Removal of Creeks and Cherokees

Removal of Creeks and Cherokees

Removal of CreeksAlexander McGillivrayCreek Chief who resisted expansionRed Sticks attack on Fort MimsSent warriors to fight frontiersmanBurned houses, stole horses and cattle, and killed or captured over 200 settlersSigned Treaty of New YorkGave up massive amounts of Creek land in EastSet Creek boundaries at Altamaha and Oconee RiversNo whites could cross borders and Creeks must return all runaway slaves

William McIntoshhttp://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/story/story_of_chief_william_mcintoshCreek ChiefNephew of Alexander McGillivrayCousin of Georgia Governor George TroupSigned Treaty of Indian SpringsSold all remaining Creek land to Georgia GovernmentSigned with Governor Troup and Chief McIntoshLoose Creek Confederation led to his murderRemoval of Cherokeeshttp://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/stories/john_ross

Sequoyahhttp://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/stories/sequoyahHalf British- Half CherokeeDeveloped first written language of Cherokees (1821)Groups of symbols known as a SyllabaryNot alphabet based, but syllable based.Took 12 years to have 85 symbolsUnited Cherokee Nation with common written and spoken languageAndrew Jackson7th President of U.S.Hero in War of 1812 (Battles against Creek and British)Held the Spanish Governor of Florida captive until he sold Florida for 5 million after the War of 1812 to avoid warChallenged Supreme Court ruling in Worchester vs. GeorgiaThought states should control Indian land John Marshall has rendered his decision; now let him enforce itPushed for and signed Indian Removal ActPresident could negotiate removal treatiesDesigned removal to be voluntary Led to disputed Treaty of New Echota (Major Ridge)

John MarshallMarshalls Court for over 30 yearsApposed the Indian Removal ActVery influential and longest serving Chief Justice of the United StatesShaped power of Supreme CourtHelped establish Checks and Balances and Separation of PowersJudicial ReviewRuled on Worcester vs. GeorgiaUnintentionally backing Indian removal ActJohn RossCherokee Principal Chief (legitimate)Cherokee Capital at New EchotaGreat diplomat, orator, and leaderTwice petitioned Congress with Cherokee grievances (precedence)Apposed Ridge Party ( Treaty of New Echota)Lost appeals to Congress when they supported the Indian Removal ActForce hearing of Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia and Worcester vs. Georgia. Worcester vs. GeorgiaTwo arrested missionaries imprisoned in Gwinnett CountyFollowed the ruling of Cherokee Nation vs. GeorgiaGeorgia couldnt extend laws into Cherokee lands.Cherokees were a dependent sovereign nationCherokee were subject to U.S. government law and not Georgia LawPower of the Federal Government to regulate removalBacked Indian Removal ActIndian Nations had to agree to removalLed to Treaty of New EchotaOnly 500 of 17,000 Creeks signedKilled Ridge and his sonDahlonega Gold Rush (1829)http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/story/americas_first_gold_rush2nd Major Gold rush in the U.S.Deciding factor that led to the Trail of TearsLasted for approx. 10 yearsMany Cherokees learned to mine for gold and moved during California Gold RushPassed many Cherokee regulating lawsPlaced part of Cherokee land under state controlAll Cherokee Nation laws were voidedCherokees could not speak against whites in courtNo Cherokee had a right to any gold found

Trail of Tears (1831)Forced relocation of Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma and ArkansasTook 6 months to 1 year to complete.Traveled over 1000 miles on foot or by boat1/3 of Cherokee nation died on Trail of TearsCherokees removed from N.C., Tenn., Alabama, and Ga.

http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/story/trail_of_tears

Land Distribution MethodsHeadright SystemFirst approved in 1777 first land grants given in 1783Done to strengthen the state by bringing new people by the stateEach white male counted as head of a family and had a right to receive up to 1000 acres200 acres plus 50 acres per person in a familyLand given was east of the Oconee River and taken from the Creek IndiansSystem was corrupt since land was given away

Yazoo Land FraudIn 1795 GAs western borders were the Mississippi River and one of its branches the Yazoo RiverSouth Carolina and Spain also claimed some of the land went to court to be settledBefore settlement, 4 companies went to Gov. Mathews and members of the General Assembly and bribed them to pass a bill letting the companies buy the landCompanies bought between 35 and 50 million acres at about 1 cents an acreNew legislatures repealed (took back) the lawAll records were burned in public in LouisvilleState offered refunds to people who had bought land from the companiesMany wanted to keep land and went to courtFederal govt paid over 4 million to settle the land claimsCitizens asked legislature to give up land to federal govt1802 GA ceded (gave up) its land west of the Chattahochee River to the federal govt for $1.25 million

Yazoo Land Fraud SummaryIn the space provided in your notes, summarize the Yazoo Land Fraud using the notes already given.Yazoo Land Fraud (Summary)Citizens asked legislature to give up land to federal govt1802 GA ceded (gave up) its land west of the Chattahochee River to the federal govt for $1.25 million Before settlement, 4 companies went to Gov. Mathews and members of the General Assembly and bribed them to pass a bill letting the companies buy the landCompanies bought between 35 and 50 million acres at about 1 cents an acreBecause of public anger, legislatures involved were voted out of officeCitizens wanted the State Government to give up the Yazoo Land to the Federal Government because they paid millions to help settle the land fraudLand LotteryBetween 1805 and 1832 seven Land Lotteries were held in GAThe 1832 Lottery was know as the Gold LotteryFor a small fee, any white male over 18, widow or orphan could buy a chance (ticket) and on the spin of a wheel, win landAlmost of the land in present day GA was given under this systemLouisiana Purchase Encompassed 15 current U.S. StatesNatural boundaries were the Rocky Mountains and Mississippi RiverDoubled the size of the United StatesEconomics and EducationMain crops after Revolutionary WarCotton and TobaccoPanic of 1837Cotton gin- Most important mechanical invention in the early 1800sRailroads Huge impact on AtlantaMechanical ReaperUGA- land grant universityFirst womens collegeGeorgia Female College (Wesleyan)First Native American newspaperCherokee Phoenix

Georgia CapitalsSALMAColonial Capital was SavannahDuring the Revolutionary War the capital was moved to Augusta. Following the Population move and to keep the capital in the center of the state the first planned capital was built and called Louisville.Once again following the population move and to keep the capital central the capital was moved to Milledgeville.After the Civil War, the capital was moved for the final time to the transportation hub of Atlanta.

ReligionCircuit riders ministers who went from district to district founded many churchesBishop Richard Allen founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (A.M.E)Joseph Smith- Mormon ChurchChurches started many of the first universities and colleges in America as a way to train ministers

Panic of 1837People had little money to buy goods and many businesses closedBanks did not have enough cash to cover withdrawals and many banks failed.Many farmers and planters could not pay the bank notes on their lands. Many lost their farms.