s Hickory Ridge LF - GA

Project Basics

Project Components

SpectroMat™ GeoTPO™ Geomembrane

Low Profile Wire Trace Geotextile

Construction Spring – Summer 2011

TYPICAL COSTS

• 45 Acre Total Closure

• 7 South-facing Acres for Spectro Power Cap

• TPO @ $60,000 / Ac installed (material $21k/ac)

• Spectro Power Cap = 150kw / Ac @ $5/watt

• GA Environmental Finance Authority Grant = $2m

• Federal tax incentives (30% & 5 yr depreciation)

• Total Expense ≈ $102,400 / Ac

• Net Present Value: account for savings in

maintenance & sale of electricty

Wind Power Technology

US Wind Potential

Why are wind turbines usually so

high off the ground?

Source: NREL

James Madison University

30 Meter Map

James Madison University

100 Meter Map

Wind Turbines and Height

Source: Georgia Tech & Southern Company

Landfills and Wind Power

1

2 1

1

1

1

1 1

Frey Farm Landfill - LCSWMA

Project Partners

LCSWMA Wind Farm Development

• Long-term wind speed of 6.466 m/s or

14.47 mph

• South-central PA’s 1st commercial-scale wind

project

• 25% annual electricity

needs provided to Turkey

Hill Dairy

• 7.76 million kWh annually

• Reduced carbon footprint

Project Finances

• Cost Breakdown

$9.5 Million Total Project Cost

$1.5 Million PEDA Grant

$2.4 Million Tax Credit (30%)

$5.6 Million Total Equity Required

• LCSWMA Participation – Loan to PPLRE = $4.65 million at 6%

– Receives 12.5% of electric revenues

– ROI = Avg. 9% per year over 20 years • Tenfold higher than US Treasuries in 2010

Do Renewables Make Sense For You?

• Feasibility Analysis • Resource assessment

• Financial analysis

• Electrical Interconnections

• “Bundle” projects?

• Permitting Requirements • Impact Evaluations

• Cap Compatibility

• Site Engineering

• Community

• Inexhaustible resources

• Hedge against energy price

fluctuations

• Contribute to RPS

• Do not contribute to: • CO2 emissions

• SOx / NOx - Acid rain

• Smog / haze

• Mercury emissions

• Water withdrawal

• Particulate-related health

effects

Wind and Solar Due Diligence

Average Electrical Rates - US

RPS Policies

Renewable portfolio standard

Renewable portfolio goal

www.dsireusa.org / June 2011

Solar water heating eligible * † Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables

Includes non-renewable alternative resources

WA: 15% x 2020*

CA: 33% x 2020

NV: 25% x 2025*

AZ: 15% x 2025

NM: 20% x 2020 (IOUs)

10% x 2020 (co-ops)

HI: 40% x 2030

Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement

TX: 5,880 MW x 2015

UT: 20% by 2025*

CO: 30% by 2020 (IOUs) 10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)*

MT: 15% x 2015

ND: 10% x 2015

SD: 10% x 2015

IA: 105 MW

MN: 25% x 2025 (Xcel: 30% x 2020)

MO: 15% x 2021

WI: Varies by utility;

10% x 2015 statewide

MI: 10% & 1,100 MW

x 2015*

OH: 25% x 2025†

ME: 30% x 2000 New RE: 10% x 2017

NH: 23.8% x 2025

MA: 22.1% x 2020 New RE: 15% x 2020

(+1% annually thereafter)

RI: 16% x 2020

CT: 23% x 2020

NY: 29% x 2015

NJ: 20.38% RE x 2021

+ 5,316 GWh solar x 2026

PA: ~18% x 2021†

MD: 20% x 2022

DE: 25% x 2026*

DC: 20% x 2020

NC: 12.5% x 2021 (IOUs)

10% x 2018 (co-ops & munis)

VT: (1) RE meets any increase in retail sales x 2012;

(2) 20% RE & CHP x 2017

KS: 20% x 2020

OR: 25% x 2025 (large utilities)*

5% - 10% x 2025 (smaller utilities)

IL: 25% x 2025

29 states + DC and PR have an RPS

(8 states have goals)

OK: 15% x 2015

PR: 20% x 2035

WV: 25% x 2025*†

VA: 15% x 2025*

DC

IN: 15% x 2025†

RPS Policies with Solar/DG Provisions

Renewable portfolio standard with solar / distributed generation (DG) provision

Renewable portfolio goal with solar / distributed generation provision

www.dsireusa.org / June 2011

Solar water heating counts toward solar provision

WA: double credit for DG

NV: 1.5% solar x 2025;

2.4 - 2.45 multiplier for PV

UT: 2.4 multiplier for solar-electric

AZ: 4.5% DG x 2025

NM: 4% solar-electric x 2020

0.6% DG x 2020

TX: double credit for non-wind

(non-wind goal: 500 MW)

CO: 3.0% DG x 2020

1.5% customer-sited x 2020

MO: 0.3% solar-

electric x 2021

MI: triple credit for solar-

electric

OH: 0.5% solar-

electric x 2025

NC: 0.2% solar

x 2018 MD: 2% solar x 2022

DC: 0.4% solar x 2020

NY: 0.4788% customer-

sited x 2015

DE: 3.5% PV x 2026;

triple credit for PV

NH: 0.3% solar-

electric x 2014

NJ: 5,316 GWh solar-

electric x 2026

PA: 0.5% PV x 2021

MA: 400 MW PV x 2020 OR: 20 MW solar PV x 2020;

double credit for PV

IL: 1.5% PV

x 2025 WV: various multipliers

16 states +

DC have an RPS with solar/DG

provisions

DC

Full Cost Accounting - Funding

$ - $ - $ - $ - $

Sinking Fund

Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

Life

Open

LF Closed

LF

Summary

• Asset Management Continues Beyond

Closure

• Non-Productive Land May Be Put To

Beneficial Use

• Financing A Key to Realizing Potential

• Renewable Energy –

– Part of An Integrated WM Strategy

– Part of the Waste Management Hierarchy

North Carolina PV Potential

PV in Virginia

• PV in Virginia Ranges from 1.9 W/m2/day

(December) to 5.6 kW/m2/day (June)

Average household uses 1.2 kW/day

Lots of PV configurations and $$

Landfills & Solar

• Photovoltaic: What Works Best?

Polycrystalline Monocrystalline Amorphous Thin-film

Fort Carson Army Base - CO

Solar Considerations

• Does Solar Make Sense for You?

– Permitting Requirements

• Erosion & sediment control planning/NPDES permits

• Solid Waste Management Regulation

• Local zoning

– Site and Geotechnical Engineering

Anatomy of a Turbine

Nacelle Hub

Blades

Base

Top

Lancaster County Solid Waste

Management Authority

Foundation Excavation Placement of Geo-Textile

for Stone Pad

Is Wind For You?

• Factors to Consider: – Due Diligence

• Wind resource assessment

• Financial analysis

– Renewable energy credits

– Power purchase agreements

• Electrical Interconnections

• Permitting Requirements

– Erosion & sediment control planning/NPDES permits

– Federal Aviation Administration

– Solid Waste Management Regulation

– US Fish & Wildlife

– Local Zoning

Is Wind For You?

• Factors to Consider:

– Impact Analyses

• Visual

• Sound

• Environmental/ecologic

• Avian Wildlife

– Site and Geotechnical Engineering

– Post-Construction Monitoring

LCSWMA Wind Farm Development

• Projected Life-Span = 20 years

• Analysis:

– 60-meter meteorological tower placed

• Sonic Detection and Ranging (SODAR) study

• Long-term wind speed of 6.466 m/s or 14.47 mph

Renewables in the US Energy Portfolio

What Else?

• “The future ain’t what it used to be.”

• “If you don’t run, you rust.”

• “If I had a million dollars

I could be a millionaire.”

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