Remember WWI… 8 million people died

◦ 112,000 Americans

Government increases in size and authority

Did not make the world “safe for democracy”◦ Uprising of communism throughout

the world

American Foreign Policy1920 TO 1941

“War to end war has proved a failure. The war is won, yet nowhere is there

peace, security, or happiness”

- WOMEN’S INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR PEACE

American IsolationismWithdraw from world affairs in the 1920s and 1930so Avoid entanglement in European affairso Shun the League of Nationso Promote world peace and disarmament

Washington Disarmament Conference1921-1922

Five Power Treaty (1922) A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio:

U.S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67

Loophole - no restrictions on small warships

European Debts to the U.S.Allies owe the U.S. $10 billion

Will not cancel debts, but reduces interest on balances

Hyper-Inflation in Germany (1923)

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy

62 nations signed

Problems ◦ no means of actual

enforcement and◦ gave Americans a false sense of

security

Japanese Attack Manchuria (1931)League of Nations condemned the action

Japan leaves the League

Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East

Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine(1932)U.S. would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force

Japan was infuriated…the U.S. had conquered new territories a few decades earlier

Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932 - massive casualties

FDR’s Good Neighbor PolicyImportant to have all nations in the Western Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions

FDR◦ the “good neighbor” respects himself

and the rights of others

Policy of non-intervention and cooperation

Good Neighbor Policyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh2MSiU7gDU

FDR Recognizes the Soviet Union (late 1933)FDR felt that recognizing Moscow might bolster the U.S. against Japan

Maybe trade with the U.S.S.R would help the U.S. economy during the Depression.

Nye Committee Hearings(1934-1936)The Nye Committee investigated the charge that WW I was needless and the U.S. entered so munitions owners could make big profits [“merchants of death”]

Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing in to warring nations’ waters

Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts

Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]

Fascist Aggression1935 Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty & League of Nations (REARMING!)

Mussolini attacks Ethiopia

1936 German troops sent into the Rhineland Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain

FDR’s “I Hate War” Speech (1936)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhAFKMIyKW4

U.S. Neutrality

Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect

◦ Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations◦ Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations◦ Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I]◦ Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis (pay when goods are

picked up)◦ Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War

This limited the options of the President in a crisis

America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!

Roosevelt’s View

Roosevelt was an internationalist

Yet, he clearly favors the British

Spanish Civil War (1935-1939)

The American “Lincoln Brigade”

Panay Incident (1937)December 12, 1937.

Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River

The river was an international waterway

Panay Incident (1937)Japan was testing U.S. resolve!

Japan apologized, paid U.S. an indemnity, and promised no further attacks

Most Americans were satisfied with the apology

Results ◦ Japanese interpreted U.S. tone as a

license for further aggression against U.S. interests

◦ http://www.usspanay.org/

Fascist Aggression1938 Austrian Anschluss. Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact (AXIS) Munich Agreement - APPEASEMENT!

Munich Conference Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain (Britain), Daladier (France)…give Germany control of Sudetenland

Appeasement - giving in to demands to avoid a larger conflict

Hitler feels wronged by Treaty of Versailles

European nations quickly rearm

War!!!1939 German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia

Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact

Italy occupies Albania

Britain & France wage war if Germany takes Poland

Non Aggression Pact – Hitler & Stalin – split Poland

September 1, 1939 German troops march into Poland - blitzkrieg – WWII begins!!!

September 3 – Allied Forces declare war on Germany

http://www.slideboom.com/presentations/129266/Animated-WW2-Map-Europe

Review Animated Maphttp://www.slideboom.com/presentations/129266/Animated-WW2-Map-Europe

Winston Churchill New British Prime Minister

Knows Hitler is dangerous

1940 – Italy declares war on Britain & France

Atlantic Charter

1939 Neutrality ActIn response to Germany’s invasion of Poland

FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way

◦ U.S. could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis

◦ FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which U.S. ships and citizens could not enter

1939 Neutrality Act Results Aggressors could not send ships to buy U.S. munitions.

U.S. economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession

America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy”

Cash Carry Policy Revision allowed the sale of materiel to belligerents

◦ as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash, assuming all risk in transportation

Purpose◦ to hold neutrality between the United States and European countries while still giving

material aid to Britain

Exploiting the fact that Germany had no funds and could not reliably ship across the British-controlled Atlantic

Lend – Lease Act (1941)Supplies Allied Countries vast amounts of war materials between 1941 and 1945

An act to further promote the Defense of the U.S.

Ends the pretense of the neutrality of the United States

◦ Hitler recognized this and in response ordered German submarines to attack US vessels such as the SS Robin Moor, an unarmed merchant steamship sunk on 21 May 1941 outside of the war zone

Lend – Lease Act (1941)Great Britain.......................$31 billionSoviet Union........................$11 billionFrance...................................$ 3 billionChina....................................$1.5 billionOther European...............$500 millionSouth America.................$400 millionAmount totaled: $48,601,365,000

Pearl HarborDecember 7, 1941

“A date which will live in infamy”

Take Out Your Maps!Label• Pearl Harbor• December 7, 1941• Admiral Yamamoto

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy, during the decisive early years of the Pacific War

Responsible for major battles such as Pearl Harbor and Midway.

Died when American codebreakers identified his flight plans and his plane was shot down.

His death was a major blow to Japanese military morale during World War II

Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Plane

U.S.S. Arizona, Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor U.S. was able to intercept and break Japan's secret codes

Intercepted the code about Pearl Harbor - sent the message on a slower telegram (by accident) to warn U.S. Navy about attack

Pearl HarborIt was a Sunday morning - U.S. military was taken off guard2 full blown attacks on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941Attack Scene

◦ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYHgCPmGnAg&list=PL2DEDD3A0833D4300Impact/Damage on U.S.

o 2,380 U.S. military and civilians lost their liveso 1,178 U.S. military and civilians woundedo 21 ships and 350 planes sunk or damaged

Why Pearl Harbor? Preventative Measures

◦ U.S. has a huge Naval fleet◦ Japan wanted to continue take over in the Pacific

Relations with the U.S.◦ 1940 – embargoed shipments of scrap metal to Japan and closed the Panama

Canal to Japanese shipments◦ July 1941 – Froze Japanese assets and embargoed oil and gasoline exports to

Japan◦ Japan gets 80% of their oil from the U.S.