STEAM GENERATOR

Renewable Energies In Pakistan and its Synchronization

Dr. Bilal Khan

Kamran ZebSP14-R09-008

CONTENTS 1) Introduction 2) Green Energy Sources 3) Status Of Green Energy In Pakistan 4) Potentials Of Renewable Energy Sources In Pakistan 5) Barriers Towards Green Energy Sources In Pakistan 6) Conclusion 7) Synchronization of Hybrid power system

RTHE 2004 U.S. ENERGY SUPPLY Several Problems• Air & water pollution• Health effects of pollution• Oil depletion/ imports• Global warming from CO2

One SolutionRenewable energy sources cause minimal pollution, don’t cause global warming and are locally available

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Solar Energy Wind Energy Hydrel Power Waves & Tidal Geothermal Biomass

Energy that comes from resources which are continually replenished by nature ( such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.) and add no pollutants in environment

SOLAR ENERGYINTRODUCTION

Energy that comes from direct sunlight which is also called beam radiation.At least 2000 kWh of energy can be produced per sq.m annually .It is relatively low cost and is to adopt.It will be more efficient in areas where temperature range is 40-80 ºCPV and solar thermal are the technologies that converts sunlight into electricity .

HOW DO SOLAR CELLS WORK?

Disadvantages Solar panels are expensive. When it is cloudy or at

night there is not enough light.

Some people don’t like the look of solar panels.

What is it?• Solar power

uses energy from the Sun.

• Solar panels transfer the Suns energy to heat water.

Advantages The energy from the Sun i s

free. The sun does not produce

greenhouse gases. The sun will always be there

during our lifetime.

SOLAR ENERGYSTATUS IN PAKISTAN

In Pakistan solar energy is produced in Karachi , Islamabad ,Quetta and Multan.Sindh and Baluchistan are receiving more than 440 cal/per day , Punjab and KPK are 400-440 cal./ per day.

First solar power generation plant was inaugurated in in Islamabad with help of Japanese company on may 29,2012. It has the capacity of 178 kW.In Pakistan approx. production rate is 14.40 Rs./kWh according to ShaafMehboob, vice president of REAP.Total generation from solar is

approximately 792.99 MW

SOLAR ENERGYSTATUS IN PAKISTAN

It is being harnessed by 1) PCRET(Pakistan council of Renewable Energies Tech) 2) Pakistan Energy council (PEC) 3) Alternative Energy Development Board(AEDB)

SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIALS

If 0.25% area of Baluchistan is covered with solar cell with efficiency of 20% , all energy demands can be fulfilled only by solar energy.40,000 homes are still un electrified.Its not feasible to connect them with grids till for 20 years so solar panels are being provided and 10,000 homes are electrified

SOLAR ENERGY BARRIERS

1. political Issues ( no policies made for developing resources, no sincere govt.)

2.No funding in sector of solar development 3.High custom duty on import of solar panels4.High cost on the time of installation5. No awareness on public level

WIND POWERINTRODUCTION

oWind power is the conversion of wind energy into useful form of energy such as mechanical and electrical power.oIt does not causes green house gases and pollutants.oIt occupies a small plot of land.oPlant has 20 year of life span.

Disadvantages• Lots of wind turbines are

needed to produce enough power.

• Turbines can only be put in windy areas.

• It is not always windy.• Some people don’t like the

look of the turbines.

What is it?• Wind turbines are

used to generate electricity from the wind.

• The wind turns the large blades and the blades turn a generator.

Advantages• Wind is renewable.• Wind is free.• No greenhouse gases are

made.• There are few safety risks.

WIND POWERINTRODUCTION

Companies which are working1. Wind Eagle Limited ( Jhampir )2. FFCEL ( Sindh)3. Zephyr Power Ltd. ( Bhambore )

WIND POWERSTATUS

Wind power plants have been installed in Jhimpur, Keti Bandar and Bin Qasim in Sindh.

Jhim pur plant was developed by Zorlu energy Pakistan by Turkish company, project cost 136 million Rupees having capacity 50MW.

FFC wind form at Sindh has capacity of 50MW. PCRET installed 155 micro wind generators to electrify more than 1600 houses

Zorlu plant

WIND ENERGYPOTENTIALS

According to USAID, Pakistan can produce up to 150,000 MW of wind energy of which only Sindh corridor can produce 40,000MW BHASHA DAM requires $12 billion to produce 4200MW. But $12 billion can be produced 12000MW by wind power.India is producing 11,500 MW , China 62,000 MW and Pakistan is producing 256 MW only.

WIND POWER BARRIERS

Govt. is imposing high taxes on import and production of raw materials required for a wind turbine.Lack of management and improper attention SO There must be protection against political risk No import duties on Equipment Exemption of income tax and sales tax

HYDRO ELECTRICINTRODUCTION

It is the power derived from energy of falling and running water Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at constant rate.Pakistan meets the 35% of its energy needs by hydropowerThis water is also used for irrigation purpose and controlling flood. First dam was built in 1878 in Northumberland in England. In the earlier of 20th century there were 100s of dams in the world

HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATION

Disadvantages• The dam is expensive to build.• By building a dam, the nearby

area has to be flooded and this could affect nearby habitats.

• If it does not rain much we may not have enough water to turn the turbines.

What is it?• Flowing water

is used to turn a turbine which generates electricity.

Advantages• When the electricity is

generated, no greenhouse gases are made.

• The water used is free.• It is a renewable energy source.

HYDRO ELECTRICSTATUSPakistan has an installed hydroelectric capacity of 5,928 MW of large (>250 MW), 437 MW of medium (>50 MW and <250 MW), and 253 MW of small to micro (<50 MW) plants, mostly in the northern parts of the country.There are 5 dams under construction which will produce 381.40MWThere are projects under consideration which will yield 5530MW.

HYDRO ELECTRICPOTENTIAL

Terbela dam produces 3500MW located near Islamabad.Mangla dam can produce 1000MW installed in Azad Kshmir.Ghazi Barotha has capacity to produce 1450MW located 7km down stream of Terbela.Bunji dam will be the largest dam of Pakistan that will Produce 7100MW

Mangla Dam

HYDRO ELECTRICBARRIER

kalabagh dam issue on political levelNew projects require atleast 20-30 years for completion People are forced to resort to independent power production No policies made for development of projects

Disadvantages• Small waves generate small

amounts of electricity.• Electricity needs to be

transported from the sea onto the land.

• The equipment is expensive

What is it?• Waves force

air in and out of a chamber.

• The air causes a turbine to generate electricity.

Advantages• Waves are free and will not run

out. • Wave power does not produce

greenhouse gases.• There are very few safety risks.

Wave

HOW DOES WAVE POWER WORK?

Disadvantages• A dam to make the water flow

through the generators might be needed.

• Plants and animals that live nearby might get harmed

• The tides only happen twice a day, so can only produce electricity at that time.

What is it?• Energy from

the rise and fall of the tides, which can be used to generate electricity.

Advantages• Tides are free and will not

run out.• No greenhouse gases are

produced.• It is reliable because we

know exactly when the tides happen.

HOW DOES TIDAL POWER WORK?

GEOTHERMALINTRODUCTION

The energy present into the earth due to the decay of minerals and absorption of sunlight by earth.It can be used for production of electricity, space heating , spas and agricultural applications.Its installation cost is 2-5 million pounds per MW.The heat energy can be extracted by production well , injection well and heat exchangers.A country can save its 10% energy by using geothermal energy.

Disadvantages• There are not many places

where we can build geothermal power stations.

• Harmful gases and minerals may occasionally come up from the ground below. These can be

• difficult to control.

What is it?• Rocks under

the ground are hot.

• Water can be pumped through these hot rocks and warmed up.

Advantages• Geothermal energy does not

produce greenhouse gases.• The energy source is free and

will not run out.

GEOTHERMALSTATUS No geothermal power work has been done in Pakistan . Pakistan is situated on the junction of tectonic plates of the sub continent and is rich in geothermal resources . Three parts of Pakistan i.e Kashmir , KPK and Balochistan are the potential zones where geothermal resources are located . So far , no work has been done .

Disadvantages• Inefficient (only 30%

efficiency).• Releases harmful solid

carbon particles into the atmosphere.

What is it?• Biomass, is a

renewable energy source made of biological material from living, or recently living organisms.

• Energy is released by combustion (burning). Advantages

• Produces less pollution than fossil fuels.

• Does not cause acid rain.• Can be found locally.• It is renewable.

BIOGAS PLANT

SYNCHRONIZATION Synchronization means the minimization of the difference in: magnitude (voltage) frequency phase angleOf different connecting systems (Generators etc)Synchronization limits The normal limits specified for allowing synchronization are: Phase angle +/- 20 degrees Maximum voltage difference 7% Maximum slip frequency 0.44 %

HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM A hybrid renewable energy system is a system in which two or more supplies from different renewable energy sources (solar-thermal, solar photovoltaic, wind, biomass, hydropower, etc.) are integrated to supply electricity or heat, or both, to the same demand. The most frequently used hybrid system is the hybrid which consists of Photovoltaic ( PV ) modules and wind turbines.

PRINCIPLE TECHNOLOGICAL CONFIGURATIONS FOR HYBRID SYSTEMS 1. Electricity generation coupled at DC bus line All electricity generating components are connected to a DC bus line from which the battery is charged. AC generating components need an AC/DC converter.

2. ELECTRICITY GENERATION COUPLED AT AC BUS LINE All electricity generating components are connected to an AC bus line. AC generating components may be directly connected to the AC bus line (**) or may need a AC/AC converter to enable stable coupling of the components (*). In both options, a bidirectional master inverter controls the energy supply for the AC loads and the battery charging. DC loads can be optionally supplied by the battery.

3. ELECTRICITY GENERATION COUPLED AT AC/DC BUS LINES DC and AC electricity generating components are connected at both sides of a master inverter, which controls the energy supply of the AC loads. DC loads can be optionally supplied by the battery. On the AC bus line, AC generating components may be directly connected to the AC bus line (**) or may need a AC/AC converter to enable stable coupling of the components (*).

FUTURE WORK Analyzing different problems for research work in hybrid power system.

Thanks For Patience

ALLAH NEGHABAN