Religion & Religious Beliefs; Myth, Legend, & Folklore

Cultural Components

By: Faria Matin, Kyle Shaub, Barb Posinger, and Stephanie Haugan

Religion & Religious BeliefsKyle Shaub & Faria Matin

Religion vs. Religious Beliefs

Religion• Noun

• A set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe (dictionary.com)

Religious Beliefs• Adjective

• Commitment, devotion, or zeal toward somethingo Religiono Baseballo etc.

• Not necessarily related to religion

Although similar and come from the same roots, religion and religious beliefs are different and don’t always refer to the same things.

Difficulty with Definitions

Religion and religious beliefs are difficult to define because every individual and culture views them in their own way.

“...perhaps the only feasible definition of a religion is how it has defined itself over the generation as a living tradition - its history is its definition” (Peet, 2005, p. 105).

For this reason it is difficult to give a single, all encompassing encompassing definition. However, the following slides provide a basic understanding of each of these terms and their characteristics.

Defining Religion

A broad and basic definition of religion, as given by Ohio Northern University:

“Religion may be defined broadly as the human quest for, experience of, and response to the holy or sacred. This universal human activity expresses itself in at least three ways: in thought (the intellectual expression), in action (the practical expression), and in fellowship (the communal expression)”.

Overall, religion allows people to ask, and seek answers to, the ultimate question of existence.

Defining Religious Beliefs

Generally the term religious refers to a faithful devotion to a deity and/or specific religion.

However, it can also mean that an individual is devoted to other things such as a sport or a habit. Such as a football team or drinking a cup of coffee every morning.

Defining Religion:

In this article Christopher Peet identifies three strategies for defining religion.

1. Through the history of the relationship of psychology and science to religion

2. Through rich description

3. By defining religion operationally

However, in the end, Peet states that although difficult to define:

“The defining of religion is not merely about scientific attempt to analyze an ‘interesting phenomenon’; it exposes our past mistakes, our particular prejudices, and our self-interests” (2005, p. 111).

Such that, we can continue to learn from the quest.

Strategies and Reflections on an Elusive Figure

The Beliefs The viewpoints of emerging adults on religion and science in the US

In a recent study by Kyle Longest and Christian Smith, it has been researched how emerging adults (ages 18-29) view the topic of religion and science. The main question between these two topics is if they correlate.

The Study:

• The study was first conducted by measuring the attendance of religious service (Sunday school, prayers, etc.)

• Next, how important is faith to the respondent?

• The question is asked of, how important is personal prayer and reading religious scriptures?

• Lastly, did the respondent make a claim to live his/her life committed to God?

The FindingsHow did the emerging adults of the US view religion and science?

After a series of studies conducted to find the answer to this question, the researchers came up with this answer:

“The most definitive, overall trend is that emerging adults tend to believe religion and science conflict, that the two are not compatible” (Longest and Smith).

Only a minor part of the emerging adults viewed that the two were compatible and believed it “strengthened” their faith.

It is apparent that within the study the relationship between religion and science is not simple, but the different social factors of the emerging adults played a significant part in the results.

Religion’s Role in SocietyIn her article Llewellyn Howell identifies three primary purposes

for religion in societies:

1. Create an institution that prevents widespread destruction of those that make up a society and practices that would harm it.

2. Control of women - in that their purpose is to reproduce and satisfy men’s biological and physiological demands for sex

3. Develop rules that help maintain the first two purposes.

Although Howell states that there are many derivative purposes, these tend to be the primary ones.

Furthermore, religion gives people a sense of community and belonging which are important to create a successful society. And that it is up to every individual to decide how society grows and changes in the future.

Religion in American CultureThe United States is characterized as a nation to be diverse in

religious beliefs and practices. The largest religious group in the U.S. is Christianity and many American’s believe that God protects the US.

In a study conducted by Pew Research Group the findings resulted to:

“In the aftermath of Sept. 11, Americans viewed the country in a new light. Not only did broad measures of patriotism, confidence in government, and concern about the safety of friends and family rise, but the vast majority saw religion playing a significantly greater role in American life.”

Though religion was seen as playing a greater role after the attack, “the public’s view of religion’s influence on American life has returned to pre-Sept. 11 levels” only six months after the attack (Pew Research).

Cultural Impact of Religion

Religion has a very strong impact on culture, as UNESCO states:

“... for many people around the world, religious beliefs are central to their culture and provide the moral codes by which they live. Even where people in the contemporary world believe that the traditional beliefs of their parents and societies are not so relevant to their everyday lives, underlying religious beliefs about human worth and how to relate to other people and the Earth are still important parts of their lives” (UNESCO).

For this reason ensuring that these religions are preserved for future generations is all the more important.

Preservation of Religion

Much like language, which is seeing increasing losses due to rapid population growth, religions may be facing a similar fate. As Rosi states:

Due to Globalization

“The fear of seeing globalization quicken at the pace at which languages disappear is being expressed more and more plainly, this kind of of loss being perceived as extremely serious for linguistic aspects of cultural diversity” (2008, p. 10).

Preservation of ReligionPhysical Forms

The preservation of religious documents for future generations is an important factor to analyze.

In a recent article by Chr. Michelsen Institute, an influential mosque in East Africa took a large collection of manuscripts and digitized it. The digitization is an important aspect because it preserves the region’s culture and history along with the religious documents.

Originally these documents “were literally falling to pieces, but meticulous work has now saved the material” (CMI)

Preservation of Religion

Additionally, UNESCO, does currently safeguard a few religious practices including festivals, rituals, and performing art.

Some examples include:

• Nachi no Dengaku, a religious performing art held at the Nachi fire festival in Japan

• Ramman, religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas in India

For more information about intangible cultural heritage protected visit the UNESCO website.

Festivals, Rituals, and Performing Art

Religions of the World• Number of religions worldwide: unknown

• Top 6 most followed (as of 2010 by the CIA World Factbook)o Christian: 33.39%

(Roman Catholic 16.85%, Protestant 6.15%, Orthodox 3.96%, Anglican 1.26%)o Islam: 22.74%o Hindu: 13.8%o Buddhist: 6.77%o Sikh: 0.35%o Jewish: 0.22%

Additional interesting statistical resources:

• Percentage of religions by country: InfoPlease

• Library of World Religions & Faith Traditions: Patheos.com

• CIA World Factbook: Field Listing -- World > People & Society > Religion

Religious FestivalsChristianity

There are three major religious festivals for the Christian religion, including:

1. Easter

2. Lent

3. Christmas

Easter Sunday marks Jesus’ resurrection. The week leading up to Easter is called the Holy Week which includes the Last Supper and Good Friday.

Lent starts on Ash Wednesday and is a period of six week leading up to Easter. This religious festival means a time of giving up numerous things of consumption. Many choose to give up meats, candy, sweets, and more.

Christmas is celebrated typically on 25th December or on a different date for Orthodox Christians and marks the birth of Jesus. Typically this religious festival involves family, friends, and presents.

Religious FestivalsIslam

The two major religious festivals observed in Islam is:

1. Ramadan

2. Eid

Ramadan is one of the pillars of Islam and is a time where Muslims fast during the hours of daylight. During Ramadan, Muslims try to give up bad habits and focus on the bettering themselves.

Eid is a festival in remembrance of one of the prophets when ordered by God to sacrifice his own son. For this remembrance, Muslims around the world sacrifice an animal such as a sheep or a goat to honor.

Religious FestivalsHinduism

The two major religious festivals observed in Hinduism is:

1. Diwali

2. Holi

Diwali translates to “rows of lighted lamps” and during the festival houses and shops are decorated in little oil lamps. The five day festival honors the goddess of wealth.

Holi is usually celebrated in March and marks the coming of Spring. Mostly celebrated in North India where individuals gather together regardless of age or caste and celebrate with bonfires, dancing, and throwing of paint.

Religious FestivalsBuddhism

The two major religious festivals for Buddhism are:

1. Nirvana

2. Wesak

Nirvana is an annual celebration that celebrates the death of Buddha when he reached Nirvana. This is often celebrated in monasteries.

Wesak is celebrated on the full moon of May and celebrates Buddha’s birthday. Celebrations include much color, food, and flowers. Some countries celebrate this event by releasing caged birds or paper lanterns.

Religious FestivalsSikhism

The two major religious festivals for Sikhism are:

1. Vaisakhi

2. Guru Nanak

Vaisaki, also spelled Baisakhi, is a festival that celebrates the Sikh New Year and the founding of the Sikh community. It is celebrated on April 13 or 14.

Guru Nanak, is the founder of Sikhism. Guru’s birthday is celebrated on November 17, by reading the Sikh holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib, continuously from beginning to end over a 48 period. Gurdwaras (where Sikhs go to pray) are decorated with flowers, flags, and lights. Celebrations usually begin around 4 or 5 in the morning.

Religious FestivalsJudaism

There are four major religious festivals in Judaism including:

1. Passover

2. Rosh Hashanah

Passover is a time of celebration when the Jewish people remember how the children of Israel left slavery behind when Moses led them out of Egypt.

Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year festival. After service is concluded at the Synagogue, dinner is celebrated with family and friends.

Yom Kippur is a day of atonement where individuals reflect and ask for forgiveness.

Hanukkah is commonly known as the festival of lights. It symbolizes how God looked over the Jewish people during a difficult time.

3. Yom Kippur

4. Hanukkah

References• Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). Field listing: Religion. Retrieved from website:

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html?fieldkey=2122&alphaletter=R&term=Religions

• Cline, A. (n.d.). Religion vs. religious. Retrieved from http://atheism.about.com/od/religionnonreligion/a/religious.htm

• Howell, L. (2013, March). Religion's role in society. USA Today Magazine, 141(2814), 56-57. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.dom.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=87638299&site=ehost-live&scope=site

• Longest, K.C., & Smith, C. (2011). Conflicting or Compatible: Beliefs About Religion and Science Among Emerging Adults in the United States. Sociological Forum, 26 (4), 846-869. doi:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2011.01287x

• Ohio Northern University. (n.d.). What is religion?. Retrieved from http://www.onu.edu/academics/college_of_arts_sciences/academic_departments/philosophy_and_religion/what_is_religion

• Peet, C. (2005). Defining religion: Strategies and reflections on an elusive figure. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 24(2), 105-112. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.dom.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=17999344&site=ehost-live&scope=site

• Preserving religious culture for future generations. (17, December 2012). Retrieved from http://www.cmi.no/news/?1120=preservation-for-future-generations

• Religion in america. (2002, March 20). Retrieved from http://www.people-press.org/2002/03/20/part-1-religion-in-america/

• Rosi, M. (2008). Unesco and languages: A commitment to culture and. Museum International, 60(3).

• Schools-religion. (2013). Retrieved from Information derived from http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/

• UNESCO. (n.d.). Defining religion and culture. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_c/mod10.html?panel=1

Myths, Legends, & FolkloreStephanie Haugan & Barbara Posinger

Myths + Legends + Folklore = ?

Myths, legends and folklore have often been seen as interchangeable, and it is true that their stories often overlap...

...However, some essential differences separate them...

What makes a Myth?

“Myths are symbolic tales of the distant past (often primordial times) that concern cosmogony and cosmology (the origin and nature of the universe), may be connected to belief systems or rituals, and may serve to direct social action and values.”

– MARY MAGOULICK[GENERAL DEFINITION]

“Myths are defined as tales believed as true, usually sacred, set in the distant past or other worlds or parts of the world, and with extra-human, inhuman, or heroic characters.”– WILLIAM BASCOM [FOLKLORE DEFINITION]

GREEK ORIGIN: MYTHOS = STORY OR WORD

GENERALLY REFERRED TO AS A “NARRATIVE”

MYTH ≠ SCIENCE

“A legend is a traditional tale handed down from earlier times and believed to have an historical basis.”

– AMERICANFOLKLORE.NET

What makes a Legend?

“In common usage the word legend usually characterizes a traditional tale thought to have a historical basis, as in the legends of King Arthur or Robin Hood. In this view, a distinction may be drawn between myth (which refers to the supernatural and the sacred) and legend (which is grounded in historical fact).”

– ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE

What makes Folklore?“Folklore was viewed as ‘the lore’ - the materials of folklore - of ‘the folk’ - the people who

utilize the materials… ‘Folk’ refers to any group of people who share some common grounds, such as occupation, language, religion, or ethnicity.” - Magdalenić, Sanja "Folklore." Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict

Traditionally an oral tradition and is characterized by repetition leading to a constant, dynamic variation. A way to pass on customs, skills, knowledge and warnings from one generation to the next, helping to underpin and preserve value systems and a sense of identity while maintaining the purpose of entertainment. -Hill, Simon Munro, Michael "Folklore." Chambers Dictionary of the Unexplained.

Manifestations:

folk tales, fairy tales, urban legends, rhymes, songs, superstition, ballads, epics, and sagas

Myth Vs. Legend Vs. Folklore

Legend

Historical/

Presumed Fact

Folklore

Tales reflective of local culture

Myth

Religious/Sacred/

Supernatural

Myth: Essential Components & Themes

THEMES: ❖ Creation Myths

❖ Explanation Myths

❖ Deity Myths

❖ Hero Myths

❖ Animal Myths

COMPONENTS:❖ Narratives involving the Origin of the

Universe❖ Considered Sacred❖ Religious Association❖ Reflective of Social Orders or Values

within a Culture❖ Representative of a Way of Understanding

Nature and Organizing Thought❖ Often involve Heroic Characters❖ Fantastical/Dreamlike❖ Independent Form of Consciousness❖ Polytheistic with Inclusion of Monotheism

Legend Overlap

Myths, Legends & Folklore Cultural Impacts

● Formulates respect for the environment● Provides a sense of history and belonging● Offers solutions to common issues/problems● Represents the ideals of society● Represents general cultural customs

Myth, Legend, and Folklore Representations

Can be represented in many diverse forms:

● Art● Narrative● Oral● Architecture● Religious Ritual

Myth & Legend as Art Ancient Egyptian

MYTH/LEGEND: “The ka (eternal spirit) of a deceased person had to be conveyed to the city of Abydos, where the passage between the world of the living and the world of the dead was located. A model boat, placed in the tomb as a substitute for a real boat, could transport the ka magically.” For more of this story, click here

- World Myths & Legends in Art

MYTH/LEGEND: “‘Isis(EYE-sus)’ According to a rich mythology surrounding the Egyptian goddess, Isis raised her husband, Osiris (oh-SIGH-rus), from the dead, protected her son, Horus (HOR-us), from a variety of certain deaths, and knew the secrets of immortality. She was faithful, intelligent, strong, and beautiful. Like Osiris, Isis was associated with vegetation and the cycles of the seasons and the Nile River. Ancient beliefs attributed the annual rainfall, which sustained the people of the Nile Valley, to the tears Isis shed for Osiris. Isis figures prominently in Egyptian mythology as a healer, a magician, and an exemplary wife and mother.“ For more of this story, click here

- World Myths & Legends in Art

Isis Statuette

Model Boats

MYTH/LEGEND: “In ancient Egyptian mythology, Thoth was the god of the moon, god of wisdom, the measurer of time, and the inventor of writing and numbers. He is credited with devising the standard 365-day year. In ancient Egypt, all events, large and small, were attributed to the influence of the gods. Only through worship and offerings to these gods could humans expect to maintain balance in their lives, both on earth and in the after-life. People placed small votive statues of gods at burial sites, inviting the gods to inhabit the sculptures and protect the deceased from evil. Other figures were used as offerings at temples. Artists mass-produced many bronze statuettes during the prosperous 26th Dynasty.” For more of this story, click here - World Myths & Legends in Art

Thoth Statuette

Myth & Legend as Art Ancient Greece

MYTH/LEGEND: “To the people of ancient Greece, the hero Herakles (HAIR-a-kleez) embodied the

best of mortal human beings and Gods. Stories of his accomplishments were very popular. This black-figure vase, called a hydria (high-DREE-a), is a good example of the qualities of harmony and symmetry, highly prized by the Greeks in their art.” For more of this story click here - World Myths & Legends in Art

Hydria Vase

MYTH/LEGEND: “According to Greco-Roman creation mythology, the Titan (TIE-

tun) Oceanus (oh-CHAY-a-nus) ruled the great river that encircled the earth. Affluent Romans displayed their wealth by decorating their furnishings with ornamental pieces such as this bronze ornament, called a boss.” For more of this story click here - World Myths & Legends in Art

Oceanus Boss

Myth, Legend, & Folklore as NarrativeBhutanese Culture Location: Bhutan, Asia

Traditionally Oral Society → Maintained oral traditions up until relatively recently

THREATENED: Culture is transitioning to digital communication and entertainment at a rapid pace

Oral Traditions in Bhutan Culture:

★ Folktales★ Local Myths and Legends★ Songs★ Tsangmo (Poem) and Lozey

(Verse) ★ Riddles

These traditions signify Bhutan history, education, landforms,

place names, entertainment,

morals, values and lifestyles

Philosophy of Gross National

Happiness

Examples of Traditional Values taught through Bhutanese Folktales:

● Sampa Zangpro → Good thoughts or intentions

● Drinlen Jelni → Repaying kindness● Obedience to Parents/Filial Piety● Tha damtshig le ju dre → Boundary of

sacred oath and law of karmic cause and effect

● Jampa dang Ninje → Loving, kindness, and compassion

Examples of Bhutanese Folktales:

● Masang → men of super-human strength

● Sinpo/Sinmo → demons● Rolang → vampire● Stories of stupidity and wit● Sexually-oriented stories● Funny stories● Stories involving talking animals● Ghost stories● Rich and poor man sons sorties

Bhutan member Teshering Cigay Dorji explains:

Myth, Legend, & Folklore as NarrativeBhutanese Culture Location: Bhutan, Asia (con’t)

Narrative vs. Oral

1812 the first volume of Grimm’s Fairy Tales by the brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm was published.

The work drew heavily on the folklore and traditional tales of central Europe. Due to the success of the collection many others began to write down folklore, preserving it before it was lost through the industrialization and urbanization of Western society.However, in doing so they fixed stories in one particular form, containing much of the author’s interpretation, and as a result they effectively ceased to be folklore.

Legend & Folklore as Oral Japan

The Slit-Mouthed Woman: Urban Legend also known as kuchi-sake-onna (1979)

The story goes...A young and attractive,with long black hair and a surgical mask over her mouth she would waylay a child. “Am I beautiful?” she would inquire. Then she would remove the mask—revealing a mouth slit ear-to-ear in a gruesome smile. “Even like this?”

The tale accrued different elements: -“reasons for the slit mouth,” “clothing and what she carries,” and “time of appearance and behavior”-carried a knife or a scythe -fond of a hard candy -could run 100 meters in several seconds -If pursued there were several ways to escape: such as running into a record shop, saying “pomade”. -“reasons for the slit mouth,” “clothing and what she carries,” and “time of appearance andbehavior” -summer of 1979, a national newspaper had identified kuchi-sake-onna as one of the “buzzwords” of the moment.-even today she remains a cultural icon making appearances in media such at Ringu (The Ring) and in various Women’s weekly magazines.

Myth & Legend as Architecture Delos, Greece

“According to Greek mythology, Apollo was born on this tiny island in the Cyclades

archipelago. Apollo's sanctuary attracted pilgrims from all over Greece and Delos was a

prosperous trading port. The island bears traces of the succeeding civilizations in the

Aegean world, from the 3rd millennium B.C. to the palaeochristian era. The archaeological

site is exceptionally extensive and rich and conveys the image of a great cosmopolitan

Mediterranean port.” For more of this story, click here

- UNESCO

Myth & Legend as Religious RitualHopi Kachina Dance Ritual - Hopi Reservation, Arizona

The religion and mythology of the Hopi Indian Tribe is always present:

“The Hopi live, move, and have their being in religion. To them the unseen world is peopled with a host of beings, good and bad, and everything in nature has its being or spirit” - April Holloway

Kachina → Ancestral/Divine Spirits● Interact with humans● Can be witnessed through proper

dance ritual● Represented through decorated

dolls, masks, and in ceremonies

Myth & Legend as Religious RitualHopi Kachina Dance Ritual (con’t)

Personal Experience: In June-July, 2011, I participated in an archaeological dig set in Arizona that focused on the

culmination of Hopi artifacts from 1100-1200 C.E. While I was there, we visited the Hopi reservation, and during this visit, I was lucky enough to witness the Niman Kachina dance ceremony signifying the end of the harvest season. The ceremony consisted of male members of the Hopi tribe dressed up and masked as live Kachinas, who danced to a set drum beat played by a single member, dressed as a different kachina. They hummed, sang, and marched together as they become connected to their deities. When the ceremony ended, the kachinas passed out some fruits and vegetables to the audience, myself included. The point of the ceremony was to pray for rain to feed the next year’s harvest.

Kachina dance ceremonies allow the opportunity for members of the tribe to

dress up as and become physically connected to kachina spirits. They literally become embodied by these spirits during

the dance ritual.

These ceremonies are celebrated at various times throughout the year, though one of the most elaborately

celebrated is the Niman ceremony held in July.

Preservation of Myth, Legend, & Folklore

There is no real set standard for the preservation of myths, legends, & folklore.

Folklore material is primarily collected through:

● fieldwork, participant observation, and interviews● secondary sources; archival materials, diaries, autobiographies, letters, and photography● The availability of sources varies geographically and chronologically

The American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress

“Whenever possible, to adhere to standard guidelines and techniques of professional archival administration established by the Society of American Archivists.” -Kerst

The Trouble with Preservation

Preservation can and has been threatened by many factors:

● Globalization● Commercial Entertainment● Outside Influence● denned “unworthy” of preservation

“[M]any ethnographers lack sufficient training in how to label and log tapes and photos, and to create thorough field notes and summaries. Our most valuable collections may forever be underutilized if we simply don't know enough about them to inform potential users of their meaning and significance”. -Kerst

Preservation of Myth, Legend & Folklore

Written records are the prime representation tool that describes these stories. Evolved technology has implemented these written records into digital systems for secure preservation.

Variety of Preservation Techniques:

➔ Digital/Regular Archives➔ Archaeological Sites➔ Database Encyclopedias➔ Books➔ Written Records

Technologies/Web Presence (the ugly)

Many make strides to have an online presence, however many are in desperate need to update their sites. Websites are not attractive, or easy to navigate.

Technologies/Web Presence (the good)

The Center for History

● A variety of places to visit● Interactive Children’s

Museum● Historic Houses

○ replicated for people to interact with

● School Programs● Film Showings● Exhibits and more

References● "Ancient Egyptian." World Myths and Legends in Art (Minneapolis Institute of Arts). N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2014. <

http://www.artsmia.org/world-myths/artbyculture/egyptian.html>.

● Carloye, J. (1980). Myths as Religious Explanations. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 48, No.2: 175-189.

● "Center for History." Center for History. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. <http://centerforhistory.org>

● "Delos." - UNESCO World Heritage Centre. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. <http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/530>.

● Dorji, T. C. (2010). Preserving Our Folktales, Myths and Legends in the Digital Era. Storytelling, Self, Society, Vol. 6, No.1: 19-38.

● Dupre, L. (2007). The Role of Mythology in Schelling's Late Philosophy . The Journal of Religion, Vol. 87, No. 1: 1-20

● Farrand, L. (1904). The Significance of Mythology and Tradition. The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 17, No. 64: 14-22.

● Foster, M. (2007). The Question of the Slit-Mouthed Woman: Contemporary Legend, the Beauty Industry, and Women's Weekly Magazines in Japan. Signs: Journal Of Women In Culture & Society, 32(3), 699-726.

● Hill, S.(2007). Folklore. In Chambers dictionary of the unexplained. Retrieved from http://search.credoreference.com.ezproxy.dom.edu/content/entry/chambun/folklore/0

● Holloway, A. "The Gods of the Hopi and the Dance of the Kachinas." Ancient Origins. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. <http://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends/gods-hopi-and-dance-kachinas-001385>.

● Kerst, Catherine Hiebert. “Providing access to multi-format ethnographic field documentation: Archival practice in the American Folklife Center.” Folk Forum 35, 1 (2004): 29-34.

References(con’t)

● Magdalenić, S.(2008). Folklore. In Encyclopedia of violence, peace and conflict. Retrieved from http://search.credoreference.com.ezproxy.dom.edu/content/entry/estpeace/folklore/0

● Magoulick, Mary. What Is Myth? N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2014. <http://www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~mmagouli/defmyth.htm>.

● "Myths and Legends: Differences Between Mythology and Legends." About.com Ancient / Classical History. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2014. <http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/grecoromanmyth1/a/mythslegends.htm>.

● "Myths & Legends at Americanfolklore.net." Myths & Legends at Americanfolklore.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2014. <http://americanfolklore.net/folklore/myths-legends/>.

● Smith, Jonathan Z. "Legends." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2014. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/400920/myth/23563/Legends>.

● The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Hopi (people)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/271495/Hopi>.

● "Welcome to the folktales page!." Read folktales for children online. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. http://www.worldoftales.com/folktales.html