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REMEMBERING 2O10’S FLOODS
Heavy rainfall sets records and causes flooding disasters around
the world
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of
North Carolina, USA
2010
A YEAR OF “RECORD AND NEAR-RECORD” NATURAL
DISASTERS
FLOOD HAZARDS (AKA
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• TOO MUCH WATER DISCHARGED WITHIN THE REGIONAL DRAINAGE SYSTEM TO BE ACCOMMODATED IN THE NORMAL WATER CYCLE
• EROSION
• SCOUR
• MUDFLOWS
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN
FLOODSFLOODS
INUNDATION
INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER
WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)
EROSION AND MUDFLOWS
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•HAZARD MAPS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
FLOOD DISASTER RISK FLOOD DISASTER RISK REDUCTIONREDUCTION
•PREVENTION/MITIGATION•PREPAREDNESS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
2010’S “FLOOD LABORATORIES”2010’S “FLOOD LABORATORIES”
• PORTUGAL (MADEIRA)
• RUSSIA (SIBERIA, KAZAKHSTAN)
• USA (NORTH DAKOTA, MINNESOTA, TENNESSEE, CALIFORNIA, …)
• PORTUGAL (MADEIRA)
• RUSSIA (SIBERIA, KAZAKHSTAN)
• USA (NORTH DAKOTA, MINNESOTA, TENNESSEE, CALIFORNIA, …)
2010’S “FLOOD LABORATORIES”2010’S “FLOOD LABORATORIES”
• BRAZIL• POLAND, HUNGARY,
GERMANY, CZECH REPUBLIC, …
• CHINA—NORTH KOREA
• PAKISTAN• NEW SOUTH WALES
(AUSTRALIA)
• BRAZIL• POLAND, HUNGARY,
GERMANY, CZECH REPUBLIC, …
• CHINA—NORTH KOREA
• PAKISTAN• NEW SOUTH WALES
(AUSTRALIA)
IMPACTED NATIONS
• … Madeira (Portugal), Russia, USA (North Dakota, Minnesota, Tennessee), Brazil, Poland, Hungary, Germany, Czech Republic, China , Pakistan, North Korea, New South Wales, Australia, California, …
SOCIETAL IMPACTS DURING 2010
• Millions evacuated.
• Millions of homes inundated, left without power, damaged or destroyed.
• Landslides (Rock falls, Mudflows) triggered by heavy, prolonged rainfall.
• Lives and livelihoods of millions adversely affected.
• Millions at risk from water-borne diseases
SOCIETAL IMPACTS DURING 2010 (Continued)
• Homes and Infrastructure damaged or destroyed.
• Health care needs related to water-borne diseases increase sharply.
• $Tens of billions in insured and uninsured economic losses.
• Thousands killed in flood-related disasters
FLASH FLOODS TRIGGER MUDSLIDES IN THE MADEIRA ISLANDS,
PORTUGAL
AT LEAST 42 DEAD
FEBRUARY 20-21, 2010
LOCATION OF MADEIRA
WHAT HAPPENED?
The worst storm to hit Madeira since 1993 lashed the south of the
Atlantic Ocean island, including the capital, Funchal, Saturday,
turning some streets into torrents of mud, water and debris.
WHAT HAPPENED (continued)
The flash floods were so powerful they carved paths down
mountains and ripped through the city, churning under some bridges
and tearing others down.
FEBRUARY 21: FLASH FLOOD
FEBRUARY 21
FLOODS IN RUSSIA
SPRING RUNOFF AFTER A HARSH WINTER INCREASES FLOOD RISKS
ACROSS RUSSIA
MARCH 2010
LOCATION MAP SHOWING THE THREE GREAT SIBERIAN RIVERS
The Ob River, the country's fourth longest river and the longest estuary in the world, is a major river in western Siberia.
The Yenisei River, which drains a large portion of central Siberia, is the greatest river system flowing northward to the Arctic Ocean.
The Lena River is the easternmost of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob River and the Yenisei river) is the 10th longest river in the world.
Weather reports warned of "catastrophic" flooding in Siberia, where river ice was up to several meters thick, and rivers flowing northward routinely surge with
melting water.
FLOODING IN SIBERIA
FLOODING IN KAZAKHSTAN
NORTH DAKOTA-MINNESOTA EXPERIENCE A NEAR-
RECORD FLOOD DISASTER AGAIN
2009’S RECORD FLOOD STAGE APPROACHED, BUT UNBROKEN
MARCH 15 - 30, 2010
REASONS FOR FLOODING
THE ANNUAL FLOODING THREAT TO FARGO, ND AND MOORHEAD, MN IS TRIGGERED BY:
1) The Spring melt and runoff , AFTER 2) A severe Winter.
1. Synchrony of river discharge with Spring runoff
2. Ice jams
3. Lake Agassiz, a glacial lake, is the floodplain of the Red River
4. A sharp decrease in river gradient makes the Fargo-Moorhead area act like a large lake.
2010: RAPID MELT AND RUNOFF
THE “SPIDER” WAS USED TO MAKE 5,000 SANDBAGS PER HOUR
HALSTAD, MN: 4 FT BELOW 2009’S RECORD OF 40.5 FT
FARGO, ND: THE RED RIVER CRESTS 4 FT BELOW RECORD ON MARCH 21
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS PLAN A 10-YEAR, $1.3
BILLION FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT
A 60 KM (36-MILE) – LONG NEW RIVER CHANNEL IS EXPECTED
TO SOLVE THE RECURRING THREAT
FLOODS AND MUDSLIDES PARALYZE BRAZIL
WORST IN 50 YEARS
APRIL 7, 2010
RIO DE JANEIRO: WIDE SPREAD INUNDATION
10,000 homes, mostly in the slums where one-fifth of Rio's people live
in shacks that are vulnerable to heavy rains,
were also severely impacted by mudslides
RECORD FLOODING IN NASHVILLE, TN AREA
MAY 1-4, 2010
Flooding after 2 days of intense rain left the city of Nashville and the surrounding area with a record
33 cm (13 in) of water in two days.
The Cumberland River crested Monday afternoon, May 3rd, at 3 ½ m
above flood stage.
The flash floods caught the city off-guard, and thousands of residents
and tourists were forced to flee homes and hotels as the
Cumberland river rapidly spilled over its banks
CUMBERLAND RIVER FLOODS INDUSTRIAL PARK
INTERSTATE HIGHWAY I-24 FLOODED
TEMPORARY SCHOOL BUILDING FLOATS DOWN I-24
FAILURE OF RAILROAD BRIDGE
FLOODING AT OPRYLAND HOTEL
EVACUATION FROM OPRYLAND RESORT HOTEL
The Impacts:
150 roads impassableOpryland and other hotels
evacuatedBusiness interruption
Schools and universities closedFuel shortages
Water shortagesOver $1 billion economic loss
.
RIVERS BURST BANKS AND BREACH DAMS IN CENTRAL EUROPE AFTER WEEKS OF
RAIN
POLAND, HUNGARY, GERMANY, CZECH REPUBLIC, …
MAY – JUNE, 2010
The heaviest rains in over a decade forced thousands along rain
swollen rivers in Poland, Germany, and Hungary to evacuate from their
homes, breached dikes and sand bag dams, and caused damage to
homes, and infrastructure estimated at over $2.5 billion.
POLAND
POLAND AND VISTULA RIVER
VISTULA RIVER
INUNDATED VILLAGE
DIKE BREACHED NEAR VILLAGE OF SWINIARY
ODER RIVER: GERMANY
DANUBE RIVER: SOUTHERN GERMANY; JUNE 3
MASS EVACUATION
SAVING A HORSE
SAVING CATTLE: MAY 17
RAIN AND FLOODING FROM A SERIES OF STORMS
TESTS CHINA’S THREE GORGES DAM AGAIN
TEST 1: JUNE - JULY 2007
TEST 2: APRIL - JULY 2010
IMPACTS OF 2010’S FLOODS IN CHINA
• More than 1,400 people are believed to have been killed this year in unusually severe flooding in central and southern China.
IMPACTS OF 2010’S FLOODS IN CHINA
• An estimated 1.4 million homes were destroyed, 12 million people evacuated, and 87,600 sq km (22 million acres) of crops ruined.
CHINA’S GRANDEST PROJECT SINCE THE GREAT WALL
THREE GORGES DAM
• The Three Gorges Dam is located in Central China's Hubei Province, 600 miles southwest of Beijing.
• It replaced Brazil's Itaipu Dam as the world's largest hydroelectric and flood-control installation.
• After 13 years of work and 35 million cubic yards of concrete, the dam reached its full height of 190 m (606 ft) and width of 2,309 m (7,575 ft) across the Yangtze River on May 19, 2006.
2010
• The floods hit 13 provinces, including Guangdong, Sichuan and Zhejiang, damaging more than 140,000 homes and affecting more than 10 million people.
SWOLLEN RIVERS IN 2010
• Virtually all of the major rivers were swollen, while water levels in lakes along the mighty Yangtze River were higher than in 1998, when catastrophic flooding killed about 4,000 people.
YANGTZE RIVER FLOODS: JUNE 10
THREE GORGES DAM HAS PASSED TWO TESTS
NORTHWEST PAKISTAN (AND AFGHANISTAN) HIT BY FLASH FLOODS AFTER PROLONGED
MONSOON RAINS
JULY 28-AUGUST 22, 2010
[NOTE: Aug 12th is first day of Ramadan]
ONE-FIFTH OF PAKISTAN AFFECTED
2010’s Summer floods from monsoon rains were typical and
expected, but they were the worst in 80 years and set new records.
Monsoon rains swelled rivers and streams across Pakistan and set
flooding records in the province of KhyberPakhtunkhwa, parts of the Pakistan-administered Kashmir
region, and the eastern province of Punjab.
The United Nations announced Saturday, July 31, that they would
provide $10 million dollars for immediate emergency assistance
and would appeal for 460 million in international emergency assistance
for food, water, health care, and shelter.
The USA provided $60 million for immediate emergency assistance
along with Navy and Marine helicopters, rescue boats, water
filtration units, prefabricated steel bridges and thousands of packaged
meals, which Pakistani soldiers tossed from helicopters
LOSS OF INFRASTRUCTURE: HINDERED EVACUATION & EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE
The survival of some of the poorest of the poor living in the districts of Nowshera, Charsadda, Peshawar,
Swat, and Lower Dir became problematic because of the extent
and catastrophic nature of the floods.
Over 1,500 died (and probably many more) and more than 20 million were impacted as rains swelled rivers, inundated villages, and
triggered landslides, causing entire villages, roads, and bridges to be swept away, isolating thousands, and leaving 6 million homeless.
DERA ISMAIL KHAN: INUNDATED
THOUSANDS OF MUD BRICK HOMES COLLAPSED
SOME LIVESTOCK WAS SAVED, BUT THOUSANDS DROWNED
EVACUATION: CARRYING SELECTED POSSESSIONS
The people complained that their government was not meeting the
urgent needs for adequate temporary shelters,
toilets, and clean drinking water in order to
avert a public health catastrophe.
PROTESTERS: NOWSHERA
TEMPORARY SHELTER
30,000 Pakistani troops used helicopters and other means to
rescue 28,000 people and to distribute water and food.
NOWSHERA: PAKISTANI ARMY DISTRIBUTING WATER
FOOD LINE IN PUNJAB PROVINCE: AUGUST 20
FLOODS STRIKE COMMUNITIES NEAR CHINA-
NORTH KOREA BORDER
AUGUST 20-22, 2010
Flooding forced the evacuation of 94,000 people in the north China
port city of Dandong, an area near the boundary with North Korea,
after heavy rains caused China’s Yalu River to breach its banks.
Near Sinuiju, the North Korean city opposite Dandong, flooding
swamped houses, public buildings and farmland in more than five
villages.
SINUIJU, NORTH KOREA: INUNDATION BY ANNOK (YALU ) RIVER
FLOODS END YEARS OF DROUGHT IN NEW SOUTH
WALES, AUSTRALIA
DECEMBER 10-20, 2010
45 FLOOD DISASTER ZONES
THE GREAT WINTER SOLSTICE STORM OF 2010
RAIN FALLING FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TO BAKERSFIELD
December 19-21, 2010
The Great Winter Solstice Storm of 2010 was one for the record books, a once in a hundred years event, marked by the most rainfall ever to fall in the month of December and the 4th heaviest daily rainfall (on Sunday) of all time.
PACIFIC STORMS CAUSED HEAVY RAIN FALL,
FLOODING, ROCKFALLS, AND MUD FLOWS IN
CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, AND UTAH
WINTER ARRIVED AT 3:38 PM ON TUESDAY, DEC. 21
• Historic rainfall brought much of California into a state of emergency with widespread flooding and mud flows that impacted many people just before Christmas.
A LUNAR ECLIPSE COINCIDENT WITH SOLSTICE: 1ST SINCE 1638
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA DRENCHED WITH UP TO 20 CM
Los Angeles received one-fourth of its annual rainfall (nearly 10 cm (4 in )) in 3 days.
WINTER STORM HITS CA: DEC 20, 2010
ROCKSLIDE
A rockslide triggered by the prolonged heavy rainfall closed the Pacific Coast Highway in both directions at the Ventura-L.A. county line.
1 m (3 ft) OF WATER IN KERN CITY, CA: DEC 20, 2010
FLOODING CREATES CHAOS: DEC 20, 2010
From Friday (17th) through midday on Monday (20th), Bakersfield was drenched with 3.79 in. of rain, which is 5 times the normal amount for an entire December and 58% of a normal year’s rainfall.
San Bernardino County, an inland region of Southern California east of Los Angeles was among the hardest-hit areas, with losses expected to exceed $10 million.
The flooding, mudslides, falling rocks, crested creeks and downed trees created havoc in the Bakersfield area and led to the declaration of a local emergency.
In Highland. CA. people returned to their homes after evacuation to find their homes inundated with 2 m (several feet) of mud.
MUDSLIDES IN HIGHLAND, CA: DEC 24, 2010
DECEMBER 29: A new winter storm packing powerful winds, heavy rain and snow moved into California, bringing a renewed threat of flooding and mud flows to areas that are already saturated.
