Renata G. Bushko, M.S. Director: Future of Health Technology Institute

Renata G. Bushko, M.S.

Director: Future of Health Technology Institute

Future of Health Technology Institute

Common Sense in Health – Save Lives, Reduce Suffering

Future of Health Technology Institutewww.fhti.org© 2008, FHTI.

Nanofuture 101: Chromallocytes and Diamond MechanosynthesisApril 2, 2008, Magog Canada

1st Unither Nanomedical & Telemedical Technology Conference

Renata G. Bushko [email protected]

Future of Health Technology Institute, Hopkinton MA,USA www.fhti.org


Renata Bushko, Future of Health Technology Institute (FHTI)© 1996-20078 FHTI. All Rights Reserved.

Nanofuture 101: Chromallocyte and DMSNanofuture 101: Chromallocyte and DMS

IIntroduction:FHTI’s Mission Historic Event

AAct I:Chromallocyte

ConceptDesignSelected ComponentsLiver Therapy In vivo

AAct II: Diamond Mechanosynthesis

GGrand Finale:Significance References to learn more…

From: Edwards, FHT2005




Future of Health Technology InstituteFuture of Health Technology Institute since 1996 since 1996Brings Together Creative Minds for Annual Brings Together Creative Minds for Annual Future of Health Technology Summit™ to:Future of Health Technology Summit™ to:

Stop disease before it even begins Stop suffering before tears occur Stop symptoms before they hurt Stop medical errors and aging before they kill Stop Cyborgs before….they control us….

Future of Health Technology Institute tries to achieve this by: Beginning to address health crisis as a

national and international emergency Beginning to think about long-term global

future on an on-going bases Beginning to manage randomness in

technology creation & adoption process Beginning to design Intelligent and

Extelligent Health Environment with Caring Machines




Future of Health Technology AwardFuture of Health Technology Award

Reduce suffering, save lives, extend human potential with technology

© Apollo Diamond Inc.

Third nanotech-made diamond eye by Apollo Diamond Inc. to see the future, wings to be inspired…




End of Aging & New Life Form

Mechanical Engineering

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science

Molecular Biology

Chemistry

Genetic Engineering

Nanotechnology(Chromallocytes)

Mathematics

Biology

Future = Life Science + Computer Science

ArchitecturePhysics

Material Science




?How can we invest a couple of Billions to save hundreds of Billions How can we invest a couple of Billions to save hundreds of Billions and …humanity? and …humanity?

How to give ideas with biggest impact a chance? How to give ideas with biggest impact a chance?




Chromallocyte – Historic EventChromallocyte – Historic Event

Robert Freitas’ paper from June 2007 “The Ideal Gene Delivery Vector: Chromallocytes, Cell Repair Nanorobots for Chromosome Replacement Therapy” in Journal of Evolution & Technology

The first theoretical scaling analysis and design for a cell repair nanorobot

Robert A. Freitas Jr., Ralph C. Merkle’s paper to be published in May 2008, “A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis,” in J. Comput. Theor. Nanoscience

“What is Life” Schrodinger - 1944Prediction of aperiodic crystals of DNA,9 years later Watson and Crick discovered aperiodic solid of DNA

Dr. Freitas is Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (IMM) in Palo Alto, California




Chromallocyte – Historic EventChromallocyte – Historic Event

The most essential part of living cell – the chromosome fibre – may suitably be called aperiodic crystal. In physics we have dealt only with periodic crystals. […] Compared with aperiodic crystal they are plain and dull. […] Aperiodic crystal, in my opinion, is the MATERIAL CARRIER OF LIFE.”

“How can the events in space and time which take place within spacial boundary of living organism be accounted for by physics and chemistry?”

“The obvious inability of present-day physics and chemistry to account for such events is no reason at all for doubting that they can be accounted for by these sciences.”

“What is Life” Schrodinger p 4-5




ACT I: Chromallocyte – Basic ConceptACT I: Chromallocyte – Basic Concept Nanorobot capable of cellular chromosome

replacement It replaces entire chromatin content of

nucleus of a living cell with prefabricated defect-free chromosomes

It can travel in vascular surface into the capillary bed of the targeted organ and leaves human body after completed mission

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chromosome_11.svg

Made by Mysid, based on http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=11 (National Library of Medicine).

http://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/bio_103/notes/may_15.html




The following 14 genes from chromosome 11:

ACAT1: acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1 (acetoacetyl Coenzyme A thiolase) ATM: ataxia telangiectasia mutated (includes complementation groups A, C and D) CPT1A: carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (liver) DHCR7: 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase HBB: hemoglobin, beta HMBS: hydroxymethylbilane VIIA PAX6 PTS: 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase SAA1: serum amyloid A1 SBF2: SET binding factor 2 SMPD1: sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1, acid lysosomal (acid sphingomyelinase) TECTA: tectorin alpha (nonsyndromic deafness) TH: tyrosine hydroxylase USH1C: Usher syndrome 1C (autosomal recessive, severe)

The following 32 diseases related to genes on chromosome 11:autism (neurexin 1) [1] aniridia acute intermittent porphyria ataxia-telangiectasia beta-ketothiolase deficiency beta thalassemia bladder cancer breast cancer carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 4 Denys-Drash syndrome familial Mediterranean fever Hereditary angioedema [[2]] Jacobsen syndrome Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome Meckel syndrome methemoglobinemia, beta-globin type multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 Hereditary Multiple Exostoses Niemann-Pick disease nonsyndromic deafness nonsyndromic deafness, autosomal dominant nonsyndromic deafness, autosomal recessive porphyria Romano-Ward syndrome sickle cell anemia Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency Usher syndrome Usher syndrome type I WAGR syndrome




Chromallocytes are not able to free float in the bloodstream so their diameter can be bigger than 4 microns (size limit forfree floating robots) but… Robert A. Freitas Jr. , Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 p12

They are restricted to vascular surfaces so they are smaller in volume than erythrocytes (95 microns3 red cells) or granulocytes (1000 microns3 white cells)

They are less than 1% of typical tissue cell volume and up to 25% of nucleus volume to be able to penetrate cells

ACT I: Chromallocyte – Design ACT I: Chromallocyte – Design Goal: Minimize VolumeGoal: Minimize Volume




Chromallocyte – DimensionsChromallocyte – Dimensions

4.18 microns x 3.28 microns x 5.05 microns in length 4.18 microns x 3.28 microns x 5.05 microns in length

Robert A. Freitas Jr. , Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 - pgs 12




Chromallocyte – DimensionsChromallocyte – Dimensions

Displacement volume (mostly diamondoid) = 69.250 micronDisplacement volume (mostly diamondoid) = 69.250 micron33

Dry Mass = 80 pg; Mass with wet cargo = 103 pgDry Mass = 80 pg; Mass with wet cargo = 103 pg

Robert A. Freitas Jr. , Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 – pg 16




General Structure of the Chromallocyte General Structure of the Chromallocyte

1. Proboscis Manipulator2. Mobility System3. Funnel Assembly4. Chromatin Storage5. Power Supply6. Navigation/Communication7. Computers8. Sensors9. Consumables10. Structural Support

Bottom view

Robert A. Freitas Jr. , Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007 p12




Chromallocyte – Terrain Characteristics Chromallocyte – Terrain Characteristics

Goal: Walking on Vascular and Cell Surfaces Goal: Walking on Vascular and Cell Surfaces

Their cell plasma membranes are covered with a fuzzy coat of glycoprotein strands (glycocalyx*)

• 10-100 nm thick in human cells:6-10 nm for red cells 30-60 nm for bladder cells40-70 nm for lymphocytes90 nm for cochlear hair cells150 nm for intestinal cells

•*A glycocalyx, otherwise known as the "sweet husk of the cell", is a network of polysaccharides that project from cellular surfaces

Top view of grapple with iris cover mechanism retracted

Grapple footpad covered by protective cowling. Images © 2001 Forrest Bishop, used with permission.




Chromallocyte – How does it get places?Chromallocyte – How does it get places?

Solution: Solution: 1027 Telescopic Grapple Manipulators1027 Telescopic Grapple Manipulators

Fully extended grapple - 250 nm Grapple work envelope

• Manipulators may be shortened or lengthened during each stroke• Variable-area end-effectors may be used to enhance the propulsive effect

© Robert A. Freitas Jr. , Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007

© Robert A. Freitas Jr. , Journal of Evolution and Technology - Vol. 16 Issue 1 June 2007




Chromallocyte – Getting PlacesChromallocyte – Getting Places

Goal: Cell and Vascular PenetrationGoal: Cell and Vascular Penetration

The grapples are adequate for:• vascular wall penetration • penetration of cell membrane• penetration of nuclear membrane

from: LIFE SCIENCE LIBRARY - THE CELL - 1964

http://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/bio_103/notes/may_15.html.




In the case of histonatation (“tissue In the case of histonatation (“tissue swimming”) and brachiation throughswimming”) and brachiation throughacellular tissue spaces, acellular tissue spaces,

““A brachiating nanorobot can pull A brachiating nanorobot can pull itself along individual fibrils, itself along individual fibrils, changing direction at fibril junctions,changing direction at fibril junctions, indirectly working its way toward its indirectly working its way toward its cellular target crudely analogous to cellular target crudely analogous to the path of a sailboat tacking into thethe path of a sailboat tacking into thewind.”wind.” Fibrous components are typically Fibrous components are typically spaced up to 10-100 microns apart.spaced up to 10-100 microns apart.

Chromallocyte – Getting Places Chromallocyte – Getting Places

Accelular tissue spaces




Chromallocyte – Getting Lost Chromallocyte – Getting Lost

What if it gets lost?What if it gets lost?

1.1. Proboscis can be deployed to search Proboscis can be deployed to search for new handholds (e.g. fibrils) within for new handholds (e.g. fibrils) within a ~4 micron hemispherical work a ~4 micron hemispherical work envelope. envelope.

2.2. The grapples may be operated as The grapples may be operated as cilia, producing slow swimming cilia, producing slow swimming motility in the fluid. motility in the fluid.

3.3. Grapples can be extended or Grapples can be extended or retracted in 0.25 millisec, easily retracted in 0.25 millisec, easily allowing execution of a 2 KHz beating allowing execution of a 2 KHz beating motion similar to that of natural cilia .motion similar to that of natural cilia .





Chromallocyte’s Working Unit - Proboscis Chromallocyte’s Working Unit - Proboscis


Proboscis (4 microns)

Collects old chromatin from the nucleus

Has chromosome binding part

Transfers new chromatin to the cell’s nucleus

Needs 950 pW energy

Side view




Chromallocytes Onboard ComputersChromallocytes Onboard Computers

Chromallocytes operate semi-autonomously during most of themission but can receive variousparameters from the physician viaacoustic signaling

10 acoustic message receivers

10 CPU and memory units:

50 megabits - memory0.01 micron3 - total computer volume Front view





Power Supply of the ChromallocytePower Supply of the Chromallocyte

Non-chemical power: 10 acoustic power receiversEach power receiver has a pistonthrow and can receive 200 pW

Patient is well-coupled to a medically-safe 1000 W/m2 0.5 MHz ultrasoundtransverse-plane-wave transmitter throughout the procedure.

Higher power levels may be needed inbone, bowel and lungs to overcome shadowing effects.

Buffered power supply: 10 diamondoid flywheels that can store 5 sec of maximumnormal power draw of 200 pW

Front view





Chromallocyte – Liver Therapy StagesChromallocyte – Liver Therapy Stages

7 hour liver in vivo chromosome replacement therapy (CRT)7 hour liver in vivo chromosome replacement therapy (CRT)

1. Organ Survey

2. Chromallocyte Preparation

3. Patient Preparation

4. Chromosome Replacement

5. Patient Post-operative Process

from: LIFE SCIENCE LIBRARY - THE CELL - 1964




Chromallocyte – Liver Therapy DescriptionChromallocyte – Liver Therapy Description

7 hour liver in vivo chromosome replacement therapy (CRT)7 hour liver in vivo chromosome replacement therapy (CRT)

1. CRT of all 250 billion hepatic tissue

cells

2. It might require the infusion of 1 terabot (trillion device) chromallocyte dose

3. It is 63 cm3 Chromallocytes in 1-liter 7% saline suspension

4. Liver cells often have multiple nuclei (typically 1-3) so probably multiple visits to many cells would be needed.




Chromallocyte – Liver Therapy DescriptionChromallocyte – Liver Therapy DescriptionPatient Preparation – 30 minPatient Preparation – 30 min

1. Patient is placed on the ultrasonic vibrating table with comfortable encapsulated gel interface. Goal: maximize acoustic power transmission into the body – energy for in vivo Chromallocyte activities.

2. Then patient is sedated and respirocytes injection followsGoal: Reduce pulse rate and slow blood velocity.

3. Self-guiding flexible nanocannula is installed directly into blood vessel nearest to the liver Goal: Robots inserted into body and extra fluid extracted. from: LIFE SCIENCE LIBRARY - THE CELL - 1964




H Abst Tool

ACT II: Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis ACT II: Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis

A Minimal 9-Tooltip Toolset for PDM by R. Freitas and R. MerkleA Minimal 9-Tooltip Toolset for PDM by R. Freitas and R. Merkle

H Don Tool H Trans Tool

Dimer Tool Ge Rad Tool Adam Rad Handle

Robert A. Freitas Jr., Ralph C. Merkle, “A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis,” J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 5(May 2008). In press.




“I don't think we're all that close to the operational chromallocyte, no - but we should be able to create such things eventually, and they will certainly give us radically new alternative approaches to combating aging and other medical problems, and the chances are high that some of those alternatives will outperform the more traditional ones.”

Aubrey de Grey, 3/2008Aubrey de Grey, 3/2008

ACT III: Significance of Chromallocytes and DMSACT III: Significance of Chromallocytes and DMS




Robert A. Freitas Jr., The Ideal Gene Delivery Vector: Chromallocytes, Cell Repair Nanorobots for Chromosome Replacement Therapy, J. Evol. Technol. 16(June 2007):1-97. http://jetpress.org/v16/freitas.pdf

http://www.rfreitas.com and http://www.nanomedicine.com (where the books are) The Nanofactory Collaboration website, which explains how nanorobots might be built: http://www.MolecularAssembler.com/Nanofactory

ACT III: Chromallocytes and DMS Resources – ACT III: Chromallocytes and DMS Resources – Learn MoreLearn More




1313thth Annual Future of Health Annual Future of Health Technology Summit™Technology Summit™

United States & European United States & European Community Future of Health Community Future of Health Technology Strategy will be Technology Strategy will be

discussed discussed

September 22-23, 2008September 22-23, 2008MIT Faculty Club, MIT Faculty Club,

Cambridge USCambridge US

[email protected]@fhti.org

Register at: Register at: www.fhti.org or call 508-497-2577www.fhti.org or call 508-497-2577

Documents

Renata G. Bushko, M.S. Director: Future of Health Technology Institute