Renewable energy Renewable energy

Renewable energRenewable energyy is energy Which comes fro is energy Which comes fromm natural resources such as natural resources such as Sunlight , wind , rain , Tides , and geothermal heat , Which are renewable Sunlight , wind , rain , Tides , and geothermal heat , Which are renewable (naturally replenished). 1 ] The share of renewables in electricity generation (naturally replenished). 1 ] The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity is around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3.4% from new renewables. In 2006, about 18% of global final energy and 3.4% from new renewables. In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass , Which is used mainly for heating , and 3% from hydroelectricity . biomass , Which is used mainly for heating , and 3% from hydroelectricity . New renewables (Small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal , New renewables (Small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal , and biofuels) accounted for 2.4% Another and are growing very rapidly. [1] and biofuels) accounted for 2.4% Another and are growing very rapidly. [1] The Share of renewables in Electricity generation is around 18%, with 15% The Share of renewables in Electricity generation is around 18%, with 15% of global Electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3.4% from new of global Electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3.4% from new renewables. [1] 2 ] [ 3 ] and is widely used in Europe , Asia, and the United renewables. [1] 2 ] [ 3 ] and is widely used in Europe , Asia, and the United States . [ 4 ] The annual manufacturing output of the photovoltaics industry States . [ 4 ] The annual manufacturing output of the photovoltaics industry reached 6,900 MW in 2008, [ 5 ] anreached 6,900 MW in 2008, [ 5 ] andd photovoltaic (PV) power stations are photovoltaic (PV) power stations are popular in Germany and Spain . [ 6 ] Solar thermal power stations operate in popular in Germany and Spain . [ 6 ] Solar thermal power stations operate in the USA and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 MW SEGS power the USA and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 MW SEGS power plant in the Mojave Desert . [ 7 ]plant in the Mojave Desert . [ 7 ]

The world's largest geothermal power installation is The Geysers in California, with a The world's largest geothermal power installation is The Geysers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW. [ 8 ] Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy rated capacity of 750 MW. [ 8 ] Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18% of the country's automotive fuel. [ 9 ] Ethanol fuel is also ethanol now provides 18% of the country's automotive fuel. [ 9 ] Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the USA. Wind power growing is at the Rate of 30% annually, with widely available in the USA. Wind power growing is at the Rate of 30% annually, with a Worldwide Installed Capacity of 157.900 megawatts (MW) in 2009, [2] [3] and is a Worldwide Installed Capacity of 157.900 megawatts (MW) in 2009, [2] [3] and is widely used in Europe , Asia , and the United States . [4] The Annual output of widely used in Europe , Asia , and the United States . [4] The Annual output of manufacturing the photovoltaics industry reached 6,900 MW in 2008, [5] and manufacturing the photovoltaics industry reached 6,900 MW in 2008, [5] and photovoltaic (PV) power stations are popular in Germany and Spain . [6] Solar photovoltaic (PV) power stations are popular in Germany and Spain . [6] Solar thermal power stations in the USA Operate and Spain, and the largest of these is the thermal power stations in the USA Operate and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 MW SEGS power plant in the Mojave Desert . [seventh] The world's largest 354 MW SEGS power plant in the Mojave Desert . [seventh] The world's largest geothermal power Installation is The Geysers in California, with a Rated Capacity of geothermal power Installation is The Geysers in California, with a Rated Capacity of 750 MW. [8] Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, 750 MW. [8] Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving Production of ethanol fuel from sugar Cane, and ethanol now provides 18% involving Production of ethanol fuel from sugar Cane, and ethanol now provides 18% of the Country's automotive fuel. [9] ethanol fuel is widely available Also in the USA. of the Country's automotive fuel. [9] ethanol fuel is widely available Also in the USA. 10 ] Kenya has the world's highest household solar ownership rate with roughly 10 ] Kenya has the world's highest household solar ownership rate with roughly 30,000 small (20–100 watt) solar power systems sold per year. [ 11 ] While Most 30,000 small (20–100 watt) solar power systems sold per year. [ 11 ] While Most renewable energy Projects and Production is large-scale, renewable technologies are renewable energy Projects and Production is large-scale, renewable technologies are Also suited to Small off-grid Applications , sometimes in RurAlso suited to Small off-grid Applications , sometimes in Ruruul and remote Areas, l and remote Areas, WHERE energy is often crucial in human Development. [10] Kenya has the world's WHERE energy is often crucial in human Development. [10] Kenya has the world's Highest household solar Rate ownership with roughly 30,000 Small (20-100 watt) Highest household solar Rate ownership with roughly 30,000 Small (20-100 watt) solar power systems sold per year. [11] solar power systems sold per year. [11]

Wind power Wind power

Also see: Wind power , Wind farm , and Wind power in the United States Can Also see: Wind power , Wind farm , and Wind power in the United States Can Airflows BE used to run wind turbines . 14 ] Areas where winds are stronger and Airflows BE used to run wind turbines . 14 ] Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and high altitude sites, are preferred locations for more constant, such as offshore and high altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms. Modern wind turbines range from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated wind farms. Modern wind turbines range from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power, although turbines with rated output of 1.5-3 MW have become the most power, although turbines with rated output of 1.5-3 MW have become the most common for commercial use; the power output of a turbine is a function of the cube of common for commercial use; the power output of a turbine is a function of the cube of the wind speed , SO Speed as wind increases, power output increases dramatically. the wind speed , SO Speed as wind increases, power output increases dramatically. [14] Areas WHERE winds are stronger and More Constant, such as offshore and high [14] Areas WHERE winds are stronger and More Constant, such as offshore and high Altitude sites, are Preferred locations for wind farms. 15 ] [ 16 ] Typical Capacity Altitude sites, are Preferred locations for wind farms. 15 ] [ 16 ] Typical Capacity Factors are 20-40%, with values at the upper end of the range in particularly Factors are 20-40%, with values at the upper end of the range in particularly favourable sites. [15] [16] Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is favourable sites. [15] [16] Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand. This could require large amounts of land to be used for wind electricity demand. This could require large amounts of land to be used for wind turbines, particularly in areas of higher wind resources. 17 ] This number could also turbines, particularly in areas of higher wind resources. 17 ] This number could also increase with higher altitude ground-based or airborne wind turbines . [ 18increase with higher altitude ground-based or airborne wind turbines . [ 18 ] Offshore ] Offshore resources experience mean wind speeds of ~ 90% Greater Than That of land, SO resources experience mean wind speeds of ~ 90% Greater Than That of land, SO offshore resources substantially Could Contribute More energy. [17] This number offshore resources substantially Could Contribute More energy. [17] This number Could Also Increase with Higher Altitude ground-Based Or airborne wind turbines . Could Also Increase with Higher Altitude ground-Based Or airborne wind turbines . [18] Power wind is renewable and produces No greenhouse gases During Operation, [18] Power wind is renewable and produces No greenhouse gases During Operation, such as dioxide carbon and methane . such as dioxide carbon and methane .

Hydropower Hydropower Hydropower Hydropower

Energy in water can be harnessed and Energy in water can be harnessed and used. 19 ] [ 20 ] even a slow flowing used. 19 ] [ 20 ] even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea swell , stream of water, or moderate sea swell , can yield considerable amounts of energy. can yield considerable amounts of energy. Since water is about 800 times denser Since water is about 800 times denser Than Air , [19] [20] Even a Slow flowing Than Air , [19] [20] Even a Slow flowing stream of water, Or Sea Moderate swell , stream of water, Or Sea Moderate swell , Can yield considerable amounts of energy. Can yield considerable amounts of energy. There are many forms of water energy: There are many forms of water energy:

Solar energy Solar energy

Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun Through the Form Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun Through the Form of solar radiation . Solar Powered electrical generation relies on of solar radiation . Solar Powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaics and heat engines. A partial list of Other Applications photovoltaics and heat engines. A partial list of Other Applications includes solar heating and cooling Space Through solar architectureincludes solar heating and cooling Space Through solar architecture , daylighting , solar hot water , solar cooking , and high heat , daylighting , solar hot water , solar cooking , and high heat Temperature Process for Industrial purposes. Solar technologies Temperature Process for Industrial purposes. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solarare broadly characterized as either passive solar Or solar active Or solar active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Solar active Techniques include the Use of Panels energy. Solar active Techniques include the Use of Panels photovoltaic and solar thermal collectors to Harness the energy. photovoltaic and solar thermal collectors to Harness the energy. Passive solar Techniques include orienting a Building to the Sun, Passive solar Techniques include orienting a Building to the Sun, selecting favorable Materials with thermal mass dispersing Or Light selecting favorable Materials with thermal mass dispersing Or Light Properties, and designing Spaces That naturally circulate Air. Properties, and designing Spaces That naturally circulate Air.

Biomass Biomass

Biomass (plant Material) is a renewable energy source Biomass (plant Material) is a renewable energy source the energy Because it comes from Contains the sun. the energy Because it comes from Contains the sun. Through the Process of photosynthesis , plants capture Through the Process of photosynthesis , plants capture the sun's energy. When the plants are burned, they the sun's energy. When the plants are burned, they release the sun's energy they contain. In this way, release the sun's energy they contain. In this way, biomass functions as a sort of natural battery for storing biomass functions as a sort of natural battery for storing solar energy. 21 ] As Long as biomass is produced solar energy. 21 ] As Long as biomass is produced sustainably, with only used as Much as is grown, the sustainably, with only used as Much as is grown, the battery Will Last Indefinitely. [21] In general there are battery Will Last Indefinitely. [21] In general there are two main approaches to using plants for energy two main approaches to using plants for energy production: growing plants specifically for energy use, production: growing plants specifically for energy use, and using the residues from plants that are used for and using the residues from plants that are used for other things. 21 ] Vary the best approaches from region other things. 21 ] Vary the best approaches from region to region according to climate, soils and geography. [21] to region according to climate, soils and geography. [21]

Biofuel Biofuel

Liquid Biofuel is usually either bioalcohol such as bioethanol Or an Liquid Biofuel is usually either bioalcohol such as bioethanol Or an oil such as biodiesel. Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting oil such as biodiesel. Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar plant of Components and Materials Mostly it is made from the sugar plant of Components and Materials Mostly it is made from sugar and Starch crops. With advanced technology being sugar and Starch crops. With advanced technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanol production. Can BE ethanol used as used as feedstocks for ethanol production. Can BE ethanol used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure Form, BUT it is usually used as a a fuel for vehicles in its pure Form, BUT it is usually used as a gasoline additive to Increase octane and improve Vehicle gasoline additive to Increase octane and improve Vehicle EMISSIONS. Bioethanol is used widely in the USA and in Brazil . EMISSIONS. Bioethanol is used widely in the USA and in Brazil . BiodieselBiodiesel is made from vegetable oils , animal fats Or recycled is made from vegetable oils , animal fats Or recycled greases. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure greases. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils Or fats using powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils Or fats using transesterification and is the Most common Biofuel in Europe. 22 ] transesterification and is the Most common Biofuel in Europe. 22 ] Biofuels provided 1.8% of the world's transport fuel in 2008. [22] Biofuels provided 1.8% of the world's transport fuel in 2008. [22]

Geothermal energy Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself, both from kilometers deep Into the Earth's crust in Some earth itself, both from kilometers deep Into the Earth's crust in Some places of the globe from Or Some meters in geothermal heat pumpplaces of the globe from Or Some meters in geothermal heat pump in All the places of the planet. It is expensive to build a power in All the places of the planet. It is expensive to build a power station but operating costs are low resulting in low energy costs for station but operating costs are low resulting in low energy costs for suitable sites. Ultimately, this energy derives from heat in the Earth suitable sites. Ultimately, this energy derives from heat in the Earth 'S core. Three types of power plants are used to generate power 'S core. Three types of power plants are used to generate power from geothermal energy: dry steam, flash, and binary. Dry steam from geothermal energy: dry steam, flash, and binary. Dry steam plants take steam out of fractures in the ground and use it to directly plants take steam out of fractures in the ground and use it to directly drive a turbine that spins a generator. Flash plants take hot water, drive a turbine that spins a generator. Flash plants take hot water, usually at temperatures over 200 ° C, out of the ground, and allows usually at temperatures over 200 ° C, out of the ground, and allows it to boil as it rises to the surface then separates the steam phase in it to boil as it rises to the surface then separates the steam phase in steam / water separators and then runs the steam through a turbine. steam / water separators and then runs the steam through a turbine. In binary plants, the hot water flows through heat exchangers, In binary plants, the hot water flows through heat exchangers, boiling an organic fluid that spins the turbine. The condensed steam boiling an organic fluid that spins the turbine. The condensed steam and remaining geothermal fluid from all three types of plants are and remaining geothermal fluid from all three types of plants are injected back into the hot rock to pick up more heat. injected back into the hot rock to pick up more heat.

Wind power market Wind power market

At the end of 2009, Worldwide wind farm Capacity was At the end of 2009, Worldwide wind farm Capacity was 157.900 MW, representing an 31 PERCENT of Increase 157.900 MW, representing an 31 PERCENT of Increase During the year, [2] and wind power supplied 1.3% Some During the year, [2] and wind power supplied 1.3% Some of Electricity Consumption global. [28] Wind power for of Electricity Consumption global. [28] Wind power for approximately accounts 19% of Electricity Use in approximately accounts 19% of Electricity Use in Denmark , 9% in Spain and Portugal , and 6% in Denmark , 9% in Spain and Portugal , and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland. [29] The United Germany and the Republic of Ireland. [29] The United States is an IMPORTANT growth area and wind power States is an IMPORTANT growth area and wind power Installed Capacity US reached 25.170 MW at the end of Installed Capacity US reached 25.170 MW at the end of 2008. [ 30] As of September 2009, the Roscoe Wind 2008. [ 30] As of September 2009, the Roscoe Wind Farm (781 MW) is the world's largest wind farm. [31] As Farm (781 MW) is the world's largest wind farm. [31] As of 2009, the 209 megawatt (MW) 2 Horns Rev wind farm of 2009, the 209 megawatt (MW) 2 Horns Rev wind farm in Denmark is the world's largest offshore wind farm. in Denmark is the world's largest offshore wind farm. 32 ] The United Kingdom is the world's leading offshore 32 ] The United Kingdom is the world's leading offshore wind Generator of power, followed by Denmark. [32] wind Generator of power, followed by Denmark. [32]

The geothermal energy from the core of the Earth is closer to the The geothermal energy from the core of the Earth is closer to the surface in some areas than in others. Where hot underground surface in some areas than in others. Where hot underground steam or water can be tapped and brought to the surface it may be steam or water can be tapped and brought to the surface it may be used to generate electricity. Such geothermal powerused to generate electricity. Such geothermal power sources exist sources exist in geologically unstable Certain parts of the world such as Chile , in geologically unstable Certain parts of the world such as Chile , Iceland , New Zealand, United States, the Philippines and Italy. The Iceland , New Zealand, United States, the Philippines and Italy. The two ProMinent Most Areas for this in the United States are in the two ProMinent Most Areas for this in the United States are in the Yellowstone basin and in Northern California . Iceland produced 170 Yellowstone basin and in Northern California . Iceland produced 170 MW geothermal power and heated 86% of all houses in the year MW geothermal power and heated 86% of all houses in the year 2000 through geothermal energy. Some 8000 MW of capacity is 2000 through geothermal energy. Some 8000 MW of capacity is operational in total. There is Also the Potential to generate operational in total. There is Also the Potential to generate geothermal energy from hot dry rocks . Holes at least 3 km deep geothermal energy from hot dry rocks . Holes at least 3 km deep are drilled into the earth. Some of these holes pump water into the are drilled into the earth. Some of these holes pump water into the earth, while other holes pump hot water out. The heat resource earth, while other holes pump hot water out. The heat resource consists of hot underground radiogenic granite rocks, which heat up consists of hot underground radiogenic granite rocks, which heat up when there is enough sediment between the rock and the earths when there is enough sediment between the rock and the earths surface. Several companies in Australia are exploring this surface. Several companies in Australia are exploring this technology. technology.

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Lilia AtanasovaLilia Atanasova

Elizabet AleksovaElizabet Aleksova