RemindersThursday,February2nd◦ Blog2duebeforeclass◦ MeetatthecornerofW.MainStreetandS.3rd Street

◦ WewillbeconductingtheCityFormexercise◦ Bringsketchbookandrelatedmaterials◦ Camera◦ Measuringtape

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DiscussionQuestionsMovie– Urbanized◦ Whatchallengeswerepresented?Issuesforgrowing/urbanizingcities?

◦ Discussatleastthree

◦ Howdidthepeopleinthemovieuseurbandesigntotransformtheircityandtheusersexperience?

◦ Whatarethetakeawaysfromshowingthismovie?Howcanwetranslatewhatwaspresentedinthefilmtothisclassandyourfuturecareerasplanners?

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PlanningTheoryCRPLAN2110– CreatingInnovativeCitiesandRegions1/31/2017

Planning:LinkingGoals/KnowledgetoActionPlanningisaprocess,procedure,ormethodforsettinggoals,identifyingandassessingoption,anddevelopingstrategiesforachievingdesiredoptions.

Itisapervasivehumanactivityimbeddedinfuture-orienteddecisionmaking.

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QuestionIsPlanningTheorynecessary?◦ Practicalperson◦ Theorist

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Outline• COMPREHENSIVERATIONALMODEL• DISJOINTEDINCREMENTALISM• MIXEDSCANNING• ADVOCACYPLANNING• COMMUNICATIVEPLANNING

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RationalModelAstructuredprocessofdecision-makingthatseekstomaximizetheachievementofdesiredgoals(ends)bycarefulconsiderationofpotentialconsequencesofavailablealternatives(means)

Rationalityfocuseson◦ Thequalityofdecision◦ Thesubordinationofactiontoknowledgeandofknowledgetovalues

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RationalPlanningModel

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Definetheproblem

Clarifyvalues

Selectgoals

Formulatealternativeplans

Forecasttheconsequencesofthealternatives

Developplansforimplementation

Reviewandevaluate

ComprehensiveRationalPlanningAchievement

◦ Aframeworkofreferenceand“basisforauthority”◦ Arolemodelfordesirableplanningfordecades

Criticism◦ Theassumptionofthemodelistoo“strong”toapplyto

therealityinitspureform◦ Inreality,variousconstraintsboundrationalityinplanning,

itisimpossibletofollowthepureformoftherationalplanningmodelinmanycases

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ChallengestoComprehensiveRationalPlanning

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IncrementalismCharlesLindblomTheScienceofMuddlingThrough,1959

◦ Selectgoalsandpoliciessimultaneously◦ Consideralternativesonlymarginally

differentfromstatusquo◦ Makesimplified,limitedcomparisons

amongalternatives◦ Trustresultsofsocialexperimentation

overtheory◦ Actincrementallythroughrepetitive

attacksonproblemsbeingaddressed◦ Satisficeratherthanmaximize

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IncrementalPlanningo Plannersneedto◦ “restricttheirattentiontorelativelyfewvaluesandrelativelyfew

alternativepolicies”◦ “theorizeplanningbehaviorsunderthenameof“successivelimited

comparison”or“scienceofmuddlingthrough.”

o“Disjointed”incrementalstrategyinplanningprocess◦ Justifiesincrementalchangesbyarguingthatitisrelevantaswellas

realinacomplexsociety

◦ Smallchangesareappropriateto“mutualadjustment”inademocraticsocietywherefragmenteddecision-makingsendlesslyadjustthemselvestoothers

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FavorsRationalModel FavorsIncrementalModel

Adequatetheoryavailable Adequatetheorylacking

Newquestion Modificationofoldquestion

Resourcesgenerous Resourceslimited

Substatialtimeforstudy Limitedtimeforstudy

Numerousrelationstootherpolicyissues Fewrelationstootherpolicyissues

Incrementalism

MixedScanningPlanningo AmitaiEtzioni:oMixedScanning:AThirdApproachtoDecision-Making,1967

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◦ “Bounded”instrumentalrationalitysimplifiestheworldlessthanincrementalism

◦ Awide-angleexaminationofpatternsacrossallpossibilities◦ Long-termcontextandplan

◦ Aclose-inexaminationofthepromisingoptions◦ Short-termchoices

SWOT- Strengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities,Threats

InterestsarePlural:Community,Power,&SocialJusticeo 1960s

◦ Communitiesconsistofmultiplevoices◦ Planners’incapacitytodiscernpublicinterest

o Planninggoalscannotbereducedtoaunifiednotionofthepublicinterest◦ Singlevoiceusually=mostpowerfulvoice◦ Marginalizedvoicestypicallyexcluded◦ Inclusionofmarginalizedinterestsinplansrequiresplannertoactdecisivelyfromasocialjusticeperspective

PlanningResponses◦ AdvocacyPlanningandRadicalPlanning

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AdvocacyPlanningo PaulDavidoff(1960s)

◦ “AdvocacyandPluralisminPlanning”(1965)

o Plannerdoesnotequalvalueneutraltechnician

o Largeinequalitiesinpoliticalandbargainingprocesseso Manycommunitiesunder-represented/unorganizedo “Citizenparticipation”programsusuallyreacttoofficialplansandprograms

o The“publicinterest”isplural,notunitaryo Asingleplancannotrepresentthepublicinterest

o Planningshouldbepluralisticandrepresentdiverseinterests

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AdvocacyPlanningo AdvocacyModelo Planners“representandpleadtheplansofmanyinterestgroups.”

o Plannersassistvariousinterestgroups(“clients”)toproposetheirowngoals,policies,andplans

o Plannersadvocatefortheinterestsoftheirclientso Specialresponsibilitytowardmarginalizedinterests

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AdvocacyPlanningStrengths:◦ Givingvoicetolessrepresentedgroups◦ Mainstreaming”ofadvocacyconcerns◦ Ex:Requirementstoexamineenvironmental,social,andotherimpactsforlargeprojects

◦ Encouragesmoreopenplanningprocesses

Limitations:◦ Nowaytoreconcilepluralplans—fostersconflict?◦ Sometimesseenaspatronizing◦ Politicallynaïve—nochangeindistributionofpower◦ Highlyinfluencedbypoliticalclimate

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CommunicativePlanningo Habermas (1984,1987),ATheoryofCommunicativeReason

o Rejectsabstractrationalismasmaskingsocialstructuresofinequality

o Providesforanalternativerationalitylinkedtocommunityengagement

o Identifiespriorities,justifiesclaims,andselectsstrategiesbasedondeeplydeliberativeprocessesofpublicinteractionanddebate

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CommunicativeRationalityo Planningisfundamentallylinkedtoclarificationofinterests(desiredends)

oTheselectionofmeanscannotbeisolatedfromtheidentificationofvalueends

oBotharelinkedtocommunity,andtothecommunicativeactsthatbindcommunitiestogether

oEmphasison:oTransparencyoInclusivenessoTruth-seeking

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ConsensusBuildingo Consensusbuilding’sresultsasthepublicinterest

◦ tocreateworkablecomprehensivestrategies◦ toachievecoordination◦ togetmeaningfuldebate◦ togainpoliticalacceptance◦ tobeinnovative

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CommunicativePlanninginAction

o LawrenceSusskindo Thepublicinterestisrevealedthroughtheinteractionofstakeholdersseekingtonegotiatedesiredoutcomeswithinwell-structuredprocesses

o Afocusonprocessdesignandfacilitativeskills

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Planners’RoleinCommunicativePlanning

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Planners

TechnicalExperts

Mediators

FacilitatorsPresenters

Initiators

DiscussionDefineaplanningproblemandcomeupwithawayyouwouldsolvethisproblemusingtheprescribedplanningtheorymodel:◦ Group1– RationalPlanning◦ Group2– Incrementalism◦ Group3– AdvocacyPlanning◦ Group4– CommunicativePlanning

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ForThursday– CityFormExerciseThingsthatwewillbelookingatandconsidering◦ Measuringaproperty’sdimension◦ Parking◦ Alleysandqualityoflife◦ Analyzingsurroundinglanduses◦ Measuringstreets◦ Buildingsetbacks◦ EstimatingtheFloor-To-AreaRatioofbuildings:

◦ FAR=(NumberofFloors(Buildingwidth*Buildingheight))/(Parcelwidth*Parcelheight)

◦ Greenspacesandgreenery

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