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Removing Atmospheric Turbulence SIAM Imaging Science, May 20 th , 2012 Xiang Zhu, Peyman Milanfar EE Department University of California, Santa Cruz 1

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Page 1: Removing Atmospheric Turbulencemilanfar/talks/Removing...Effects of atmospheric turbulence: 1. Geometric distortion 2. Space and time‐varying blur Goal:to restore a single high quality

Removing Atmospheric Turbulence

SIAM Imaging Science, May 20th, 2012

Xiang Zhu, Peyman MilanfarEE Department

University of California, Santa Cruz

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Page 2: Removing Atmospheric Turbulencemilanfar/talks/Removing...Effects of atmospheric turbulence: 1. Geometric distortion 2. Space and time‐varying blur Goal:to restore a single high quality

What is the Problem?

time

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Page 3: Removing Atmospheric Turbulencemilanfar/talks/Removing...Effects of atmospheric turbulence: 1. Geometric distortion 2. Space and time‐varying blur Goal:to restore a single high quality

Effects of atmospheric turbulence:

1. Geometric distortion2. Space and time‐varying blur

Goal: to restore a single high quality imagefrom the observed sequence          ,                 

Atmospheric Turbulence

Turbulence‐caused PSF Noise

Degradation model for the k‐th frame:

Diffraction‐limited PSF

Latent image

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State of the Art: Lucky Imaging

• Hufnagel, R., "Restoration of Atmospherically Degraded Images: Woods Hole Summer Study", 1966• Fried, D. L. “Probability of getting a lucky short‐exposure image through turbulence” Optical Society of America Journal, no. 68 (Dec.), 1651‐1658. Dec. 1978• Aubailly, M., et al. “Automated video enhancement from a stream of atmospherically‐distorted images: the lucky‐region fusion approach”, SPIE 2009

“Luckyregions”areselectedandfusedtogeneratearesult

Turbulencecreatesmutationsinlocalimagequality

Short‐exposuredistortedimages

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Alternative: Adaptive Optics

Even more Expensive, Large, Impractical for Tactical Ground Systems5

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Isoplanatic Patches

Global imaging model:

Local imaging model (patch‐wise)

diffraction‐limited patch

Turbulence layer

Turbulence layer

isoplanatic angle

Turbulence‐caused PSF (spatially invariant)

Light travels through basically the same parts of the layers

Latent patch

The PSFs are locally constant (isoplanatic.) 6

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Near‐Diffraction‐Limited Image Reconstruction

Near‐Diffraction‐Limited Image Reconstruction

Single Image Blind 

Deconvolution

Single Image Blind 

Deconvolution

Non‐Rigid Image Registration

Non‐Rigid Image Registration

Proposed Framework

Observed sequence

Registered sequence

Output

Near‐diffraction‐limited image

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Non‐Rigid Image DeformationThe movement of a given pixel                     can be described through the 

motion of the control points:  

Deformation vector:

denotes control points’ movement.

are spline function‐based weights.

Spline function

The deformed coordinates 

Control point

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To improve the estimation accuracy, we minimize the following:

Non‐Rigid Image RegistrationWe can estimate the forward deformation vector      by minimizing:

Symmetry constraint

: reference(e.g. averaged image)

: target

Forward fidelity term Backward fidelity term

Forward fidelity term

Forward

Backward

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Non‐Rigid Image Registration

For each observed frame      , once we get the optimized       we can generate 

the registered frame:

Consider the registered frame locally:

Local registration operatorRegistered isoplanatic patch

The registration just shifts local PSFs.

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PSF before registration

PSFs after registration

Page 11: Removing Atmospheric Turbulencemilanfar/talks/Removing...Effects of atmospheric turbulence: 1. Geometric distortion 2. Space and time‐varying blur Goal:to restore a single high quality

Patch‐Wise Temporal Regression

Patch‐Wise Temporal Regression

Sharpest Patch Detection

Sharpest Patch Detection

Registered image sequence

Blurry Image Reconstruction

Patch sequence

Near‐diffraction‐limited patch

Near‐diffraction‐limited image

Center pixel value assigned to

Recover       that is approximately uniformly blurry.11

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Sharpest Patch DetectionOnce we have sufficient observations, the sharpest patch (in say  frame) can 

be viewed as:

Sharpness can be measured through patch intensity variance:

The pixel values in      are contaminated by noise, which can cause artifacts in the 

subsequent deconvolution step.

diffraction‐limited patch

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Temporal Kernel Regression

Smoothing parameter

Weights measure the similarity of collocated patches 

The solution is:

U ~ 1

U ~ 0

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Blind Deconvolution

Once near‐diffraction‐limited image                                is obtained, the latent 

image      can be estimated through:

Natural image statistics Natural image gradient distribution example

PSF Regularization

Q. Shan, J. Jia and A. Agarwala, “High‐quality Motion 

Deblurring from a Single Image”, ACM Transactions 

on Graphics (SIGGRAPH), 2008 

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Simulated Experiment

Latent sharp image

To simulate an image sequence through the degradation model with different turbulence strength and noise level.

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Simulated Sequences

Mild turbulence Medium turbulence Strong turbulence

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Registered Sequences

Mild turbulence Medium turbulence Strong turbulence

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Proposed Outputs

Mild turbulence Medium turbulence Strong turbulence

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Algorithm Performances Evaluated in PSNR (dB)

Methodσ2 = 1 σ2 = 9 σ2 = 25

weak med. strong weak med. strong weak med. strong

Proposed 23.52 23.17 22.79 23.47 23.11 22.77 23.35 23.10 22.60

Vorontsov SPIE 2009 22.44 21.32 21.28 22.40 21.29 21.27 22.33 21.23 21.21

Zhu SPIE 2010  21.80 20.67 18.81 21.77 20.59 18.80 21.67 20.52 18.77

Hirsch CVPR 2010 21.29 20.15 18.89 21.85 20.23 18.86 21.71 20.24 18.85

Averaged Inputs 20.67 19.33 18.06 20.61 19.28 18.03 20.49 19.19 17.96

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Real Data Experiment I

Input video(237x237x100)

Turbulence is caused by the hot air exhausted from a building’s vent.

“Ground truth” Registered video

*Courtesy of Dr. S. Harmeling from Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, and is also used in his CVPR 2010 paper.

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Results I“Ground truth” Hirsch et al. CVPR 2010 Proposed

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Page 22: Removing Atmospheric Turbulencemilanfar/talks/Removing...Effects of atmospheric turbulence: 1. Geometric distortion 2. Space and time‐varying blur Goal:to restore a single high quality

Real Data Experiment II

Input video Water Tower*(300x220x80)

Top part of a water tower imaged at a (horizontal) distance of 2.4 km.

Registered video

*Courtesy of Prof. Mikhail A. Vorontsov from the Intelligent Optics Lab of the University of Maryland / Dayton.

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Results II

One input frame Output

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Page 24: Removing Atmospheric Turbulencemilanfar/talks/Removing...Effects of atmospheric turbulence: 1. Geometric distortion 2. Space and time‐varying blur Goal:to restore a single high quality

Additional ComparisonsLucky region (Vorontsov et al. 2009) Proposed approach

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Page 25: Removing Atmospheric Turbulencemilanfar/talks/Removing...Effects of atmospheric turbulence: 1. Geometric distortion 2. Space and time‐varying blur Goal:to restore a single high quality

Real Data Experiment III Astronomical Imaging

Moon Surface (410x380x80)

Moon surface captured by a ground‐based telescope. Video courtesy of NASA Langley Research Center. 25

Page 26: Removing Atmospheric Turbulencemilanfar/talks/Removing...Effects of atmospheric turbulence: 1. Geometric distortion 2. Space and time‐varying blur Goal:to restore a single high quality

Registered Sequence

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Page 27: Removing Atmospheric Turbulencemilanfar/talks/Removing...Effects of atmospheric turbulence: 1. Geometric distortion 2. Space and time‐varying blur Goal:to restore a single high quality

OutputProposed Approach

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Page 28: Removing Atmospheric Turbulencemilanfar/talks/Removing...Effects of atmospheric turbulence: 1. Geometric distortion 2. Space and time‐varying blur Goal:to restore a single high quality

Experimental ResultsProposed approachOne input frame

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Page 29: Removing Atmospheric Turbulencemilanfar/talks/Removing...Effects of atmospheric turbulence: 1. Geometric distortion 2. Space and time‐varying blur Goal:to restore a single high quality

Summary / Conclusions

• High Fidelity Long Distance Imaging by Post‐processing

• Applicability– Ground and Space Imaging

– Unknown Sensors

• Next Steps– Moving Subjects

– Mobile Sensors

– Other Environmental Degradations

http://tinyurl.com/noturbulence

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Page 30: Removing Atmospheric Turbulencemilanfar/talks/Removing...Effects of atmospheric turbulence: 1. Geometric distortion 2. Space and time‐varying blur Goal:to restore a single high quality

References

1. X. Zhu, P. Milanfar, Removing Atmospheric Turbulence, To appear in IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

2. M. Shimizu, S. Yoshimura, M. Tanaka, M. Okutomi. Super‐resolution from image sequence under influence of hot‐air optical turbulence, CVPR 2008. 

3. X. Zhu, P. Milanfar, Image Reconstruction from Videos Distorted by Atmospheric Turbulence, SPIE 2010.

4. M. Hirsch, S. Sra, B. Schölkopf, S. Harmeling, Efficient Filter Flow for Space‐Variant Multiframe Blind Deconvolution, CVPR 2010.

5. M. Aubailly, M. Vorontsov, G. Carhat, M. Valley, Automated video enhancement from a stream of atmospherically‐distorted images: the lucky‐region fusion approach, SPIE 2009.

6. N. Joshi, M. Cohen, Seeing Mt. Rainier: Lucky imaging for multi‐image denoising, sharpening, and haze removal, ICCP 2010. 31