Removal of Crystal Violet dye from water using Banana peel ... · Banana peel charcoal preparation Banana peels were collected from domestic waste and ... then 1 g of Banana peel

South Asian Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol.2, No.24 (2016) 155–168

155

ISSN No: 2454-9614

Removal of Crystal Violet dye from water using Banana peel

charcoal and AMPS-g- Banana peel charcoal hydrogels: A

comparative study

I. Inigo Babu

1, S. Lokeshwaran

2, J. Sadish Kumar

2, K. Shyam Sundar

2,

Venkatesan Srinivasan1*

1Department of Chemistry, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, Tamilnadu. 635109. 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, Tamilnadu. 635109.

Corresponding author: (Venkatesan Srinivasan)

E-mail:[email protected]

Received: 13/12/2015, Revised: 12/02/2016 and Accepted: 27/04/2016

Abstract

Removal of Crystal Violet dye has been reported by using Banana peel charcoal as the

adsorbent. A novel method of grafting this charcoal with poly(AMPS) hydrogels has been

successfully achieved. The efficiency of banana peel charcoal and AMPS-g-banana peel

charcoal hydrogels as an activated adsorbent in the removal of CV dyes has been studied and

their capacities are compared. Qmax, %R and the experimental conditions such as optimum

adsorbent dose, optimum pH and kinetic studies were reported. BET surface area of the

banana peel has been reported.

Key words: Banana peel, poly(AMPS-g-banana peel) hydrogel, Adsorbent, CV dye.

*Reviewed by Organizing committee of 4th National Conference On Emerging Trends and New Challenges in Biotechnology

1.INTRODUCTION Water is one of the vital necessities for survival of human beings. Wastewater

reclamation, re-use are vital to meet the water requirements for irrigation, industry and

domestic use due to increase in population. Commonly some of the dyes are toxic in nature.

Adsorption process has been found to be one of the best treatment methods for crystal violet


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(CV) removal. As the control of water pollution has become an increase in importance in

recent years. The use of physical/chemical treatments like reverse osmosis, coagulation are

not economically feasible. CV dye is synthetic organic compounds that provides bright and

lasting colour to other substance. There are various industries like paper industries, textile

industries like dye usage. The water discharge from dying processes exhibit a high BOD and

COD, visible pollutants high amount of dissolved solids. Effluents discharged from

industries are highly coloured and toxic to aquatic life. Particularly, CV dyes are

carcinogenetic in nature. Therefore, it’s must to treat CV dye effluent before being

discharged into the environment. Thus, there is a need to control an emission of dyes into

environment. The maximum permissible chemical oxygen demand (COD) limit is 4.0 mg/l

and biological oxygen demand (BOD) limit is 100-300 mg/l according to USPH standard.

Therefore, due to insufficient biodegradation techniques of dyes, this may be not right choice

for treating dyes in polluted water [1, 2]. Many of them do not operate at low concentration of

coloured compound in the effluent. Also, they are very expensive for treating wide range of

CV dye in water. Adsorption has received considerable attention for colour removal from

waste waters as it offers more economical and effective method [3].

2.MATERIALS AND METHOD

Banana peel charcoal preparation

Banana peels were collected from domestic waste and washed thoroughly to remove

dust using distilled water [refer fig.1], then dried in air-oven at 80˚C for 4 hours. The dried

carbon was grounded into powder of size 1-2 mm as shown in fig.2. Several washing steps

needed with shaking for one hour to remove the colour pigment by using deionised water.

Then, dried in oven for 2 hours at 60˚C [4, 5] as shown in fig.2b.


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Fig.1. banana peel Fig.2a.banana peel charcoal

Fig.2b.dried banana peel charcoal Fig.3. Poly (AMPS)-g-banana peel

charcoal

i) AMPS-g- banana peel charcoal hydrogels


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Poly (AMPS) hydrogels were synthesized by free radical copolymerization. 3.3300 g

of AMPS (99.0% Sigma Aldrich, Bangalore), 0.1500 g of MBA (99.8% Sigma Aldrich,

Bangalore) as a cross linker and 0.0400 g of KPS (98%, Merck, India) as a free radical

indicator, then 1 g of Banana peel charcoal and the ingredients were made into 5 ml solution,

using distilled water in a 5 ml measuring jar. Then, it is transferred into the 250 ml beaker

and kept in air-oven at 56˚C for 10 minutes. A black colored gel was formed as shown in

fig.3.

Point of zero charge studies (Pzc)

i) Banana peel charcoal

By the use of salt addition method [18, 24], Pzc studies were carried out,

independently assessed for Banana peel charcoal and poly(AMPS-g-banana peel charcoal)

hydrogels. In this method 0.3 g of each Banana peel charcoal was added to 50.0 ml of 0.1 M

NaNO3 in twenty 100 ml plastic beakers. The pH was adjusted using a pH meter to 2, 2.5, 3,

3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11 and 11.5 with 0.1 M HNO3 and 0.1

M NaOH as required in each beaker. These were then shaken for 48 hours in a revolving

water bath to reach equilibrium.

∆pH = pHii - pHi (1)

Where, pHi = initial pH of the solution; pHii = final pH of the solution. A graph of pHi

against ∆pH was plotted and Pzc was taken as the point where ∆pH = 0.

ii) AMPS-g-banana peel charcoal hydrogels

By the use of salt addition method [18, 24], Pzc studies were carried out,

independently for assembled forms Banana peel charcoal. The method was followed as in the

above section (i).

3.Results and discussion

Pzc studies

The values of Pzc were determined for assembled Banana peel charcoal and Poly

(AMPS)-g-banana peel charcoal. The results show the relatively high Pzc value signals the


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predominance of positively charged surface groups. With this, information users desiring

positive or negative surface charges to remove specific pollutants shall be able to adjust their

pH values accordingly. The pzc value of banana peel is 1.51.The pzc value of banana peel is

3.2.

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.510.0

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

pHii-pHi

pHi

pHii-pHi

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.510.0

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

pH

ii-p

Hi

pHi

Fig.4.Pzc studies of banana peel Fig.5.Pzc studies of AMPS -g- banana peel

hyrogel


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Surface area study

As it was obtained from N2 adsorption-desorption method that the BET surface area

of the Banana peel charcoal was found to be 120m2/g as shown in fig.6 and the

corresponding plot in the figure confirms the suitability of the same as the adsorbent.

Fig.6.surface area study

Adsorption study

All batch experiments were conducted using 40ml of aqueous solution containing

known CV concentration to which a weighed amount of banana peel or grafted banana peel

(1g) was added as shown in fig.7. The solution is stirred continuously at room temperature at

1-2 hrs. The sample was periodically taken out from each flask and filtered through a

Whatmann No. 1 filter paper before CV dye analysis as shown in fig 8&9. The adsorption

studies were performed in duplicate. The values were used to plot the graph. The adsorption

efficiency at a given contact time for the selected adsorbents were determined by the


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following equation.

%R =

x 100

Where, %R is percentage removal and are the concentrations of dye

before and after the adsorption process. For banana peel With 20 ppm of CV dye as the

minimum concentration, 99.5% of CV dye has been removed. 140 ppm as the maximum

concentration of CV dye, 95.2% of CV dye has been removed as shown in fig.10 & 11. For

AMPS-g-banana peel charcoal hydrogels with 20 ppm of CV dye as the minimum

concentration, 99.5% of CV dye has been removed. With 240 ppm as the maximum

concentration of CV dye, 90.2% of CV dye has been removed as shown in fig.12 & 13.

Fig.7.CV dye prepared in different concentrations Fig.8.CV dye using banana peel charcoal


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Fig.9. after adsorbtion of CV dye using Amps grafted banana peel Charcoal

Banana peel charcoal

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

95

96

97

98

99

100

% R

Conc (ppm)


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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Q (

mg

/g)

Conc (ppm)

Fig.10.%removal of CV Dye Fig.11. Adsorbtion capacity of adsorbent

Amps-g- banana peel charcoal hydrogels

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CONC

% (R)%R


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0 100 200 300 400 500

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Conc(ppm)

QQ(mg/g)

Fig.12. %removal of CV dye Fig.13.Adsorbtion capacity of adsorbent

Effect of pH The pH of medium is one of the important parameters which affect the CV dye

adsorption. The removal of CV increases with increasing pH of solution at the initial stage

and it later finds rapid decrease. The same trend has been observed for both the adsorbents at

their corresponding optimized conditions of adsorbents dose and contact times [7]. In the

acidic medium, the surface of adsorbent is highly protonated and hence, more CV dye can be

attracted towards the surface due to electrostatic interaction.

For Banana peel The adsorption showed a maximum at pH = 1 to 2 and it shows that the dye is better

removed by banana peel in slightly acidic range, than the neutral or basic. The adsorption

dye was found to be decreased after the maximum. Therefore, the pH = 1 was chosen as the

optimum pH for the rest of adsorption process [refer fig.14]. The %R was better for the

banana peel.

For AMPS-g- banana peel charcoal hydrogels The adsorption showed a maximum at pH = 1 to 4 and it shows that the dye is better

removed by banana peel in slightly acidic range, than the neutral or basic. The adsorption


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dye was found to be decreased after the maximum. Therefore, the pH = 1.5 was chosen as the

optimum pH for the rest of adsorption process[refer fig.15]. The %R was better for the

banana peel.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

pH

R

%R

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

pH

%R

Fig.14.Effect of pH on banana peel Fig.15.Effect of pH on Amps-g-banana peel

charcoal hyrogels.

Effect of time Depend upon the percentage uptake of the initial metal ions and contact time. The

data obtained from the adsorption of ions onto banana peel charcoal and grafted banana peel


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charcoal with AMPS hydrogels showed that the adsorption increased with increasing contact

time. Further increase in contact time had negligible effect on the amount of ions adsorbed [8,

9].

The subsequent experiments shows that the equilibrium time was maintained at 120

minutes, which was considered sufficient for the removal of different metal ions by Banana

peel charcoal and AMPS-g-banana peel charcoal.

For Banana peel charcoal By comparing, three different CV dye concentration (in ppm) with respect to time is

given below fig (Banana peel charcoal).At 50 ppm equilibrium reaches at 75 minutes, 99.5%

removal is achieved. At 70 ppm equilibrium reaches at 90 minutes, 99.01% removal is

achieved. At 100 ppm equilibrium reaches at 75 minutes, 98.7% removal is achieved as

shown in fig.16.

For AMPS-g- banana peel charcoal hydrogel By comparing, three different CV dye concentration (in ppm) with respect to time is

given below Poly AMPS-g- Banana peel hydrogel. At 100 ppm equilibrium reaches at 98

minutes, 99.05% removal is achieved. At 200 ppm equilibrium reaches at 115 minutes,

98.10% removal is achieved. At 300 ppm equilibrium reaches at 120 minutes, 97.7%

removal is achieved. By increasing the concentration there is decrease in the %removal due

to less contact time. By increase the contact time at high concentration improves the%

removal as shown in fig.17.


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-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

0

20

40

60

80

100

TIME(min)

(CV)50PPM

(CV)70PPM

(CV)100PPM

%R

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

0

20

40

60

80

100

TIME(min)

(CV)100PPM

(CV)200PPM

(CV)300PPM

%R

Fig.16. Effect of Time on banana peel Fig.17.Effect of pH on Amps-g-banana peel charcoal

4.CONCLUSION

Removal of CV dye from aqueous solution was proved using low cost adsorbents.

Poly(AMPS-g-banana peel charcoal) hydrogels was more effective, and the removal

reached to the maximum of 99%. The optimum pH was found to be 1 and 1.5 for

respectively, banana peel charcoal and Poly(AMPS-g-banana peel charcoal). The

efficiency of banana peel charcoal was found improved from 6 mg/L to 365 mg/L. This

study proves the improvement of removal capacity of the banana peel charcoal after

having grafted with a polymer hydrogels.

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Removal of Crystal Violet dye from water using Banana peel ... · Banana peel charcoal preparation Banana peels were collected from domestic waste and ... then 1 g of Banana peel