Rendering Speeds - From Slow to Supersonic, Jayse Hansen

All Content is Internationally Copyright 2005 by Jayse Hansen All Rights Reserved. Please contact [email protected]

Jayse is Creative Art Director for

SMG in Las Vegas, NV. He’s slammed together print, web and video work for clients such as Coca Cola, HBO, Fox and MTV. He spins fire in his spare time.

Rendering Speeds :: From Slow to Supersonic Tips and techniques for fast working, previewing and rendering

Introduction If you’re like me, you can’t stand being slowed down – either when creating initially or when ‘waiting for the cake to bake’ in the final rendering process. With the help of many friends, books, videos and web resources I’ve assembled my favorite ways of cutting time in the production and creation process of using After Effects. I’ve organized my tips into three general areas:

• Supersonic SetUp • Supersonic workflow • Supersonic Rendering • Supersonic Network -Rendering

Supersonic Setup First things first – your hardware and operating system software will have a lot to do with the speed in which you work. Surprisingly, most documents on completely ignore this area of optimization. It is a huge subject that changes fairly frequently, however I will give you a few of my favorite techniques for speeding up even my slowest machines.

Windows Note – Adjust these settings with care. Microsoft creates some crazy software – therefore, I don’t accept any responsibility for any weirdness that may occur :-P The most noticeable increase in general working performance is going to come from getting rid of all the ‘cute’ stuff that Windows 2000, ME and XP all add. Some of these things you’ll never miss: animated menu roll-outs and drop shadows. And some are things you might miss: windows ‘themes’. But ALL are things you can and should live without if you’re serious about a speedy workflow.

Get rid of your themes It took me a long time to finally get rid of my beloved XP gray theme and make Windows look ‘ugly’ again. But when I did, I was amazed at the speed increase, especially in opening things like folders, files, browsers etc.

To do this:

1. Right click on a blank area of your desktop and choose ‘Properties’.

2. Click the Appearance tab. 3. Choose “Windows Classic Style” from

the ‘Windows and Buttons’ drop down 4. Choose “Windows Standard” from the

‘Sub Design’ drop down.

Pretty boring eh? Well – at least it’s very optimized! You’ll just have to make gorgeous motion graphics rather than rely on Windows to inspire ya.

for reproduction and other information.

AE - Supersonic Rendering and Workflow by Jayse Hansen -- http://training.jayse.us Page 2 of 14


Get rid of those silly effects These I don’t miss. And the process of turning these off will vary depending on operating systems – but it generally goes something like:

1. From the Appearance tab you accessed above, choose Effects.

2. Turn off everything 3. Close

4. Next right-click on “My Computer” and choose Properties.

5. Click the Advanced tab. 6. Click the Visual Effects tab 7. Select “Adjust for best performance.”

Give After Effects the boost it deserves 1. CTRL Alt Delete 2. Select the Processes Tab 3. Right click on AE 4. Set Priority>High (NOT Realtime)

Turn off Start-Up Items

1. Start>Run> “msconfig” 2. Select Startup tab – disable all or as

many as possible 3. Restart 4. Right click and disable items that have

still loaded in your taskbar Disable Services You Don’t Need

1. Start>Run> type in “services.msc” 2. Click the ‘Startup Type’ tab to organize

by how things are started 3. Right click on any unneeded services and

choose properties

4. Here you can stop the service and disable it from starting automatically the next time you load windows.




Common things to disable on a machine that you are planning to speed-work on are the Print Spooler, Themes, Tablet Service, Fast User Switching (unless you have other users that you want to be able to quick-switch with of course), and networking items (if you’re working on a single machine set up). By reducing all these background-running items you’re setting your machine to be focused on YOU – rather than all these other needless tasks. Set your Swap/Page file to a finite size on a drive other than your boot drive

1. Right Click My Computer 2. Select

Properties>Advanced>Settings>Advanced

3. In the Virtual Memory section click the ‘Change’ button

4. You can now set your page/swap file to be on multiple drives if you want.

5. Set it to 2.5 times your physical memory (if you have the hard drive space for it of course!)

Push your graphics card: Use a utility like “PowerStrip” to seriously alter your graphics card settings. Create profiles and easily switch between them using a tray icon. This utility saves your screen resolutions, icon placement and image size and location to profiles. Profiles can be launched via hot keys or attached to certain programs. You can also use this utility to over-clock Your Graphics Card’s ability, but use that with caution. Defrag Your RAM Yes – your RAM actually gets fragmented – especially if you’re using RAM intensive programs like Photoshop and After Effects. Therefore, you can use a utility like MemTurbo to free up and defragment your RAM as you work.

Macintosh Tips Most of the custom optimization was seriously needed in OS 9 and earlier. Since OS X handles memory so much better, these tips are less relevant. But here’s a few tips from memory. DeFrag Your Hard Drive AE likes to work with uninterrupted data streams. Defrag your hard drives using a utility like Symantec’s Speed Disk. Allocate lots of memory to After Effects (OS 9 and lower)

1. Close After Effects 2. Find the After Effects icon in your After

Effects folder and choose File>Get Info>Memory.

3. Increase the memory allocation under “Preferred Memory” box.




Turn off Virtual Memory For Mac OS 9 and lower – Disable StartUps Go into the ‘Start’ folder located in your ‘Sytem’ folder and take out as many of the start up alias as possible. Disable Extensions and Control Panels If you use OS 9 and lower, use Apple>Control Panels>Extension Manager to disable needless Control Panels and Extensions. In OS X you can customize your Preferences.

Optimizing the Program You can use Edit>Purge to purge caches if you run into interface slowdowns. On the Mac, the shortcut to clear the cache is control-clear. Holding the shift key BEFORE selecting File>Preferences adds an extra category in the pull down preference list called "Schecret." This is an extra setting for cache flushing timing, and the ideal number is the highest number that renders reliably. On the Mac, keep this set to Favor Speed rather than Favor Memory to avoid the performance cost of re-packing the application heap. If you run into rendering errors, you'll have Favor Memory to flush the cache more often.

Optimize After Effects Start Up • Disable unused Effects by dragging them

into an “Unused Effects” folder from your Plug-ins folder.

• Limit your active fonts to only those you know you’ll be needing. Use a font management program like ATM, Suitcase, Typograf etc. to be able to turn sets of your fonts on or off.

Optimize After Effects: Preferences • Set the number of ‘Undoes’ Lower – to

increase your RAM – set to 10 (unless you makes tons of mistakes, of course!)

• Turn off Tool Tips – unless you’re new – they’re needless

• Set your Audio Previews to the same as what you are using in your comps. This

way AE is not re-rendering the audio and can speed up RAM-Previews etc.

• Turn ‘Disable Thumbnails in Project Window’ on. These are needlessly redrawing when you don’t necessarily need them to.

• Turn off ‘Show Rendering Progress in Info Palette’. You only need this on when there’s a problem and you want to see which effect is taking up all the rendering time.

• Increase your Image Cache size to 90% (if previews become jerky, lower this)

• Get Rid of as many files and comps as you can – simplify – File>Remove Unused Footage.

Free Your RAM RAM is AE’s most precious resource. You want to give it as much as possible. In addition to my tips above, you can do the following:

• Choose Edit > Purge > All to release any RAM being held by previews or cache files

• Quit any other applications running. • When Rendering or RAM-previewing,

leave After Effects as the foreground application (in other words check your email and play your games on another machine).

Upgrade QuickTime Install the latest version of QuickTime – most of your work in AE will be based on accessing QT files – so be sure to take advantage of the latest advances in QT technology! (See the appendix for QT resources)

Limit your Fonts On the Macintosh 9 and below, use ATM to turn on and off fonts. In OS X, use Extensis Suitcase, Font Researve or Font Agent (www.insidersoftware.com) For Window users, my favorite is Typograf (http://www.neuber.com/typograph)


http://www.insidersoftware.com/

http://www.neuber.com/typograph



Supersonic Workflow Use Adjustment Layers rather than effects to each layer if you want it to apply to several layers. (such as sepia tone) Freeze a background If you have a part that you don’t need to be moving while you work – you can temporarily freeze it.

1. Select Layer>Enable Time Remapping 2. Add a keyframe a representative frame in

the movie 3. Remove all other keyframes 4. Remember to Disable remapping before

the final render Create your drop shadows, glows etc. in Photoshop If you’re not animating these, why render them 24 to 30 times per second in After Effects? Instead, create them in Photoshop, flatten them and import them into After Effect. After Effects only renders the file once. To Flatten Layer Styles: (special thanks to Richard Harrington!)

1. Create your layer – add the Layer Styles you wish – such as drop shadows, bevels etc.

2. Create a blank layer above that 3. Select the new blank layer 4. Link it to the layer with the Layer Style 5. Hit Ctrl+e to merge/flatten the effect.

(Ctrl+Alt+e will copy the merged layers and leave the original intact. (this is what I usually do so that I always have the source layer to modify at a later point.)

Enable Hardware Acceleration for Open GL. Enter a value that equals about 50% to 80% of your display card’s VRAM in the Texture Memory text box in the OpenGL settings dialog box of the Previews Preferences. OpenGL is buggy – no doubt about it. Many AE users have found many of their odd errors go away by never using it.

Supersonic RAM-Previews

Use Proxies Ever use Proxies before? Me neither. Well – that is until AE 5.5 made making them super easy and super quick. Follow me for one of the more advanced ways to speed your workflow. Typical Uses for Proxies

• Talking Heads • Complex backgrounds – create a still

proxy • Comp Proxies and Footage Proxies

Note: Unfortunately, you can’t make a proxy out of a layer – only a Comp – except in AE 6.5 – which will make the comp and then proxy for you! Two Methods

1. Select the Comp in the Project Window and right click.

2. Choose File>Set Proxy – 3. Navigate to where the file that you want

to use as the proxy is located. Or,

1. Render Comp – Select the comp in the Project Window, right click and choose File>Create Proxy>still or movie. This automatically selects ‘Set Proxy’ as the Post-Render-Action and renders out a ‘draft’ quality version of the comp. You can choose a QuickTime with jpg compression.




In both cases a black-box will show up next to the comp in the Project Window indicating you are now using a Proxy. You can toggle this usage on and off by clicking on the black box.

In the Project Window, two sets of information will be displayed next to the comp thumbnail. The set on the left is the information of the real footage, while the information on the right is for the proxy. The information in bold is for what is currently active. That’s it! Your done and ready to start saving time while you work on animating other elements!

To Deactivate: Select the file with the Proxy in the Project Window. Choose File>Set Proxy>None To Reactivate: File>Set Proxy> and navigate to your stand in file. Alternate way of making a Still Proxy Navigate to a good place you’d like to create your still from. Hit Ctrl+Alt+S and select ‘Set Proxy’ as your Post Render action. Simplify it Hold down ALT while scrubbing to preview in wireframe Use Selected Area RAM Previews A great way to minimize your RAM-Previews is to ONLY preview the area of your video that you need to see changes in. I used this all the time to fine tune and finesse. When you select the box you can click and drag a box around the area that you want rendered.

Customized Shift-RAM Previews In the Time Controls tab, select the Submenu arrow and choose “Show Shift+RAM-Preview Options”

Working Note: Just in case you come to a part in the animation where you need to reference the original background footage instead of the still or low-res proxy – simply click the black box to deselect it. Your footage will be returned to the original footage. Click it again to return to using the proxy. Pretty simple!

If I’m working on a particularly complex composition (as I’m oft to do) I’ll set the number of frames that AE skips to higher. Sometimes I’d prefer a higher image quality than a semi jerky frame rate. Sometimes all I need to do is get the timing right. Skipping 2 or even 4 frames saves a TON of time in RAM-Previews.




Supersonic Rendering Beware the Status twirlie Use it to see where your slowest effects are – but close it to speed up your render Close the Comp Window while rendering ~ Or turn on the Caps lock key to disable your preview from updating while rendering. This saves about 4 seconds on a 2 minute render – which could add up Render stills if possible QuickTime can preview incrementally and, if your machine crashes during rendering – you can pick up where you left off. Make Templates Instead of resetting your render options everytime you render, learn how to create templates and set them as your default. Render many outputs at the same time You don’t need to render again and again and again simply because you want different versions of your movie. That would be a huge, huge, huge waste of time. If you need your movie at different resolutions, compression settings, field settings etc. the solution is simple: Output Modules.

To use these: 1. Highlight the movie you’re rendering

in the Render Queue 2. Choose Composition>Add Output

Module 3. Modify this new module as you need 4. Name the new file 5. Click Render

One render: numerous different movies!

Use source files on local drives Networked files or files from CD’s/DVD’s etc. will slow you to a crawl. Import Multiple AE files to render while you sleep You can set multiple AE projects to render in a row by simply importing all of them into a new, blank AE document. To do this:

1. Set up your project files as you want them. 2. Add them to the render queue and specify the

settings you want. 3. Save the projects. 4. Create a new blank document and save it. 5. Choose File>Import>File (or hit Ctrl+I) 6. Select each of the other projects that you

want to render 7. Check the Render Queue to make sure the

output paths are still valid. 8. Save this new “Master Project” 9. Click Render and go to sleep!

E-mail notifications

1. Open up your General Preferences check the “Allow Scripts to Write Files and Access Network”

2. Add your files to the Render Queue like normal. 3. Choose File > Run Script >

render_and_email.jsx, you will now be prompted for your email settings.

4. Enter server smtp address: typically mail.yourserver.com, click OK

5. Enter the reply to address: such as the email you want to use to send the message.

6. If your server required log-in (most do), click YES and enter your ID and password. Click OK.

7. Enter the recipients email address. Click OK 8. An email with the subject “AE Render complete”

will be sent when the queue is finished. Shift-Duplicate your Render Settings when you need to Re-render Rather than take all the time to set your render up again, simply select the previously rendered movie in your Render Queue and hit Ctrl+shift+D. This will overwrite your previously rendered file.




Supersonic Network Rendering (Production Bundle only – usually)

Have any old computers laying around – perhaps just getting dusty in your closet? Put those suckahs to work! Even a slow machine will perform better than using your work computer to do your rendering – leaving you with nothing to do but stare at the screen or watch Oprah. The basics of Network Rendering are pretty simple:

1. They must be networked – (or use a hot-swappable hard drive to transfer files from one computer to another.

2. When you’re ready for the big render – all the files get copied to your slave machine. (AE makes this pretty easy with the ‘Collect’ feature.)

3. The other machine(s) are constantly watching a certain folder for stuff to render. Once they see something, they get excited and immediately start crunching through your render while you are free to keep working on other, more important things such as chatting to your girlfriend and posting on www.CreativeCow.com forums.

Here are a few tips to set up your networked machines:

• Max out their RAM. This will really help them perform better. If your machine is older the RAM for it will most likely be extremely cheap.

• Install the fastest hard-drive raid you can afford. These greatly affect render times. Practically speaking, 15k rpm drives in a raid will speed your renders to almost twice as fast as 7200rpm drives.

• Get the fastest network you can. There’s really no limit as to how many machines can all be working on your render, however there ARE network limitations as

to how much data can be passed back and forth between machines. You can check to see if you’re having network traffic issues by looking in the ‘Show Details’ area of the Render Queue. If it takes a long time to write the file – the slowdown is in the network, not the render machine.

• If you are using more than one other machine to render your film, you’ll need to render to an Image Sequence rather than one QuickTime or AVI file. (Although there IS a work around: You can split the render into multiple chunks and assemble them later in an editing program.)

Prepping your Render Box

1. Drag that old computer out of your closet

2. Dust it off 3. Network it – or prepare a portable

drive for it (on a USB 2 or Firewire connection)

4. ReInstall your operating system on it, if possible. A clean install will really speed the thing up.

5. Install the AE render engine on it 6. Install any plugins, fonts etc.

Using Mac Mini’s? With the new affordable Mac Mini’s out, a lot of people are considering buying a few to use in a render farm. This could work well, keeping in mind that their RAM is limited to 1GB and they only have 100Mbit LAN. If you only need 1 to 4 machines for a small farm, this may be viable – but if you’re looking for more power and less admin work – check out the Xserve cluster nodes. They may save you money and headaches in the long run. Still – for a small home render farm these Mini’s look quite attractive.


http://www.creativecow.com/



Network Rendering Step By Step – In 3 Flavors!

Option 1: Save to “Computer #2” and render using it

1. File>Collect Files 2. Choose either “All”, “For All Comps” or

“For Queued Comps” (usually Queued Comps is preferred.)

3. Change Render Output to : save it to a zip, folder, removable/portable drive etc.

4. Take the drive/zip whatever to your other computer

5. Check the report made for fonts and effects needed on the new machine to complete the render and copy those files along with your footage etc.

6. Open AE or the AE Render Engine on the new machine and render – You can render out an image sequence or a single movie file.

Option 2: Production Bundle Network Rendering across 2 or more machines

1. Set up your network through Ethernet, Firewire or USB 2.0

2. Install AE on the supplement computers, choosing to only install the render engine instead of the full application.

3. Install your plugins, fonts, codecs etc. to make sure all machines are consistent. (if you’re using a 3rd party plug-in that is serialized to a specific machine – you should pre-render this effect in your comp so that the network computers won’t rely on the 3rd party effect.)

4. Create a ‘Watch Folder’ on one of the computers that is visible to all. (better yet – a dedicated server or a networked Hard Drive.) Call it “AE Watch Folder” and set it to be shared.

5. Map this drive on all your machines so that they all see it with the same drive letter

6. On each machine the render engine is installed on, go to File>Watch Folder and point it to the ‘AE Watch Folder’ you just created.

7. On the main machine – set up your render Queue as you would normally, making sure to use a sequenced output module rather than a single file and turn

on ‘Skip Existing Frames’ in your render settings.

8. Make sure you set an output name for the files you will create.

9. On the main machine, File>Save As to create a new version backup of your project file. Optionally choose File>Consolidate all footage, “Remove Unused Footage” and “Reduce Project” to clean up your project file

10. Choose File>Collect Files 11. Choose ‘For Queued Comps” 12. Change output to “Final Output” (this will

create the folder “Final Output” inside the folder where you collected your files on the network drive)

13. Type in the maximum amount of machines you want to use for the render.

14. Select “Enable Watch Folder Render” 15. Click Collect – you will be prompted as to

where to save - choose your ‘Watch Folder’.

The supplement machines are always waiting for work to do and check the ‘AE Watch Folder’ every ten seconds for more content to render.

Option 3: Standard AE Network Rendering across 2 or more machines Similar to above, with these changes

1. You must install a full version of After Effects on all machines.

2. Collect files and copy them to all machines manually

3. Start AE on all machines and render Sequence Images to the same networked folder

4. Select “Skip Existing Frames” 5. Choose the same networked output

folder from all machines Each computer will look in the folder, determine what the next frame number is that hasn’t been rendered, write a place holder for it and render that frame.




Network Rendering: A Much Better Way After doing this a while – you will soon become very frustrated with having to copy large amounts of source files every time you want to network render. It’s the main complaint of AE users everywhere. I’ve found a little known work around. Similar to the previously mentioned I’ve found the best way to network render is to do it using UNC paths instead of drive paths. What does this mean? I will explain. My huge gripe with network rendering is the collect files feature. It’s great for small files – but when you’ve got several GB of data – copying those source files across the network every time you re-render a piece gets ridiculous. So borrowing ideas from my 3D Studio Max Friends who enjoy a much better Max-render-farm setup, I’ve begun working differently. When I create AE projects I now reference EVERYTHING with UNC Paths. This included the source footage/elements that you use AND the output files you render. UNC paths are network paths like this: \\myArtistStation\sharedProjectFolder\footage.movAs opposed to a local path like this: “D:\Clients\sharedProjectsFolder\footage.mov” On your local machine named ‘myArtistStation’ in this example, both paths will get you to the same place. Other network computers, however, will only be able to find the footage using the UNC paths since they have their own local ‘D’ drives that aren’t the same as yours. When you add footage or artwork elements to an AE Project, AE references it through the drive letters. This makes it necessary to copy all those files to your watch folder whenever you do a network render. This is a major pain. Instead – we’re going to force After Effects to record where our project’s source footage is in UNC terms. Basic Steps in Windows XP:

1. Create a project folder (with a name preferably less than 12 standard characters) and share it

2. Within bring in footage from this folder. Instead of just going straight to the folder on your hard drive, go to it ia the network instead. Go to “My Network Places”. You may see your newly shared folder here. Ignore it

for now. It will simply give you a drive letter path, which we don’t want.

3. Instead, in the name dialog box type \\myArtistStation and hit ENTER.

4. Then select the folder and footage you want. 5. From now on, Windows should reference the

correct path by just going to “My Network Places” if you prefer doing it that way.

6. Expand your AE Project Window to reveal the paths list. They should all be UNC paths. Fix any that aren’t by repeating the above process after Right (CTRL) clicking and selecting Replace Footage>File

Setting it up this way: all your render machines will know how to reference the footage in one place – without needing to copy it each time. To Star the Render:

1. Do the same as before – saving your AEP file with a render setting of “Skip Existing Frames” and “Storage Overflow Off”

2. Copy or save this aep to your watch folder. 3. Manually create the Render Control File. It’s a

simple text file with this text in it: After Effects 6.5 Render Control File max_machines=08 num_machines=00 init=0 html_init=0 html_name="aeProject"

4. Name it the same as your aep file with _RCF at the end. IE: if your project is named “aeProject.aep” name this file “aeProject_RCF.txt”

5. To restart the render, change ‘init=1’ back to ‘init=0’.

The Caveats: Unless you’re source footage AND output files are on a computer running a Server OS, the most number of machines that can access the footage you’re working with is 10. This is a Windows limitation. Effectively this is actually 8, 9 if you’re lucky. If you wish to use more machines in your farm – all your footage AND your output files must be on a server machine running a Server OS. The max amount of machines will depend on your license.




Supersonic Appendix

Useful Speedy Rendering Keyboard Shortcuts PC Mac Ctrl = Command Alt = Option Shift = Shift

• Shift+/ = Render Que – For Adding Multiple Compositions to the Queue

• Ctrl (CMD)+M = Make Movie – Opens Render Queue – for adding one composition

• CTRL+ALT+S = Render a still • B = Begin of Work Area in

timeline • N = end of Work Area in

timeline • 0 (on numeric keyboard) =

RAM-Preview • shift+0 (on numeric keyboard)

= Shift-RAM-Preview – a preview that drops frames etc. based on your preferences

• Add CTRL (CMD) to the above to also save the preview as a rendered file.

• Add ALT (Option) to the above to preview a wireframe

• ALT+STOP in the render queue – a new output will be added to pick up where you left off

Other Resources: After Effects Help – Contents>Managing Projects Effectively>Techniques for

QuickTime Resources: (Special thanks to Chris Rogers) • Free QT

http://www.apple.com/quicktime/products/qt/

• QT Pro (recommend) http://www.apple.com/quicktime/buy/

• How to remove QT http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=60341

• Older versions of QT http://www.info.apple.com/usen/quicktime/


http://www.apple.com/quicktime/products/qt/

http://www.apple.com/quicktime/buy/

http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=60341

http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=60341

http://www.info.apple.com/usen/quicktime/

AE - Supersonic Rendering and Workflow by Jayse Hansen -- http://training.jayse.us

Page 12 of 14

All Content is Internationally Copyright 2005 by Jayse Hansen All Rights Reserved. Please contact [email protected] for reproduction and other information.

Learn a heck-of-a-lot more with:

After Effects Essentials The Ultimate in Motion Training! 9.5 hours of exciting video training (on two CD-ROMs) that will get you from beginner to pro in no time – and enjoy the process! http://training.jayse.us

Advance Photoshop Artistry Ready to MASTER Photoshop? Get 10+ hours of hands-on accelerated video training (on two CD-ROMs) from Jayse http://training.jayse.us

Photoshop for Nonlinear Editors By Richard Harrington I wrote several parts/tutorials in this awesome book by Rich. A definite must for all you video-folk.

Creative After Effects By Angie Taylor

After Effects Bible By J.J. Marshall and Zed Saeed

Creating Motion Graphics Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 By Trish and Chris Meyer

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0240516222/qid=1078990692/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/002-1002581-0676851?v=glance&s=books

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0764536559/qid=1078990610/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/002-1002581-0676851?v=glance&s=books

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http://training.jayse.us/



AE - Supersonic Rendering and Workflow by Jayse Hansen -- http://training.jayse.us

Page 13 of 14

All Content is Internationally Copyright 2005 by Jayse Hansen All Rights Reserved. Please contact [email protected] for reproduction and other information.

Special Hugs & Thanks Go To: All of you that attended the class! Thanks for coming. Hope to see you again soon! Among numerous sources consulted, and lots of trial and error, I’d like to give a big shout out, thnx, hugz to:

• Chelsea - <333 • Steve Kilisky • Richard Harrington • Ron and Kathlyn at www.creativecow.net • Chris Rogers • Rachel Max • Trish and Chris Meyer • Dave Nagel with Creative Mac • Richard Lawler http://www.well.com/~richardl • Angie Taylor • J.J. Marshall and Zed Saeed • Angie Malouf and George Barton at

Alienware.com • Way too many others to mention • All my friends and family!

http://www.creativecow.net/

http://www.well.com/~richardl




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Rendering Speeds - From Slow to Supersonic, Jayse Hansen