Upload
priscilla-lynch
View
217
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
I. Introduction
Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence
Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics
Result of Catholic Counter-ReformationUnquestioning obedience to the Catholic church and its hierarchy
Wars consisted of internal civil wars and those that crossed country borders
I. Introduction
Major Cultural differencesArchitecture
Catholic- Baroque (Very Ornate)
Protestant- Reserved and Functional
Church OrganizationCatholic- Hierarchal
Protestant- Decentralized (No individual in power)
Secular GovernmentCatholic- Absolute Monarchies
Protestant- Parliamentary/Congressional
II. French Civil War
Took place between 1562-1598Catholics vs. Huguenots (Besancon Hugues)
France was ruled by the Valois familyHenry II ruled during the first part
Was killed at a tournamentFrancis II takes over but dies after a year
Followed by Charles IX & Henry III.
Catherine de Medici- Controlled sonsPlayed both sides to her advantage
II. French Civil Wars
o There were two sides:o Guise family led Catholics in Northo Bourbon family led Huguenots in Southo Fighting for the royal inheritance and to
control royal family
o Catherine supported the Guises initially.o Wanted Catholic Franceo Afraid of Guise rule
II. French Civil Warso St. Bartholomews Day Massacre
o August 22, 1572o Attempted to kill Coligny- leader of the
Huguenots o Catherine panics and orders the massacre
o August 24, 1572o 20,000 Huguenots were killedo Led to Protestants becoming more
active in resisting Catholic rule
II. French Civil Wars
Catherine started supporting the BourbonsSaw that they were most likely the ones to win
Henry of Navarre (r. 1589-1610)Bourbon
Succeeded Henry III (Valois)
Becomes Henry IV of France
Defeated Catholic League in 1598
Sought to institute religious tolerance
II. French Civil WarsHenry IV (cont.)
Converted to Catholicism Did this to compromise and make peace
“Paris is worth a mass.”.
This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]
Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598Granted religious rights to Huguenots
Did not grant religious freedom for all
P397 DBQ
III. Spain
Phillip II (r.1556-1598)Son of Charles V (HRE)
Also heir to the HRE
Took over the Imperial Superpower Ruled during a time of huge supplies of silver and gold from Americas
Strangely died massively in debt
Wealth held by small few
Had the largest Navy
II. Spain
Phillip became heavily involved in numerous regions of Europe
Fought the Turks in the Eastern Mediterranean
Netherlands (source of conflict due to extreme wealth)
First “modern economy”
Married Mary I (of England)Part of major Catholic conflict in England
French Civil WarFinanced the Catholic League
III. England
Mary I (r. 1553-1558)Catholic
Took over after Edward VI died
Married Phillip II
Devout CatholicHeavily persecuted protestants
Burning at the stake for heresy
III. England
Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)“Virgin Queen”
A politiquesUnity of country over religion
Removed all anti-Protestant laws and stopped Protestant persecution
Actually brought many exiled protestants into her court
Merged Protestant and Catholic doctrine in the Anglican Church
Executed her cousin Mary (Stuart) Queen of Scots for
plotting her assassination.
Openly funded Henry of Navarre
III. England
Spanish Armada (1587)Spain was the major naval power in Europe
Phillip II initiated conflict after Mary Stuart’s execution
For a long time, Elizabeth secretly supported Sir Francis Drake on pirating expeditions against the Spanish Gold Ships
May 30, 1587A smaller force of English and Netherland ships, won a decisive victory against a Spanish fleet of 130 ships
IV. 30 Year’s War
War fought in various phases in and around the territory of the HRE
Lasted from 1618-1648
Initially between Catholic and Protestants but soon became a war over the rule of the Hapsburgs
Each of the major European powers were involved in this conflict
IV. 30 Year’s War
Consisted of 4 phasesBohemian Phase 1618-1622
Danish Phase 1625-1629
Swedish Phase 1630-1635
French Phase 1635- 1648
IV. 30 Year’s War
Bohemian Phase 1618-1622Started when Ferdinand II took power as king over Bohemia
Hapsburg
Educated by Jesuits
Revoked religious freedom for protestantsDefenestration of Prague
Protestant nobles pushed his regents out of the royal palace
IV. 30 Year’s War
Bohemian Phase cont.Ferdinand II becomes the HRE
Bohemians deposed him and made protestant Frederick V king of Bohemia
Spain gets involved in the conflict
Ferdinand eventually put down the revolt by 1622 and makes it a catholic state
IV. 30 Year’s War
Danish Phase 1625-1629Ferdinand II tried to end all protestant resistance and sought to re-conquer the Northern part of the HRE
Hired Albrecht of Wallenstein to command his forces
Extremely successful
Instituted Edict of Restitution (1629)Outlawed Calvinism
All former Catholic lands had to be returned
IV. 30 Year’s War
Swedish Phase 1630-1635France and Sweden feared the increased power of the Hapsburgs
France backs the Swedish forces as they invaded HRE under the leadership of Gustavus Adolphus
Employed more mobile tactics (fire and move)
Ferdinand brings back WallensteinAdolphus is killed in battle
But assassinates Wallenstein because he was working on deals with Protestants
IV. 30 Year’s War
French Phase 1635- 1648Most destructive part of the war
1/3 of Europe’s population was killed
Resulted in German famine
Destructive to European trade
France took a more active role
Most of Europe became involved
Widespread pillaging
IV. 30 Year’s War
Treaty of Westphalia 1648Ended the war in the HRE
Written in French
Granted German princes freedom from HREDetermine their religion
France gained the Alsace
Switzerland becomes and independent state
Sweden gains territory in Northern Germany
Calvinist are recognized as a legitimate religion and given equal liberties
This treaty gets blamed for many problems to come